Multilateral Forums Research Articles

Kosovo’s multilateral engagement: A strategy for international legitimacy

This study examines the ways in which Kosovo strategically uses multilateral diplomacy to navigate challenges and improve its international standing, despite the significant geopolitical constraints facing it. Regardless of opposition from influential states such as Serbia and Russia, Kosovo has been able to make incremental progress in gaining international recognition and legitimacy through its proactive participation in multilateral forums. Kosovo participates in different International and Regional Organisations, Treaties, and Conventions where it has a member/observer/participant/beneficiary and contracting party status. Using these platforms, Kosovo has effectively constructed a narrative of responsible statehood, positioning itself as a credible and constructive participant in global diplomacy. This approach yielded immediate diplomatic gains and has also contributed to a sustained trajectory towards broader acceptance and recognition. The study concludes that Kosovo’s strategic use of multilateral diplomacy has led to both short-term diplomatic successes and long-term progress towards achieving broader international integration and acceptance. This illustrates the continued relevance of multilateralism for small states seeking to assert their sovereignty in the international arena.

Environmental Awareness Creation Under Kenya's Environmental Diplomacy Pillar: An Objective With Potential For Mitigating Air Pollution

This study aimed to assess the environmental awareness creation objective of Kenya's environmental diplomacy pillar, which aims to encourage public dialogue, awareness, and knowledge creation on environmental matters through national, regional, and international forums to reverse and halt environmental degradation. It focused on four areas encompassing the extent of environmental awareness creation, the institutions involved and the approaches adopted, the impact of participation in multilateral forums on the level of environmental awareness and consideration given to air pollution issues in development planning. The study adopted an exploratory research design targeting 130 key informants from institutions concerned with environmental issues and diplomacy in Kenya. Through descriptive statistics and conceptual content analysis of the data collected, this study found that despite the growing global attention to environmental degradation, there still existed gaps in meaningful environmental awareness creation in Kenya, with little success achieved and few visible outcomes. The study also established inconsistencies between Kenya's regional and international leadership in environmental matters and the actual status of air pollution in the country. It thus recommended that the Government of Kenya take proactive and context-based actions to enhance the public's care of the environment, develop and implement a robust environmental awareness creation framework to link actions at the various levels and introduce practical and specific metrics to ensure that actions taken result in measurable change in environmental behaviour. Kenya should also utilise its environmental leadership role to bolster environmental awareness.

Enhancing Maritime Security: Challenges and Strategies in Indonesia's Natuna Sea

The Natuna Sea, a strategic region within Indonesia's exclusive economic zone, faces multifaceted maritime security challenges that threaten national sovereignty, economic interests, and regional stability. This abstract explores the key issues and strategic responses to enhance maritime security in this vital area. Indonesia's maritime security challenges in the Natuna Sea are driven by illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, territorial disputes, and transnational crimes such as smuggling and human trafficking. The encroachment of foreign fishing vessels, particularly from neighboring countries, exacerbates the IUU fishing problem, undermining local economies and depleting fish stocks. Additionally, overlapping territorial claims, particularly with China, complicate Indonesia's efforts to assert its sovereignty and maintain peace in the region. To address these challenges, Indonesia has developed a comprehensive maritime security strategy that includes diplomatic, legal, and operational measures. Diplomatic efforts focus on strengthening regional cooperation through ASEAN and other multilateral forums to foster dialogue and build consensus on maritime security issues. Legal measures involve the enforcement of national and international laws, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), to uphold Indonesia's territorial rights and combat IUU fishing. Operationally, Indonesia has enhanced its maritime patrols, surveillance capabilities, and naval presence in the Natuna Sea. The establishment of the Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla) and the deployment of advanced technology, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellite monitoring, have improved the detection and interdiction of illegal activities. Despite these efforts, challenges persist due to resource constraints, coordination issues among agencies, and the complex geopolitical landscape. This abstract underscores the importance of a holistic and adaptive approach to maritime security, integrating diplomatic, legal, and operational strategies.

아시아 헌법재판기관간 교류의 현황과 과제 : 아시아헌법재판소연합(AACC)을 중심으로

While the international communications among constitutional courts in Asia take various forms, in terms of multilateral forums, Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions (AACC) is virtually the only one in which 21 constitutional courts or equivalent intstitutions participate. Unlike ordinary courts’ judicial exchanges, communications among judicial bodies in the realm of constitutional adjudication have the unique characteristic of enabling substantial and practical interactions beyond diplomatic and formal aspects. This is because, although the constitution holds the status of domestic law, the substantial content of the constitution, such as the protection of human rights and the separation of powers doctrine, is often common across countries. This characteristic is no exception in the Asian region. In the overall exchanges among constitutional adjudication bodies in Asia, the exchange of experiences and views on substantial constitutional issues occupies a significant proportion. The AACC has three permanent secretariats responsible for administration, research, and education, with the Secretariat for Research and Developmet(AACC SRD) operated by the Constitutional Court of Korea. Despite this, the AACC is not well-known in the domestic academic community. In light of this situation, this paper aims first to examine the basic history and current status of the AACC and AACC SRD. Notably, the AACC SRD has consistently held international research conferences for judges or rapporteur judges every year since 2017, even during the COVID-19 pandemic, and has published research book annually since 2018. This is noteworthy as it is unparalleled in terms of both quantity and quality in the comparative constitutional law studies within the Asian region. The second goal of this paper is to explore ways to address the limitations that the AACC Research Secretariat has exposed, with the perspective that the Constitutional Court of Korea can play a leading role in the development of constitutional law in the Asian region through the AACC SRD, which shapes the substance of exchanges among constitutional courts in Asia. From this perspective, this paper suggests strengthening research capabilities as a means to enhance the operations of the AACC Research Secretariat, specifically by expanding human and material support through measures such as seconding constitutional rapporteur judges to the AACC SRD. This paper specifically underscores the absence of Korean research personnel at the AACC SRD to date and strongly advocates for the inclusion of Korean researchers in its workforce.

The Role of Diplomacy in the Transition from Look East to Act East Policy: A Comparative Study

Abstract: The pivotal role of diplomacy in the transition from India’s Look East Policy to the Act East Policy offers a comparative study of the two strategic frameworks. The Look East Policy, initiated in the early 1990s, marked India’s proactive engagement with Southeast Asia to enhance economic and strategic ties. In 2014, the policy evolved into the Act East Policy, reflecting a more dynamic and assertive approach to the region. This study delves into the historical background of both policies, highlighting the factors that necessitated this strategic shift. Through an in-depth analysis of diplomatic strategies, this paper compares the approaches used during the Look East and Act East periods. Specific case studies of diplomatic engagements with key Southeast Asian nations and regional organizations, such as ASEAN, illustrate the changes and continuities in India’s foreign policy. The study also examines India’s role in regional and multilateral forums, assessing how its participation and influence have evolved. Economic diplomacy is a crucial aspect of this analysis, focusing on trade agreements, investment flows, and economic partnerships that have shaped India’s relations with Southeast Asia. Additionally, the paper investigates the role of security and strategic diplomacy in addressing India’s interests in the region. Cultural diplomacy, encompassing people-to-people exchanges, educational collaborations, and cultural events, is explored to understand its impact on strengthening India’s ties with Southeast Asia. The overall impact of diplomatic efforts under both policies is evaluated, providing insights into India’s foreign relations, regional influence, and strategic goals. This paper suggests potential future directions for India’s diplomatic strategies within the context of the Act East Policy, considering current geopolitical and economic trends. This comprehensive study aims to contribute to the understanding of India’s evolving diplomatic landscape and its implications for regional and global politics. Keywords: Look East Policy, Act East Policy, Indian foreign policy, Multilateral Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy, Economic Diplomacy, Security and Strategic Diplomacy.

Studi Analisis Terhadap Urgensi dan Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2010 Tentang Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang

This study is entitled Study Analisys of the Urgency and Implementation of the Law Number 8 of 2010 on Prevention and Punishment of Money Laundering. The development of the financial sector in Indonesia continues to progress, but the legal process has not followed the guidelines set by the Indonesian Financial Law and Regulations on Unlawful Money Transfer. Indonesia has enacted several laws to address this problem, including Financial and Material Law Number 8 of 2010, which aims to maintain economic stability and the integrity of the financial system, promote social harmony, economic growth, and government reform. The Indonesian government has implemented various measures to eradicate money laundering, including bilateral and multilateral forums, the concept of double crime, and the implementation of the "KYC" principle. The government also imposes fines on those who break the law, such as fines, jails, and non-bank fines. In the end, money laundering in Indonesia can be effectively managed through legal action and international cooperation. This research uses normative research methods, using non-fiction data sources, electronic journals, legislative regulations, and other relevant library sources to conduct research. The purpose of this research is to find out the urgency of Law Number 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of TPPU and what efforts are being made to prevent and eradicate TPPU.

Changing Dynamics of Foreign Policy in the Emerging Multipolar World – An Objective Study of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy

Within the ever-changing context of modern international relations, Pakistan's foreign policy manoeuvres take place in the middle of a multipolar global order. This paper explores the subtleties of Pakistan's strategic adjustments, looking at how changing world power dynamics influence its diplomacy. With a focus on the relationship between regional stability, global influence, and national sovereignty, Pakistan manages a wide range of alliances and relationships. Pakistan's foreign policy history exhibits both continuity and adaptability, ranging from historical alliances with the United States during the Cold War to strategic diversifications including China, Russia, and other regional organizations. This paper provides a thorough examination of Pakistan's diplomatic methods, emphasizing their diversity and the need of diplomatic adaptability in handling international issues. Pakistan's foreign policy becomes an important factor in determining regional dynamics and global stability as it asserts its geopolitical relevance through projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and participation in multilateral forums like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). With the goal of shedding light on Pakistan's changing place in the multipolar international order, this article attempts to explain the strategic thinking that goes into the country's foreign policy choices.

The European Union’s leadership in the eyes of others at the UN Human Rights Council

ABSTRACT The policy documents of the European Union underline its self-image as a leader in promoting and protecting human rights in multilateral fora. The leadership claims are based on the EU’s example in domestic human rights protection and willingness to promote externally the same set of values and norms. However, drawing on interactionist role theory, this article emphasises the extent to which the roles depend on recognition by others. Hence, leadership claims need acceptance from other stakeholders. The article studies external perceptions of EU’s leadership in the Human Rights Council framework using data from interviews of Geneva-based, non-EU diplomats and human rights experts. The findings present a variable picture; while structural and exemplary leadership is recognised, incoherencies diminish EU’s credibility. The EU has improved its cognitive leadership, but its agenda is contested by others. Finally, the EU has negotiation capacities, but its strategy does not always optimally support the leadership ambitions.

INDONESIA’S RESPONSES TOWARDS ROHINGYA REFUGEES: POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE

Rohingya refugees, originating from Myanmar, face significant challenges in Southeast Asia due to official non-recognition and systemic discrimination. Many seek refuge in neighboring countries like Indonesia. Employing qualitative research methods and an extensive literature review, this study investigates Indonesia’s responses to the Rohingya crisis from a political perspective. Additionally, building upon conflict resolution theory, it emphasizes the importance of dialogue, mediation, and compromise in addressing intricate crises. Furthermore, it explores concepts such as humanitarian diplomacy and regionalism, elucidating Indonesia’s role within ASEAN-led mechanisms. The research reveals key findings, showing Indonesia’s active participation in diplomatic initiatives addressing the Rohingya crisis, both bilaterally and within multilateral forums. Indonesia’s policy stances reflect a commitment to humanitarian principles and regional stability, emphasizing the protection of Rohingya rights. As a prominent member of ASEAN, Indonesia has leveraged regional platforms to advocate for collective action and effectively address the Rohingya crisis. This research sheds light on Indonesia’s role in addressing one of Southeast Asia’s most pressing humanitarian challenges, underscoring the importance of regional cooperation in finding sustainable solutions.

Russia–China Strategic Alignment: Are They Headed Towards a Military Alliance?

In a short span, Moscow and Beijing have transformed their ties from Cold War hostility to a remarkably cordial and dynamic partnership. This transition enables them to expand their regional influence, resist Western pressure and play a dominant role in the Global South. Together, they possess resources, demonstrate determination and have military capability to challenge the superiority of the West. However, their growing strategic cooperation has fuelled speculations about a potential military alliance. This article addresses the following questions: first, how deep is the partnership between the two states? Second, how has US policy contributed to closer ties between the two states? Third, what is the extent of military co-operation between the two states? Are they headed towards a formal military alliance? And finally, how has this partnership fared during the Russia–Ukraine war? This article critically examines policy documents, statements of important leaders and views of experts from Russia, China and the United States. It draws inferences from data on Russia–China economic exchanges, defence agreements and declarations at bilateral and multilateral forums.

India’s Foreign Policy Towards Pakistan: 2019-2024

Abstract: India's foreign policy towards Pakistan from 2019 to 2024 was characterized by a nuanced approach that balanced diplomatic engagement with assertive measures to address security concerns. India consistently emphasized the need for Pakistan to take concrete action against cross-border terrorism and terrorist infrastructure. This approach was evident in various diplomatic initiatives, such as the Kartarpur Corridor, aimed at fostering dialogue and people-to-people contacts. However, progress towards meaningful reconciliation was hindered by persistent tensions, particularly regarding the status of Jammu and Kashmir. India's decision to revoke Jammu and Kashmir's special autonomous status in August 2019 further escalated tensions with Pakistan.Despite occasional offers for dialogue, including during multilateral forums, progress remained limited due to Pakistan's continued support for terrorist groups and cross-border infiltration. India also pursued a policy of international isolation against Pakistan, highlighting its role in sponsoring terrorism and seeking support from major global powers to pressurize Pakistan into taking decisive action against terrorist organizations. Overall, India's foreign policy towards Pakistan during this period aimed to balance the imperatives of national security and regional stability while exploring opportunities for dialogue and cooperation.

Global Climate Change Politics: Critical Appraisal of India’s Changing Role

Global warming and consequent climate change have emerged as serious issues and have started featuring on almost all multilateral forums with statements warning the global leadership to get increasingly proactive about addressing the issues. In world politics, countries are viewing climate change as an issue to gain influence in international politics. India is no exception to this rule and has been shaping its role as a rule-shaper and policy advocate and is an active participant in climate change negotiations. This article traces India’s role since the talks on climate change began as part of wider environmental concerns. It also enumerates the way global leadership viewed and addressed this pressing issue from time to time. The article provides a brief but critical account of India’s policy interventions at global and national levels to appraise India’s growing role and relevance.

TACKLING INDONESIA'S PLASTIC WASTE CRISIS: A POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Abstrack : The escalating plastic waste crisis in Indonesia, fueled by population growth and widespread plastic usage, presents a critical environmental challenge. This study examines the Indonesian government's response to this crisis through a political lens, aiming to uncover the policy implications of its initiatives. Employing qualitative methods and an extensive literature review, this research delves into the government's strategies. Using the theory of national interest, the study focuses on policy implementation, diplomatic efforts, and public participation to set ambitious targets for waste reduction, aiming for a 30 percent decrease in overall waste by 2025. To achieve these objectives, the government has enacted various regulations and measures aimed at curbing plastic pollution. Furthermore, Indonesia has engaged in diplomatic endeavors, collaborating with international partners and participating in multilateral forums to address plastic pollution regionally and globally. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of public participation in mitigating the plastic waste crisis. It assesses the effectiveness of collaborative efforts in combating plastic pollution. Through an in-depth analysis of these factors, this study offers valuable insights into Indonesia's response to the plastic waste crisis, with the aim of informing future policymaking and facilitating effective strategies for plastic waste reduction in the country.

Nuclear Disarmament in Latin America: Unveiling the Impact of Humanitarian Perspectives and Advocacy Campaigns on the TPNW

This essay explores the evolution of the humanitarian disarmament initiative toward the TPNW and the links and influences from Latin America civil society efforts. Shifting away from traditional military objectives, humanitarian disarmament integrates civil society organizations, prioritizes Human Security over State security, and emphasizes the humanitarian impact of weapons. The paper examines key campaigns, including the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), the Control Arms Campaign, the Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC), and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), elucidating their advocacy strategies. It highlights the unique features of humanitarian disarmament, stressing obligations beyond elimination, addressing challenges in multilateral forums, and presenting Latin America’s distinct approach. The essay concludes by discussing the status of nuclear disarmament in the region, emphasizing universalization efforts and contextual challenges, including the rise of alt-right movements and the region’s historical commitment to nuclear disarmament.

Nepal’s Portrayal of Its International Image

This paper examines the evolution of Nepal's national identity in the modern context, moving beyond its traditional associations with stunning mountains, Buddha's birthplace, and Gurkha bravery. The study argues that Nepal's portrayal on the global stage is a complex interplay of ancient narratives, diplomatic engagements, and evolving national identity, all influencing its global status. The methodology employs historical analysis to explore Nepal's interactions with other nations, emphasizing the role of its Cold War-era strategic neutrality in shaping its diplomatic stance. Additionally, it analyzes documents to track changes in self-presentation, considering cultural aspects, tourism promotion, and humanitarian efforts as tools for crafting a positive global image. It further explores Nepal's involvement in UN peacekeeping, multilateral forums, and regional dynamics to illuminate the connection between self-presentation and diplomatic goals. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of a comprehensive diplomatic strategy that aligns with Nepal's national interests and cultural heritage, enabling effective navigation of the complex global landscape while safeguarding its sovereignty.

Indonesia's Interests in the Pacific Region

Indonesia is a country that is located close to each other and has established diplomatic relations and cooperation with countries in the Pacific region. This is done to maintain national and regional stability. Indonesia has an interest in maintaining a stable, prosperous and friendly environment in the Pacific region. On the other hand, Pacific countries view Indonesia as an archipelagic country that has experience and capacity in terms of cooperation and development. This research aims to analyze Indonesia's interests in countries in the Pacific Region. These interests include: strengthening sovereignty, increasing economic & trade cooperation and partners supporting each other in regional and multilateral forums. The research results show that the dynamics of Indonesia's cooperation with countries in the Pacific region have gone well in recent years. Indonesia carries out a lot of cooperation in the form of training and capacity development for Pacific countries. Apart from that, Indonesia is also active in organizing activities and discussion forums to encourage increased relations and cooperation

The Challenge(s) of India’s foreign policy in the shifting global power balance

ABSTRACT India is regarded as a key player in Asia’s security landscape. This stance has become increasingly important with China’s rise and US’s waning influence. While India has emerged as an active participant in multilateral forums under the leadership of prime minister Narendra Modi, its regional and global politics remain somewhat obscure. This article addresses the challenges India encounters where decisions are influenced by the need to balance economic obligations and strategic interests. Also, an effective propaganda machinery is absent from amplifying India’s foreign policy narratives globally, a mismatch between its ambitions and material strength.

Article: Fragmentation of Community Consent Standard in the Era of Friendshoring and Nearshoring

Recent developments in clean energy supply chain amidst the geopolitical crisis have resulted in the friend shoring and nearshoring measures in the clean energy supply chain. Clean energy supply chain is susceptible to Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) risks, particularly resistance from the local communities against the critical minerals mining/exploration projects, due to policy gaps in the legislative framework regarding the community engagement standard and procedures. In context of friend shoring and nearshoring measures, this gap may get widened in the States with critical mineral resources. The article will track the development of the ESG standards pertaining to community engagement at the multilateral forums and the multilateral stakeholder initiative forums. Moreover, the article will analyse the gaps in ESG performance of the mining sector, particularly parameters of the community engagement. Further, the article will identify issues with the current initiatives under trade and economic cooperation agreements and bilateral investment treaties toward ensuring the community consent standards by extractive industry, specifically the mining of critical minerals for clean energy development. The article will conclude that fragmentation of the community consent standard has resulted in widening of ESG risks for investors and host states in the critical mineral sector. Accordingly, the article recommends that host states frame legislative framework for this sector by balancing interest of local communities with sound business environment for the investors. Friendshoring, Nearshoring, Electric Vehicle, Environment, Social and Governance, Trade Agreements, Free Prior and Informed Consent, Community Consent Standard, Investor State Dispute Settlement.

Antagonistic States in Multilateral Forums: India and Pakistan in SAARC and SCO

Antagonistic States in Multilateral Forums: India and Pakistan in SAARC and SCO

Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict on the International Situation in Russia

The complex Russo-Ukrainian conflict, rooted in historical, political, and territorial contentions, has far-reaching implications that extend beyond regional boundaries. This ongoing conflict has fundamentally reshaped Russia's global stance through its multifaceted impact on Western relations, economic repercussions, security recalibrations, and strategic use of propaganda. In navigating a way forward, diplomatic negotiations, leveraging multilateral forums, and addressing core grievances emerge as promising avenues. Diplomacy, facilitated by impartial mediators, emerges as a pivotal instrument for mutual comprehension and conflict resolution. Embracing multilateralism and active participation in international organizations not only fosters open dialogues but also facilitates collaborative solutions. An essential component of lasting tranquility involves addressing underlying issues, encompassing concerns over minority rights and disputed territories. Successfully resolving these foundational matters holds the potential to restore Russia's credibility, cultivate cross-border collaboration, and bolster the stability of the region. By embracing productive diplomatic initiatives, Russia can look forward to fortifying its global relations, fostering economic progress, and strengthening the foundations of international security. In the midst of these challenges, the quest for peaceful resolutions underscores the potential for broader international cooperation, ultimately contributing to a more stable and prosperous global landscape.