Multifunctional Materials Research Articles

Electrospun chitosan//ethylcellulose-vitamin E//ethylcellulose-curcumin tri-chamber eccentric Janus nanofibers for a joint antibacterial and antioxidant performance

Multifunctional materials with both antibacterial and antioxidant properties are highly desired in many scientific applications. The combination of polysaccharide and multi-chamber nanostructures offers a novel perspective for developing antibacterial and antioxidant nanomaterials. In this study, a new kind of tri-chamber eccentric Janus nanostructures (TEJNs) was fabricated through a single-step and straight forward tri-fluid side-by-side electrospinning. The all-in-one TEJNs contained an outer chitosan (CS) chamber, a middle and an inner ethylcellulose (EC)-based chamber loaded with curcumin (Cur) and vitamin E (VE), respectively. The side-by-side multiple-fluid electrospinning processes were implemented robustly and continuously based on a homemade spinneret. Transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope evaluations demonstrated the tri-chamber inner structures of TEJNs and the linear morphologies, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction results verified that the components were compatible and coexisted in an amorphous state. In vitro dissolution tests indicated that the TEJNs could provide a sustained release of 90 % of the loaded Cur and VE for 34.30 h and 24.86 h, respectively. Antibacterial and antioxidant experiments demonstrated that the TEJNs were able to provide enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant effects compared to the traditional electrospun homogeneous nanofibers. In the future, the Janus nanofibers can be further developed for several human health applications, such as wound dressings, active food packaging membranes, dental implants and cosmetic films.

A new homologous series of semi-conducting liquid crystals based on phenyl-anthracene: synthesis and effect of the alkyloxy terminal chain on charge transport and photoconductive properties.

π-Conjugated systems are the key to the charge transport properties of organic semiconductors. Four multifunctional mesogenic materials were designed and synthesised from 2-amino anthracene and para-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Each material contains a central, rigid phenyl-anthracene core and one flexible alkyloxy chain with different lengths based on the concept of combining liquid crystal (LC) materials featuring facile processability, highly ordered alignment, and effective charge transport. (E)-N-(Anthracen-2-yl)-1-(4-(alkyloxy)phenyl) methanimine (n-OPIA) with n = 8, 10, 12, and 16 was chemically characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Their thermal behaviours were performed by means of differential scanning calorimetry and polarised optical microscopy and showed differences in mesomorphic behaviours with respect to the alkyloxy chain length. Concerning their frontier molecular energy levels, they were studied by optical spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry and compared to values obtained via ab initio density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. LC field-effect transistors (LC-FETs) using a solvent vapour enhanced drop casting based n-OPIA material showed efficient electrical parameters and interesting photoconductive properties, indicating their potential applications in multifunctional integrated devices. As the alkyloxy chain length of the n-OPIA compounds increased, the hole mobility, on/off current ratio, and responsivity decreased. The 8-OPIA homologue exhibits a mobility one order of magnitude larger than the previously studied homologue, namely 10-OPIA.

Advances and Functional Integration of Hydrogel Composites as Drug Delivery Systems in Contemporary Dentistry.

This study explores the recent advances of and functional insights into hydrogel composites, materials that have gained significant attention for their versatile applications across various fields, including contemporary dentistry. Hydrogels, known for their high water content and biocompatibility, are inherently soft but often limited by mechanical fragility. Key areas of focus include the customization of hydrogel composites for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery systems, wound dressings, and tissue engineering scaffolds, where improved mechanical properties and bioactivity are critical. In dentistry, hydrogels are utilized for drug delivery systems targeting oral diseases, dental adhesives, and periodontal therapies due to their ability to adhere to the mucosa, provide localized treatment, and support tissue regeneration. Their unique properties, such as mucoadhesion, controlled drug release, and stimuli responsiveness, make them ideal candidates for treating oral conditions. This review highlights both experimental breakthroughs and theoretical insights into the structure-property relationships within hydrogel composites, aiming to guide future developments in the design and application of these multifunctional materials in dentistry. Ultimately, hydrogel composites represent a promising frontier for advancing materials science with far-reaching implications in healthcare, environmental technology, and beyond.

Boron nitride: The key material in polymer composites for electromobility

AbstractDespite the continuous development and improvement of many technologies and multifunctional materials for the electric powertrain (ePowertrain) for electric vehicles, there are still technical issues and challenges to address such as thermal management in batteries, electric motors, and power electronic devices, as most of their failures are due to poor thermal management. Consequently, conventional engineering polymer materials already used must be replaced since most of them have low thermal conductivity and are therefore limited in performance for thermal management applications. A key solution is to develop highly thermally conductive polymer composites that combine other features, such as flame‐retardant, electrical insulation, and mechanical and barrier properties, by incorporating fillers into the polymer matrix. This approach has attracted intensive research efforts. In this review, we first examine the key drivers, trends, and solutions of the ePowertrain segment, emphasizing thermal management. Second, special attention is given to the state‐of‐the‐art boron nitride (BN) polymer composites with current or potential applications in the automotive industry, especially, in batteries, electric motors, and power electronics. Third, analysis and prediction of thermal properties of BN polymer composites by finite element simulation are presented. Finally, outlooks for future research in this field are highlighted.Highlights Thermal management of batteries, electric motors and power electronics, using BN polymer composites, optimizes the functionality of electric vehicles. Cross‐linked polymers with BNNSs provide resins for high power motors, film capacitors, and Li‐metal battery electrolytes for electric vehicles. Mathematical modeling and life cycle analysis can predict trends and research gaps in ePowertrain applications.

Bio-Templated Aerogel Fibers: Heterogeneous Spinodal Architecting and In Situ Fibrillation of Thermoplastic Polyurethane-Silica on Nanostructured Cellulose Nanofiber Scaffold for Enhanced Thermomechanical Performance.

This study addresses the inherent fragility and fractal limitations of traditional silica aerogels by developing a bio-templated aerogel fiber. Integrating cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and silica aerogel (SA) in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) dispersion, a gel-spinning technique was employed to create aerogel fibers with superior thermomechanical performance. CNF also provided excellent rheological modification for successful spinnability, fast gelation, and fiber formation. The unique hierarchical structure of these fibers, formed through hot-stretching and surface modification, combined the superior mechanical strength and flexibility of TPU with the exceptional insulation properties of CNF and SA. The CNF network, encapsulated within the SA particles, formed a core-shell structure, axially aligned, that significantly enhances the thermal stability and mechanical performance of the fibers while maintaining a lightweight and porous architecture. Comprehensive morphological, thermal, and mechanical analyses were conducted to evaluate the properties of the developed aerogel fibers. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy verified the successful surface modification and grafting reactions on CNF, contributing to improved hydrophobicity and thermal insulation. Adjusting the CNF content allowed for tailoring of the thermomechanical characteristics, with a notable 294% increase in tensile strength from 5.3 to 15.6 MPa and an enhanced crystallization temperature from 106 to 119.97 °C. Furthermore, cyclic tensile and compression tests validated the durability and shape recovery capabilities of the aerogel fibers, making them promising candidates for high-performance applications in extreme environments. The thermal conductivity validated by experimental data further highlights the potential of CNF-based aerogel fibers as sustainable and multifunctional materials for advanced thermal insulation, mechanical reinforcement, and flexible structural applications.

Robo-Matter towards reconfigurable multifunctional smart materials

Maximizing materials utilization efficiency via enhancing their reconfigurability and multifunctionality offers a promising avenue in addressing the global challenges in sustainability. To this end, significant efforts have been made in developing reconfigurable multifunctional smart materials, which can exhibit remarkable behaviors such as morphing and self-healing. However, the difficulty in efficiently manipulating and controlling matter at the building block level with manageable cost and complexity, which is crucial to achieving superior responsiveness to environmental clues and stimuli, has significantly hindered the further development of such smart materials. Here we introduce a concept of Robo-Matter, which can be activated and controlled through external information exchange at the building block level, to enable a high-level of controllability, mutability and versatility for reconfigurable multifunctional smart materials. Using specially designed micro-robot building blocks with symmetry-breaking active motion modes, tunable anisotropic interactions, and interactive coupling with a programmable spatial-temporal dynamic light field, we demonstrate an emergent Robot-Matter duality, which enables a spectrum of desirable behaviors spanning from matter-like properties such as ultra-fast self-assembly and adaptivity, to robot-like properties including active force output, smart healing, smart morphing and infiltration. Our work demonstrates a promising direction for designing next-generation smart materials and large-scale robotic swarms.

Lying or Standing of Thiophene on a Surface Determines the Reaction Difference.

Adsorption configurations of molecules on a surface play an important role in the on-surface reaction. In the on-surface synthesis reaction, most of the molecules prefer the lying adsorption configuration to maximize the interaction between the molecule and substrate. In this work, we report an on-surface study of 2,3,4,5-tetrabromothiophene by scanning tunneling microscopy, density functional theory, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Due to different interactions between thiophene and metal surfaces, lying or standing configurations of 2,3,4,5-tetrabromothiophene can be selected by the choice of metal substrates. Moreover, a catalytic role of the metal substrate in the molecular reaction with lying and standing adsorption configurations is demonstrated at the molecular level. This work broadens the understanding of thiophene's configurations in surface reactions and the product diversity driven by adsorption configurations. It also offers a guiding framework for synthesizing multifunctional materials by thiophene derivatives.

Modification of microstructural, mechanical and optical properties with carbon ion irradiation in Y2SiO5 crystals

Yttrium orthosilicate Y2SiO5 crystals, a member of the silicate family, are versatile and multifunctional materials when doped with rare earth or transition metal ions. However, there have been limited investigations into the impact of ion irradiation on the crystal structure of Y2SiO5 crystals to date. In this paper, the effect of microstructure, mechanical and optical properties of Y2SiO5 crystal before and after different fluences of carbon ions irradiation was investigated utilizing complementary characterization techniques. The results indicate that carbon ion irradiation caused lattice disorder and damage, which resulted in structural deterioration and changes in optical properties, such as decrease in the optical band gap energy (from5.77 eV to 5.44 eV), changes in the effective refractive index (neff) which resulted in the formation of “well + barrier” type and “barrier” type waveguides. In addition, elastic modulus increased after carbon ion irradiation. The results will be helpful for understanding the damage study of the Y2SiO5 crystal with carbon ion irradiation and proving that ion beam techniques can be used for material modification.

Construction of a 3D spider web structure with spherical Ho2O3 wrapped by carbon nanofibers for high-efficiency microwave absorption and corrosion protection

Reasonable composition control and microstructure design are the effective ways to realize multi-functional high-performance absorbing materials. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) spider web structure was designed by the electrospinning and high temperature carbonization technology, where Ho2O3 spheres were wrapped by carbon nanofibers. Herein, the spherical Ho2O3 were surrounded by layers of carbon nanofibers (spider silk), which were like the preys inside the spider's web. This unique bionic structure working in conjunction with the tuned components enables the as-prepared composites with improved impedance matching and enhanced loss capacity. The superior electromagnetic wave absorption performance was obtained as the minimum reflection loss of −61.37 dB at 2.90 mm and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 6.88 GHz (11.12–18 GHz) at 2.64 mm. At a thickness of 3.44 mm, the effective absorption bandwidth is 4.80 GHz (8–12.80 GHz), covering the entire X-band. At the same time, the composite soaked in the corrosive medium for 7 days owns a low corrosion current density (10−4 ∼10−6 A cm−2) and a high polarization resistance (105∼107 Ω), which exhibits the obvious anticorrosion ability. This work designs a specific spider web structure with high-performance microwave absorption and corrosion protection.

Densification, deformation, and delamination during co‐sintering process of metal–ceramic laminates

AbstractToday, there is a high demand and increasing trend for multifunctional composite materials and components due to the combination of a wide range of favorable properties. However, undesired deformation leading to delamination, curvature, cracks, or even complete fracture frequently occurs during the co‐sintering process of metal–ceramic laminates (MCLs). To solve these issues, experimental work highly relies on the time‐consuming trial‐and‐error principle. This work aims to develop a thermo‐mechanical‐metallurgical model capable of predicting the densification, deformation, and delamination of MCLs during the co‐sintering process. It is found that the developed model successfully considers the inhomogeneous relative density distribution and phase transformation of the steel tape. In addition, a thin interlayer formed by a mixed slurry in the MCLs is modeled as cohesive elements to simulate the delamination process. The developed model is systematically validated by the experimental measurements and observations in terms of densification, deformation, and delamination during the co‐sintering process of the investigated laminate variants.

Enhanced Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion by Photodegradable MXene/TiO2 Membrane Utilizing Saline Dye Wastewater

AbstractThe utilization of nanochannel membranes for harvesting salinity gradient energy has shown promising potential in addressing the energy crisis and environmental pollution issues. While previous studies have mainly focused on extracting salinity energy from mixing artificial seawater with river water, the research introduces a creative approach involving dye wastewater treatment using MXene/TiO2 membranes to achieve simultaneous photocatalytic degradation and power generation via salinity gradients. The built‐in electric field generated by MXene/TiO2 heterojunctions enhances ionic transport and electron‐hole separation. After photocatalytic treatment of saline dye wastewater, the membrane is defined as a photodegradable membrane. This membrane exhibits increased surface charge and expanded layer spacing to optimize salinity gradient energy conversion efficiency, yielding an impressive power density of up to 11.78 W m−2, which is 20% higher than that of the original MXene/TiO2 membrane. This work offers valuable insights into the development of multifunctional materials for sustainable power generation that comprehensively utilize industrial wastewater and domestic sewage.

Assembly of Eosin Y in-situ intercalated Zr-MOF composite for decontaminating Cr(VI) and reactive dyes via physical capture and photochemical purification

Post-modification based on highly water stable Zr-MOF introduces a novel dimension of functional regulation, offering a fresh perspective for the advancement of pragmatic photocatalysts in the water treatment field. In this study, an entirely novel Zr-MOF (NU-1400-py), featuring a topological network identical to that of NU-1400, has been assembled. The main difference is the replacement of TPTC's central benzene ring with a pyrimidine ring. Utilizing the inherent porosity and semiconducting properties, this Zr-MOF possesses the capability to physically trap Cr2O72- ions (136.43 mg/g), achieving photochemical purification of Cr(VI) and K-, X-, M-type reactive dyes from water. Moreover, another novel heterojunction material EY@Zr-MOF, has been fabricated via in-situ intercalation of luminescent Eosin Y (EY) species within Zr-MOF. Due to the sensitization of embedded EY molecules, EY@Zr-MOF exhibits significantly optimized interface resistance, transient photocurrent intensity and carrier migration efficiency compared to pristine Zr-MOF. Notably, the photochemical purification efficiencies of EY@Zr-MOF towards Cr2O72- (99.66 %, 30 min), RB13 (90.18 %, 120 min), RR2 (92.40 %, 300 min) and RR11 (84.80 %, 90 min) have been dramatically elevated, offering the considerably accelerated reaction kinetics of 1.24, 4.82, 2.48 and 6.23 times, respectively, compared to pristine Zr-MOF, the photochemical purification efficiencies of Zr-MOF towards Cr2O72- (97.88 %, 30 min), RB13 (85.55 %, 450 min), RR2 (71.38 %, 450 min) and RR11 (53.16 %, 240 min). Additionally, its photocatalytic REDOX mechanisms in eliminating target contaminants were proposed tentatively. This contribution offers a viable pathway for designing multi-functional materials aimed at solving some intractable environmental issues caused by Cr(VI) and reactive dyes.

Biosafe Cu-MOF loaded chitosan/gelatin-based multifunctional packaging film for monitoring shrimp freshness

As living standards improve, the demand for food freshness has gradually increased. Multifunctional packaging materials that monitor food freshness in real-time, delay spoilage, and are environmentally friendly have emerged as ideal solutions. This study synthesized an ammonia-sensitive copper-based metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) and incorporated it into a matrix composed of chitosan (CS) and gelatin (Gel). The resulting film exhibits ammonia-sensitive color-changing properties, antibacterial activity, and excellent biodegradability. The effects of Cu-MOF incorporation on the structural, physical, and functional properties of the CS/Gel films were systematically evaluated. Results demonstrated that the Cu-MOF was uniformly distributed within the CS/Gel matrix, significantly enhancing the mechanical properties (tensile strength increased by 68.49%), oxygen/water vapor barrier properties, and UV-blocking capability of the films. Notably, the CS/Gel@Cu-MOF films exhibited excellent antibacterial performance, with sterilization rates of 94.2% against Escherichia coli and 99.6% against Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the films showed good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and a sensitive color response to ammonia. The films were successfully used to monitor shrimp freshness through color change, transitioning from light green to brown as spoilage occurred. These findings indicate that CS/Gel@Cu-MOF films have significant potential for real-time visual freshness monitoring in food packaging, contributing to reduced food safety risks and waste.

Polyoxometalates@Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis Strategies, Nanostructure Modulation and Application in Biomass Conversion.

Polyoxometalates@metal-organic frameworks (POMs@MOFs) have attracted much attention as multifunctional materials in biomass catalysis. Individual POMs and MOFs are hindered by their respective defects, such as poor stability and single catalytic active site, which make it difficult to realize large-scale applications. However, the combination of POMs and MOFs can be used to maximize the catalytic advantages of each. MOFs with high specific surface area and rich pore structure can effectively stabilize and uniformly disperse POMs, while the introduction of POMs also provides more catalytic possibilities for POMs@MOFs. Therefore, POMs@MOFs with ultra-high porosity, large specific surface area and excellent acid catalytic activity have unique catalytic advantages in the field of biomass catalytic conversion. In this work, we provide an overview of the current development of POMs@MOFs in the field of biomass catalysis. The synthesis strategies of POMs@MOFs are summarized and discussed, highlighting the in-situ synthesis methods. We focus on the nanostructure engineering of POMs@MOFs, and explore the "structure-property" relationship in depth. In addition, the representative work of POMs@MOFs in the catalysis of biomass derivatives is summarized. Filially, the prospects, and challenges for the future development of POMs@MOFs in the field of biomass catalysis are also presented.

Structural modification of Pr3+-/Zr4+ doped HfO2:Eu3+ and the resulting luminescence and dielectric properties

Incorporating a minute amount of rare earth ions has been suggested to improve the functionality of electronic materials through the introduction of luminescence properties. HfO2-based materials have received significant attention owing to their high dielectric permittivity (k), excellent thermodynamic stability, and ferroelectricity. In this study, we fabricated luminescent high-k materials by co-doping Pr3+/Zr4+ and Eu3+ into HfO2, i.e., Hf1-xPrxO2-δ:Eu for x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09, and into Hf1-yZryO2:Eu for y = 0.00, 0.10, 0.50, and 0.90 via the solid-state reaction method. The doping concentration of Eu3+ is 0.4 mol%. Rietveld refinement based on the X-ray diffraction pattern of Hf1-xPrxO2-δ:Eu shows that HfO2 undergoes structural transformation from monoclinic (P21/c) to cubic (Fm3̅m) as x increases, along with an increase in its dielectric constant. Although the structures of Hf1-yZryO2:Eu maintain the P21/c phase of HfO2 even with Zr4+ doping, their dielectric constants increase with y, which is associated closely with an increase in the grain size. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Hf1-xPrxO2-δ:Eu and Hf1-yZryO2:Eu under 396 nm excitation show the typical orange-red emission of Eu3+ ions. As x increases, the PL intensity of Hf1-xPrxO2-δ:Eu decreases because of its higher local structural symmetry. However, the PL intensity of Hf1-yZryO2:Eu increases with y because of its larger grain size. Our experiments suggest that Hf1-xPrxO2-δ:Eu and Hf1-yZryO2:Eu are promising candidates as multifunctional luminescent high-k materials.

Engineering antiphase domain boundaries boosted tunable ferromagnetic insulation

Interface-engineered superlattices composed of perovskite PrCoO3 and brownmillerite CaCoO2.5 ([(PCO)n/(CCO)n]m) were designed and fabricated on (001) SrTiO3 substrates with integrated antiphase domain boundaries (APBs) for investigating ferromagnetic insulating phenomenon. The APBs were formed at the surface-step-terrace edges, and the densities of APBs can be regulated by the periods of the superlattices. In these superlattices, ferromagnetic insulating properties were found to be significantly modulated by the APBs. The room-temperature resistivity of the n = 1 superlattice increases by more than three orders of magnitude than that of the n = 5 superlattice and more than five orders of magnitude than that of the Pr0.5Ca0.5CoO3-δ alloy films. The insulation behavior is primarily derived from the charge carriers scattering at the APBs, which block the charge carriers transferring along the in-plane direction. These results could propel the advancement of multifunctional material genetics and provide a strategic approach for the development of artificial materials with tunable properties.

Enhanced synergistic catalysis of bisphenol A in river water using an anti-aging photocatalytic membrane

Bisphenol A (BPA), as an endocrine disruptor, poses a potential threat to ecosystems and human health in aquatic environments. Membrane catalytic systems can accelerate the degradation of BPA and facilitate its conversion into harmless compounds. Nevertheless, the complex nature of the water environments and the limited stability of catalysts often result in challenges such as catalyst aging and deactivation. Herein, an anti-aging multifunctional AgFeO2 catalytic material with electron transfer membrane support was prepared for synergistic catalysis of low-energy LED light (12 W) excitation and peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation. The anti-aging photocatalytic membrane completely degraded 10 ppm of BPA within 30 min, and did not show significant aging after the long-term synergistic catalytic process. In addition, actual river water was employed to assess the aging process and catalytic efficiency in a practical environment. A 60.79 cm2 photocatalytic membrane completely purified 10 L of BPA polluted river water, while the total organic carbon content decreased by 50 %. This was mainly due to the synergistic catalytic effect of the membrane, which boosted photoelectron transfer through electron transfer shortcuts, thereby enhancing persulfate activation. Overall, the multifunctional membrane provides an effective strategy for achieving a long-lasting catalytic effect and controlling photocatalyst aging in practice.

Preparation of CeO2@AC and CeO2@NF nanocomposites for waste water treatment

This research focuses on the elimination of Rose bengal dye using nanoparticles consisting of cerium oxide (CeO2) loaded onto activated carbon (CeO2@AC) and carbon nanofibers (CeO2@NF). These nanoparticles were developed through co-precipitation techniques. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to verify the structural properties and crystalline dimensions of these nanocomposites. The average particle sizes for CeO2, CeO2@AC, and CeO2@NF nanocomposites are determined to be 7.5 nm, 10.5 nm, and 10.0 nm, respectively from XRD. The TEM images shows regularly shaped spherical particles falling within the size range of 7 to 15 nm. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were utilized to investigate their electronic characteristics and the presence of lattice defects, specifically oxygen vacancies, was quantified. The distinctive structure and lattice defects contribute to the photocatalytic degradation of RB dye, with CeO2, AC, and NF exhibiting photocatalytic efficiencies of 75 %, 88 %, and 89.8 %, respectively, when exposed to UV light. Additionally, the magnetic properties of the synthesized samples were examined using a vibrating sample magnetometer. Consequently, cerium oxide nanocomposites combined with activated carbon and nanofibers have demonstrated their utility as multifunctional materials, suitable for photocatalysis.

Construction of a Borophene-Based Hybrid Aerogel for Multifunctional Applications.

As a novel approach to pursue high-performance multifunctional materials, the structural design of cutting-edge two-dimensional (2D) materials has ignited substantial interests. Borophene, an emerging member in the realm of 2D materials, exhibits crucial attributes, including high theoretical carrier density, electrical conductivity, magnetism, and high aspect ratio, rendering it highly promising for diverse applications. Yet, the exploration of porous structural configurations of borophene remains untapped. Addressing this gap, our study focuses on the fabrication of a multifunctional borophene hybrid foam (CMB-foam). This hybridization leverages the exceptional multifunctionality of MXene alongside borophene within a three-dimensional porous framework, facilitating reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves, thereby demonstrating remarkable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding capabilities. Moreover, this structural configuration exposes an enlarged surface area, thus shortening the transport pathway for electrolyte ions, leading to an excellent energy storage performance. Additionally, CMB-foam performs well in thermal management and thermal insulation. These findings underscore the potential of borophene-based materials in multifunctional applications and offer valuable insights into further performance explorations in this domain.

Freestanding Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Membrane for Efficient Wound Healing.

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are emerging as multifunctional materials with exceptional biocompatibility, abundant active sites, and tunable porosity, which are highly beneficial for advanced wound care. However, a significant challenge involves transforming pristine HOFs powders into lightweight, ultrathin, freestanding membranes compatible with soft biological systems. Herein, the study successfully develops shape-adaptive HOF-based matrix membranes (HMMs) using a polymer-assisted liquid-air interface technique. The HMMs conform seamlessly to tissues of different sizes and shapes, effectively stopping bleeding, and provide high water-vapor permeability. Notably, both in vitro and in vivo studies with mice wound models demonstrated that these tissue-conformable HMMs significantly accelerate wound healing by modulating the inflammatory environment of the injured tissue and promoting rapid re-epithelialization. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis and mechanistic studies revealed that HMMs effectively reduce inflammation and facilitate the tissue transition from the proliferative stage to the remodeling stage of skin development. This work not only opens up new avenues for advanced wound care materials but also establishes a foundation for hybridizing HOFs with polymers for a wide range of potential applications.