Multifunctional Land Use Research Articles

Abundance, Diversity, and Function of Soil Microorganisms in Temperate Alley-Cropping Agroforestry Systems: A Review.

Modern temperate alley-cropping systems combine rows of trees with rows of crops (agroforestry), which allows for diverse interspecific interactions such as the complementary and competitive use of resources. The complementary use of resources between trees and crops is considered the main advantage of these multifunctional land use systems over cropland monocultures. Moreover, several studies demonstrated that agroforestry systems are environmentally more sustainable than cropland monocultures. Over two decades of research on soil microorganisms in temperate alley-cropping systems are characterized by a variety of different methodological approaches and study designs to investigate the impact of agroforestry on the soil microbiome. Here, we review the available literature on the abundance, diversity, and functionality of soil microorganisms in temperate alley-cropping systems. Further, we identify current knowledge gaps as well as important experimental factors to consider in future studies. Overall, we found that temperate alley-cropping systems increase soil microbial abundance, diversity, and functions as compared to cropland monocultures, which is expected to contribute to enhanced biological soil fertility in these systems.

Application of multi layer perceptron neural network Markov Chain model for LULC change detection in the Sub-Himalayan North Bengal

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes may occur due to natural and anthropogenic activities. The present study area is situated in the Himalayan foothill region of north-eastern India and covers around 1507 km2. This area comprises Siliguri Municipal Corporation (SMC) and the surrounding five community development blocks. Geopolitical location of the study area makes it significant as it is exposed to the negative impacts of human and commercial activities across the region. The present study aims to identify the LULC classes in the study area from 1991 to 2021 with their change dynamics and predict the LULC changes in 2050. Apart from these, a perception study is also carried out to identify the major drivers of LULC changes in the study area. After delineating the study area, supervised classification of Landsat satellite images was done applying the maximum likelihood classification (MLC) tool for the year 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021. Each image was classified into six LULC classes i.e., vegetation, plantation, agricultural land, built up, water bodies and fallow land and the overall accuracy (average) of the classified maps is 88.83%. The result shows that vegetation, agricultural land and fallow land are decreased from 23% to 20%, 35%–28% and 23%–19% respectively and plantation and built up areas are significantly increased from 14% to 24% and 2%–8% respectively. Then the land change modeler (LCM) under multi layer perceptron neural network Markov Chain (MLPNN-MC) model was applied to predict the spatio-temporal LULC changes from 2021 to 2050. The result reveals that in 2050 built up areas will be increased significantly and are expected to cover almost 12% of the total study area and only 24% of agricultural land will be left. The model was validated by Pearson's chi-squared test and found no significant distinguishes between simulated and actual classified maps. For identifying the main drivers of the LULC changes in the study area people's perceptions were taken from 25 focus group discussions (FGD) randomly over the area. The result reveals that physical and economic location, immigration, development of transport network, increasing multi-functional land use, expansion of small trade and enterprises, and cutting of trees for fuel wood and construction purposes are the key drivers of LULC change for this particular region. The change in the land surface in this Sub-Himalayan region is threatened by unplanned urbanization and unorganized land use practices so, crucial measures are needed indeed.

Ecological risks from trace elements in Quaternary agricultural soils of Lebanon- East Mediterranean.

Soil contamination by trace elements (TE) causes health and environmental risks. This work focused on arable lands of Central Bekaa of Lebanon, East Mediterranean. The spatial distribution of TEs in the cultivated soils was mapped. Results showed accumulation of Cr and Ni, in the soil-plant interface layer, exceeding the multifunctional land use (soil threshold I <50 and <40 mg kg-1 , respectively) and controlled land use (soil threshold II-100 mg kg-1 ). The index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) showed no hazards from Zn with moderate to strong contamination from Pb and moderate hazard from Ni, Cu, Cd and Cr. A cross sectional soil sampling from the Litani river to the eastern hill of Terbol showed accumulation of TEs at foot slopes and at river’s banks. Human activities within the plain contribute to further soil contamination with risk of pollutants transfer to food chain. Additional sampling of plant and corresponding soil in hot spots showed TE content in the plant leaves to be mostly within or slightly above the permissible values in wheat and potato. Considering the soil quality regarding chemical pollution is a necessary factor in land use planning for the elaboration of adapted to local soil conditions thresholds of TEs content in the soil for suitable land use, either in agriculture or alternative uses.

Tier 4 maps of soil pH at 25 m resolution for the Netherlands

Accurate and high resolution spatial soil information is essential for efficient and sustainable land use, management and conservation. Since the establishment of digital soil mapping (DSM) and the goals set by the GlobalSoilMap (GSM) working group, great advances have been made to attain spatial soil information worldwide. Highly populated areas such as the Netherlands demand multi-functional land use, for which information of key soil properties such as pH is essential to make decisions. We a) provide soil pH prediction maps at six standard depth layers between 0 m to 2 m for the Netherlands at 25 m resolution, whereby the calibrated Quantile Regression Forest (QRF) model allows for prediction at any desired depth, and b) determine map accuracy using various statistical validation strategies and evaluation of prediction uncertainty. This study is unique among GSM products by including design-based inference of a probability sample as an external accuracy assessment and providing Tier 4 maps with spatially explicit accuracy thresholds for end-users based on GSM specifications.QRF models were tuned and calibrated using 15338 soil observations between 0 m and 2 m depth from 4230 locations and 195 covariates representing the soil-forming factors. The following statistical validation strategies were used for external accuracy assessment of map quality: out-of-bag, location-grouped 10-fold cross-validation, an independent validation set (5677 observations, 1367 locations) and a stratified random sample of the independent validation set separated by depth layer. Mean error (ME), root mean squared error (RMSE), model efficiency coefficient (MEC) and the prediction interval coverage probability (PICP) were calculated in all four strategies. In addition, the 90th prediction intervals were used to categorize each 25 m pixel into “none”, A, AA or AAA quality as a measure of the internal accuracy assessment.We obtained large differences depending on the four external accuracy assessment strategies and depth layer (ME = −0.08–0.20, RMSE = 0.41–0.83, MEC = 0.64–0.90, PICP of PI90 = 0.80–0.94). Design-based inference (LSK-SRS) was most indicative of map accuracy based on sampling theory (ME = 0.09–0.17, RMSE = 0.7–0.79, MEC = 0.73–0.82). QRF prediction uncertainty was slightly overestimated. Less than 10% of pixels were designated with AA and AAA and therefore we recommend future studies to also test the achievability of high quality thresholds for Tier 4 GSM maps. We believe these 3D soil pH maps at 25 m resolution are useful for a variety of end users and that our workflow can be applied elsewhere and for other soil properties to further diminish the gap of missing spatial soil information.

Framework for integrated Ecosystem Services assessment of the costs and benefits of large scale landscape restoration illustrated with a case study in Mediterranean Spain

To prevent landscape degradation and the continuing loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, decisions regarding landscape restoration should be based on their ‘true’ costs and benefits (i.e. broader welfare effects), including all externalities (positive and negative). In this paper, we present a framework consisting of nine steps to analyze, quantify and, where possible, monetize and capture the effects of changes in land use and management on the true costs and benefits. To illustrate this framework we applied it to large scale landscape restoration in a dryland region in SE Spain that is facing serious land degradation. Based on fieldwork involving several farms and expert interviews between 2017 and 2019, and additional literature review, we compared the costs and benefits, using the so-called Social- or Integrated Cost-Benefit Analyses (i-CBA) approach, of three land use systems: a multi-functional sustainable land use system (MFU) with those of almond monoculture under conventional management (CM) and under sustainable land management (SLM). Our study demonstrates that conventional financial CBA favors short-term, usually non-sustainable, land use. Using i-CBA gives a more realistic insight in the true welfare effects of landscape restoration. Our analysis also shows that a transition from conventional monoculture to multi-functional sustainable land use at the farm-level is only financially feasible when all externalities are accounted for and compensated. Our integrated approach enables the identification of opportunities and mechanisms to optimize multifunctional land use and capture the ‘full value’ of landscape restoration through so-called blended financing mechanisms. Eventually, sustainable land management can then become the norm rather than the exception because it is both financially more profitable for the private land owner and economically, environmentally and socially more beneficial to the community and society as a whole.

Transformative potential from the ground up: Sustainable innovation journeys, soft change and alignment of interests in urban food initiatives

This paper utilises the ‘sustainable innovation journeys’ concept to trace how people organise and design urban food initiatives and influence city-region food policy. We evaluate whether designs succeed or fail and monitor the exchange of ideas that takes place between stakeholders. Tracing these interactions reveals the transformative potential of innovative projects, particularly if the food system changes they bring to the fore are aligned with policy interests. Three case studies provide on-the-ground insights to assess how small and medium-sized enterprises at the micro-level induce sustainability shifts. The case studies are businesses in the city-regions of Rotterdam, The Netherlands (urban farm and circular food economy); Vigo, Spain (food, forest and multi-functional land use); and Zurich, Switzerland (organic food and short supply chains). Each initiative was studied in-depth over a two-year period, with follow-up analysis for a further four years to monitor change over time (2013–2018). The cases promote the adoption of micro-level innovation practices: locally designed transition pathways that bring the benefits of change to the city-region (i.e. from the micro-level initiative to meso-level policy). The analysis highlights the importance of ‘soft change’. This can be something as simple as visiting an inspiring urban food initiative and meeting with stakeholders to generate mutual understanding, from where interests align to influence food chain practices and policy. Soft changes act as ‘seeds of transition’ for a shift towards more sustainable urban food systems, but we observe too potentially negative impacts due to lack of alignment at the micro- (initiative) or meso- (city-region) levels.

The ambiguous role of agri-environment-climate measures in the safeguarding of High Nature Value Farming Systems: The case of the Montado in Portugal

The preservation of High Nature Value farmland (HNVf) is essential for meeting many of the new European Union (EU) Green Deal targets, as they correspond to production systems which respect the preservation of natural resources and support multiple ecosystem services. However, most of the farming systems on which HNVf rely cannot survive without support from public policies. Typically, these are low intensity and low agrochemical input systems, such as the Montado in southern Portugal, a silvo-pastoral land use system adapted to the Mediterranean constraints encountered in the region. Agri-environment-climate measures (AECM) within the EU Common Agricultural Policy, despite their multiple objectives, provide great potential for supporting the conservation of HNVf. However, for this to happen, the measures in place must ensure the maintenance of the low intensity farming practices that led to the HNV status of these systems in the first place. Using an extensive cattle production system in a Montado area as a case study, this paper assesses whether if the implementation of the AECM for Integrated production and the AECM for Organic production, are indeed supporting a less intensive management of this multifunctional land use system and, thus, its HNV. These are two well-known horizontal measures, which can be applied across all farmland and are therefore of major relevance in promoting environmental performance of farming across the EU. The results of our study show that overall, none of these AECM is promoting less intensive management practices in Montado areas, and they therefore do not contribute to the conservation of their natural value. Furthermore, the results underline the importance of grazing management to understand the ongoing changes in many Montado areas. Lastly, the results also show that horizontal AECM are barely able to provide consistent environmental benefits in systems with a high level of complexity as found in silvo-pastoral systems.

Study and Assessment of the multifunctional land use MLU in the new city of Sidi Abdellah in Algeria

New cities in Algeria are mainly housing lead. Researchers are interested in the daily problems of its inhabitants caused by the lack of infrastructure and facilities. Meanwhile, a new vision of planning, centered on sustainable urban development, has been emerged in the development plans and schemes of Algerian cities since the 2000s in order to have relatively independent new towns, characterized by urban compactness, mixity and diversity by introducing new concepts and designs. One of the proposed concepts called “functions integration” is technically very similar to the concept of urban multifunctional land use MLU which has not so far been applied to Algerian new cities. This paper assesses the innovative and relatively recent concept of multifunctionality in the new city of Sidi Abdellah in Algeria in order to contribute to the realization of a sustainable and multifunctional urban model. The article is using the evaluation parameters drawn from the literature review and previous scientific work on MLU, creating databases generated by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and based on an analytical grid that allows the transition from new cities to "sustainable" new cities in Algeria and worldwide.

Evaluation of Land Use Multifunctionality from the Perspective of “Production-Living-Ecology”

Based on the entropy TOPSIS model and clustering method, this article builds a multi-functional evaluation index system for land use based on 21 indicators from the perspective of “production-life-ecology”, evaluates the multifunctionality of land use, and analyzes its spatial differences in Baise, Guangxi, China. The results show that the multifunctional level of land use in Baise is still at a poor level, and the ecology function are better utilized. There are big differences in the spatial distribution of multifunctional land use among counties in Baise, and the overall spatial distribution pattern is “slightly stronger in the south than in the north”. Multifunctional land use in Baise is greatly affected by production function factors. It is recommended to accelerate industrial transformation and upgrading, and give full play to the different ecology, resource, location or policy advantages of each county to improve the level of land production functions, and pay attention to green development, the common development of each function and the regional coordinated development.

Spatial Equilibrium State and Its Time Evolution of the Multi-functionalization of Regional Land Use in the Eastern China

In order to revealed the spatial-temporal correlation characteristics and interaction relationship of multifunctional land use in the county of Jiangsu Province, which could provide theoretical support for the spatial planning of the county. This paper constructed multiple functional identification system from three dimensions of production-living-ecological, and quantitatively measures 55 counties’ spatial equilibrium state and space-time effect of “production-living-ecological” function in 1996, 2005 and 2015 by means of coupling coordination degree model, Theil coefficient and its decomposition, and LISA time path analysis. The results showed that spatial equilibrium level of multifunctional land use function in the county of Jiangsu Province was relatively low from 1996 to 2015, presenting the spatial characteristics of the overall dispersion and local agglomeration. The coordination degree of multifunctional land use had spatial differentiation characteristics,which were closely related to the stage of social economic development. The time-space transition of multiple functional coordination degree was generally consistent with the cold-hot spot pattern. The regions with relatively long LISA time path were scattered in southern Jiangsu (Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Yangzhou). The regions with relatively short LISA time path were scattered in northern Jiangsu, central Jiangsu. The multiple functional coordination degree was relatively low in these areas.The county with the largest LISA time path curvature were Zhenjiang, Xinghua, Yancheng, Guanyun etc. Nevertheless, the curvature of LISA time path in most parts of central Jiangsu and northern Jiangsu was generally small. It can be seen that the path locking effect of development of multifunctional land use coordination degree was strong.

Managing boundaries over time in integrative planning processes. A process analysis of boundary work in two cases of multifunctional land use

Measures that integrate social, economic and ecologic land use functions have increasingly raised the interest of scholars and practitioners concerned with sustainability. However, achieving effective integration involves important governance challenges. One challenge is that actors need to work across social, cognitive and physical boundaries. This article studies how actors span, but also challenge, defend and construct boundaries over time during integrative processes, and what temporal sequences of boundary actions help to realize effective integration. It does so with a comparative longitudinal analysis of two cases of Multifunctional Land Use. We find three main patterns: First, to bridge boundaries, they first need to be created, strengthened and explicated, whilst also connecting actors where possible. Second, after a period of spanning and challenging, reconstructing boundaries can help to keep the process manageable, provide safety and maintain autonomy. Third, challenging boundaries is often necessary to realize integration, even when this stirs up conflicts and internal discussions.

Land-Use Transition of Tourist Villages in the Metropolitan Suburbs and Its Driving Forces: A Case Study of She Village in Nanjing City, China

In the context of the transition from “Native-rural China” to “Urban-rural China”, suburban villages have undergone rapid reconstruction of format, industry, and function. Aiming to reveal the evolution characteristics and driving forces, this study selected She Village, located in suburban areas of Nanjing, to analyze the changes of both dominant and recessive morphology of land use by employing participatory rural appraisal, remote sensing, and geographic information systems. The results showed that She Village witnessed three stages, including industrial development, ecological restoration, and service industry development, from 1980 to 2018, with more diversified management modes, multifunctional land use, and intensified land fragmentation. The drivers included natural resources, population growth, policy of Grain for Green, urban market demand, etc., the intensity of which showed trends of “increase–increase–increase”, “increase–decrease–decrease”, “periodically intermittent”, and “increase–decrease–increase” in turn. The tourist villages undergo three stages of industrial development, agricultural development, and service industry development, with periodical characteristics driven by top-down policies, the endogenous force of the village, and the radiation and diffusion of the city. This research deepens the understanding of the development process of suburban villages and provides a reference for land policy making and planning in other similar villages.

How to Realize Multifunctional Land Use as a Contribution to Sustainable Development

OPINION article Front. Environ. Sci., 02 February 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.620285

Policy Strategies to Revive Rural Land in Peri-Metropolitan Towns: Resource Identification, Capitalization, and Financialization

Previous planning for rural revival in towns has emphasized construction and government-led policies. However, we argue that the dilemmas of peri-metropolitan rural areas, such as Desakota in China, are far more complex faced with rural super village and hollowed village transformations. Rural revival planning needs to coordinate with the development of urbanized and rural areas towards multifunctional goals and plans as a whole. Therefore, we selected the town master plan of Lijia, a typical peri-metropolitan village in China, as a case study. Through a historical–interpretative approach involving analysis of planning policies, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews with the key stakeholders involved, we structured the process and mechanism of rural revival in Lijia into three phases: resource identification, capitalization, and financialization. In different phases, different stakeholders adopt different roles. The government takes a leading role in resource identification and capitalization, while firms take a leading role in the process of financialization. “Market-dominant and government-guided” planning stimulates villagers to participate in rural revival. We highlight the importance of multifunctional land-use in terms of rural revival in the master planning of peri-metropolitan villages and provide a practical reference for uniting multiple stakeholders, including governments, firms, and villagers.

A NATURE-BASED SOLUTION FOR SUSTAINABLE PORT DEVELOPMENT IN PORT OF KUALA TANJUNG, INDONESIA

The Building with Nature (BwN) approach developed by Ecoshape suggests that nature-based solutions can be sustainable and cost-effective alternatives for traditional engineering solutions. Widening the solution space by studying and understanding the physical and ecological system in the early stages of port planning and design is more likely to result in sustainable ports with opportunities for multi-functionality and respect for nature. This paper applies the BwN philosophy to a case study, i.e., the ongoing port development in Kuala Tanjung in Indonesia and examines the technical and financial feasibility of a nature-based concept, i.e., a mangrove breakwater instead of a traditional 'hard' breakwater. Mangroves can realize significant wave attenuation, and at the same time, they are productive eco-systems that can result in long-term benefits through multifunctional land use. A berm built of dredged material with a mild slope which 'grows' naturally by accretion behind permeable dams can create the right conditions for mangrove trees to grow. This mangrove protection can develop into a sustainable barrier which grows with the (relative) sea level rise by trapping sediments. A preliminary design was made on the basis of information available in literature. A rough cost comparison considering only the supply and placing of fill material showed that mangrove breakwater is about 25percent more expensive than a hard breakwater for the case under study. In view of the numerous port projects being planned in Indonesia, the technical and financial feasibility of mangrove breakwaters that can also enhance nature create added value for the surroundings is a promising finding.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/Rr8P8G1GjgM

Implementing Sustainable Development Into One Integrated Domestic Environmental Legislative Act. A Law Comparison Between Two Frontrunners: New Zealand and The Netherlands

Whereas in most countries environmental law is commonly highly fragmented into an enormous amount of sectoral legislative acts, New Zealand and The Netherlands uniquely intend to have just one domestic environmental legislative act putting all fragmented sectoral laws and decrees in only one act of parliament. Both are supposed to achieve sustainable development by a novel integrated approach. However, there are differences as the New Zealand model puts all environmental norms in a subordinate position under one supreme principle of sustainable development, which is obviously not the case in the Dutch act. This article discusses both legislative acts and analyses which system would better serve sustainable multi-functional land use. environmental law, circular economy, multi-functional land use, sustainable development

Multi-Functional Land Use Is Not Self-Evident for European Farmers: A Critical Review

Soils perform more functions than primary productivity. Examples of these functions are the recycling of nutrients, the regulation and purification of water, the regulation of the climate, and supporting biodiversity. These abilities are generally referred to as the soil quality. Soil management that favors primary productivity may have positive and negative impacts on the other functions, and vice versa, depending on soil and climatic conditions. All these functions are under pressure, particularly in intensive agriculture. In the absence of mandatory regulations, most European farmers give limited attention to other functions than primary productivity in spite of recommendations by scientists, society and policy makers to acknowledge the ecosystem services provided by soils. The present paper analyses the underlying causes of this limited attention for the multi-functionality of soils by farmers. It is concluded that their focus on primary productivity may stem from (1) insufficient visible proof for soil degradation and benefits of preventive measures over curative measures, (2) limited awareness or conviction of long-term synergies, (3) insufficient remuneration of ecosystem services by society or compensation of yield penalties in favor of these services, (4) lacking trustworthy knowledge about and support for multi-functional soil management, and (5) absence of incentives and regulations on soil management and their enforcement. All these shortcomings need to be addressed by advisors, scientists, and policy makers, whilst acknowledging the need for underpinning and differentiation of incentives and regulations.

A Conceptual Framework to Design Green Infrastructure: Ecosystem Services as an Opportunity for Creating Shared Value in Ground Photovoltaic Systems

This paper presents a conceptual framework that looks at photovoltaic systems in synergy with ecosystem services. The focus is to connect business success with social and ecological progress based on the operative concept of multifunctional land use. Such an approach attempts to harmonise the needs of the industrial processes of photovoltaic systems and the ecological and social needs of the landscape context. Different from the usual design of ground photovoltaic systems in farmlands or brownfields, a new framework is proposed, combining photovoltaic panels and vegetation. A case study is considered, applying the framework to existing photovoltaic systems in the Apulia region (southern Italy). The analysis shows how the framework has, among others, the major functions of increasing solar energy production, recycling wastewater, creating raw material for biofuel, as well as providing animal habitat and mitigating air temperature. The latter is preliminarily evaluated by means of modelling simulations performed with a computational fluid dynamics and microclimate model, ENVI-met. This approach opens up a new vision of the infrastructure design of photovoltaic systems which can produce new social and economic income.

AN EFFICIENT USE OF DEGRADED AND LOW-YIELDING AGRICULTURAL LANDS: PLANNING ASPECT

Introduction. One applies a significant area of land with degraded and low-yielding soils for intensive agricultural use in Ukraine. It is economically impractical and environmentally unsafe. One of the tasks of sustainable development of the nation is to achieve a neutral state of land cover to stop the processes of land degradation and boost their productivity restoration. This fact requires the development of scientific and methodological approaches to the multifunctional land use to achieve a balance between the economy, society, and the biosphere. The purpose. The aim of the study is to develop methodological and practical recommendations for organizing the use of degraded and low-yielding agricultural lands, considering the conceptual goals of landscape planning. Results. Concerning the authors’ views, the efficient use of degraded and low-yielding agricultural land involves the formation of a system of land use that provides restoration, preservation, and maintenance of the natural capital of territories and corresponding ecosystem functions and services. In this context, one has discussed the expediency of landscape planning at the local level, as an essential tool for the sustainable management of land resources. One has proposed to make integrated decisions concerning the analysis of social and economic as well as landscape and ecological conditions of territories, defining nature protection objectives for the optimization of land use and landscapes, which are based on the assessment of sensitivity to existing and planned activities. Considering the analysis and assessment of landscape and ecological conditions, one has recommended carrying out land zoning, identifying types and subtypes of land use, and determining regulations for the use of areas with degraded and low-yielding soils. An important prerequisite for such an approach is public discussions with the involvement of experts in the field of nature use and protection. Conclusions. Landscape planning is of vital importance to solve the problems of the use of degraded and low-yielding agricultural lands, as it shifts from prevailing industry and functional approaches to ecosystems approach concerning making landscape management decisions on a sustainable development basis. Keywords: land use, degraded and low-yielding soils, landscape planning, land zoning, natural capital.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Obstacles of the Multi-Functionality of Land Use in Xiangxi, China

The multi-functionality of land as the basis of land use and utilization is under increasing investigation. This study assesses the spatiotemporal dynamic multi-functionality of land use and analyzes the obstacle indicators in Xiangxi using two methods, i.e., the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the hierarchical weighting method (HWM). First, we found that the total function level of land use in Xiangxi was constantly optimized. Spatial heterogeneity was clearer. Land use had a trend toward diversification, with a focus on production or living function. The coordination of multifunctional land use has undergone certain changes. It was more apparent in the south than in central and northern regions. Second, we discovered that production function of land use in Xiangxi grew slowly and spatial differentiation was enhanced. The living function fluctuated with the trend of spatial equilibrium. Changes in ecological function and any spatial differentiation were not clear. Third, land use can be divided into living-ecological, production-living, and production obstacle types. Lastly, we state that, to narrow the gap between urban-rural areas and reduce the non-point pollution from agriculture in living-ecological barrier areas, we need to develop production and social public utilities in production-living barrier areas, and develop production and eliminate poverty in production barrier areas.