Multifaceted Structure Research Articles

Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Academic Burnout in Students

Academic burnout is characterised by emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and diminished personal accomplishment amongst students. Despite its rising prominence in recent discussions, there remains a lack of systematic reviews encapsulating the extensive literature on academic burnout. This bibliometric study aims to systematically review the literature and determine trends in academic burnout research. A total of 805 studies on academic burnout were retrieved from the WoS database and 570 articles meeting the selection criteria were analysed. The distribution of articles was analysed based on categories, publication years, and originating countries. Additionally, pertinent topics, journals, authors, and patterns of global and local citations were examined. Our analysis revealed a notable increase in articles on academic burnout in recent years. Leading contributors in terms of publications include China, the USA, and Finland. Recently, themes such as "Covid-19", "depression", "resilience", "classroom enjoyment", and specific demographics like "medical students" and "working students" have been frequently associated with academic burnout research. This research reveals the multifaceted structure of academic burnout. As a result, educational professionals can incorporate the multifaceted structure resulting from this research into programs designed to reduce academic burnout.

One-step designing of spinel CuCr2O4/Cr2O3 nanostructures as efficient positive electrode for a high-performance supercapacitor

Although transition metal oxides (TMOs) have theoretical benefits for supercapacitors (SCs), their low conductivity and stability restrict their wide practical utilization. In this context, TMOs-based composite materials with a spinel structure have emerged as efficient positive electrodes for high-performance SCs. It could improve energy storage properties such as capacitance, stability, and energy density. In light of this, in this work, we proposed a nanostructured spinel CuCr2O4/Cr2O3 composite via a facile one-step coprecipitation method. Owing to the advantages of abundant reactive sites, effective electron transport, desirable electrical conductivity, better surface area, mesoporous channels, and synergistic effects of the two, the energy storage properties of the composite on nickel foam (CuCr2O4/Cr2O3@NF) were significantly improved. The resultant CuCr2O4/Cr2O3@NF electrode material shows a high capacitance (capacity) of 1027.5 F g–1 (411 C g–1) at a current density of 1 A g–1. Besides, the composite electrode exhibits rapid faradaic reactions and retains structure integrity over 5000 cycles, affording a good cyclic stability of 86.01% of its initial capacitance at 15 A g–1. Moreover, the asymmetric device (CuCr2O4/Cr2O3@NF//AC@NF) composed of CuCr2O4/Cr2O3@NF (positive electrode) and AC@NF (negative electrode) delivers an ideal energy density of 38.89 Wh Kg–1 at 800.02 W kg–1, which surpasses the recent spinel metal chromate-based devices and maintains 88.67% of its capacitance after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. This work may open the path for combining two effective materials to form a multifaceted structure with enhanced energy storage properties.

Methodological analysis of theories of the concept of nation

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical frameworks, taking a deeper look at theories related to the understanding of the issue of nationhood. Concepts and works of scientists who founded this concept were distinguished. Various perspectives on the formation of ethnic identity in modern societywere explored.Because the nation is a complex and multifaceted structure that includes various disciplines and has attracted the attention of researchers. Any kind of understanding of the problem of the nation creates certain methodological difficulties during its research. It is important to compare the ways of understanding it and to identify the relevant points of view.The article analyzes the approaches of primordialism, constructivism and instrumentalism. And in the course of the discussion, theories that offer opposing views on ethnic identities will be discussed. Through this multidimensional analysis, the article attempts to provide a comprehensive account of the study of ethnic identity.Combining insights from various theoretical perspectives, it offers insights into the dynamic nature of ethnic identities and their relationship to social cohesion and cultural diversity in contemporary societies. The importance of combining different theories for a comprehensive understanding of the nation is emphasized and recommendations are made for developing an appreciation of cultural diversity

Феномен успеха в гуманитарной научной мысли: культурологический аспект

The article examines the phenomenon of success, which has a multifaceted structure and is of interest from the point of view of revealing the value foundations of both an individual and the whole society. In order to form a holistic picture of ideas about success in humanitarian scientific thought, it is of great importance to review and analyze domestic and foreign socio-cultural and psychological studies on this issue. As a result of the analysis, a common problem field for these areas of science is revealed – the duality of the phenomenon of success, which has two main manifestations: external, implying the achievement of recognition by society, and internal, representing the way of realization of one’s own abilities and value attitudes of the individual. The au-thors concludes that the study of the individual-personal, social determinants of the phenomenon of success and the problem of their correlation contributes to further theoretical understanding and design of the phenom-enon of success. In practical terms, the development of this topic raises the issue of finding a balance between a person’s internal orientations and the requirements of the external environment, which is designed to set a worldview and value-normative framework that promotes the harmonious integration of the individual into so-ciety.

Is contextual knowledge a key component of expertise for teaching with technology? A systematic literature review

The technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) framework is a prominent framework for describing the knowledge teachers require for teaching in the digital era. Recently, the component of “context” was officially recognized as an additional domain of knowledge. Since then, this domain has started to gradually gain more attention in TPACK research. Yet research on contextual knowledge (XK) appears somewhat sporadic, indicating the need for greater clarity on this construct. As the domain representing the knowledge of educational contexts, the role of experience in educational contexts emerges as a key point for shedding light on this construct. The present systematic literature review aimed to offer an overview of the representations and functions associated with XK through the lens of experience and investigated this domain through comparing the empirical literature focusing on preservice teachers (less experienced) to that focusing on inservice teachers (more experienced). Systematically screening the literature resulted in a final sample of 15 studies conducted among preservice teachers and 23 on inservice teachers. Records were analyzed through qualitative codings and quantitative comparisons of these codes between these two groups of studies. Findings revealed a consistent multifaceted structure of XK across both inservice and preservice teacher studies with a distinctive greater focus on school-level factors in inservice teacher studies. In addition, across groups, studies provided evidence confirming XK as a domain supporting teachers’ practice, that can be developed, and that relates to other pedagogically relevant constructs. These findings are discussed with regards to their implications for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders.

General principles for the formation of city public spaces

City public spaces act as a holistic concept that cannot be dismembered and is a systemic structure that exists in the flow of time and carries traces of history, politics, culture, economic development and technological progress. In general, this structure is stable, but always changing in detail, and its growth and shape are only partially under control. This process of city formation has no final result, it is absolutely continuous. Given the constant development of open public space and its complex multifaceted structure, there is a need to derive general principles of its formation and development. This determines the relevance of the issue under study in this article. City public spaces - all undeveloped space surrounding the city; dismembered separate built-up areas; space that is part of a single building massif. Urban open spaces are diverse - they differ in size, configuration, ratio of natural and artificial components, type of functions, and role in shaping the city's image. Existing theoretical studies in this area provide an understanding of the importance of formulating general principles for the formation of open public spaces in cities for their further organization. Thus, the article summarizes the general principles of their development - the principle of "multifunctionality", the principle of "inclusiveness", the principle of "comfort", the principle of "hierarchy", the principle of "contextuality", the principle of "public openness". The relevance of using these principles for the organization of open public spaces in cities is shown, and recommendations for improving the quality of these spaces are provided. The influence of the above principles on the characteristics and properties of open public spaces of cities on their physical, functional and social content is revealed.

The specter of authenticity: Social science after the deconstruction of Romanticism.

In a long-forgotten essay, Alvin Gouldner defended the distinctive contributions of Romantic social science. Today, half a century later, very few would risk making a similar plea. Owing to its deconstruction, the discourse of Romanticism has increasingly fallen out of favor in the social sciences, meaning social scientists have progressively come to see Romanticism as less a resource for critique than a bourgeois ideology warranting critical scrutiny. Yet the truth is quite a bit more complicated. For despite its disapproval at the level of social science's explicit culture, Romanticism continues to serve, at the level of implicit culture, as a potent resource for social analysis. We start with a clarification of what we mean by Romanticism. While Romanticism may be an amorphous and multifaceted structure of thought and feeling, like Gouldner, we do not think it lacks coherence. Thus, we outline what we take to be the core dimensions of the 'Romantic syndrome', and then survey some of its key figures in Western social thought. Next, we move to a discussion of three select studies about the infiltration of Romanticism into the capitalist heartland-the sphere of work. We demonstrate how, consistent with our argument that Romanticism has become increasingly symbolically polluted within social science, each of these studies critiques the Romantic turn at work, while nevertheless anchoring their critiques in Romanticism, albeit in increasingly implicit fashion. We conclude by offering some reflections on why Romanticism continues to haunt contemporary social science-and why this matters.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by sweet cherry and its application against cherry spot disease

Asia has a rich history of cultivating sweet cherries, a practice that has been carried out since ancient times. However, the effective management of Alternaria disease in sweet cherry crops has presented a formidable challenge, resulting in notable decreases in yield. Various attempts have been made to employ both chemical and biological treatments; however, their effectiveness has been restricted. In order to tackle this problem, an investigation was carried out, with the primary objective of isolating and identifying Alternaria isolates that are accountable for the occurrence of sweet cherry soft spot rot. Out of the twelve isolates examined, the CHM-4 isolate was found to be the most pathogenic. Its identification was achieved through the use of the ITS genomic region (ITS1 and ITS4), and the BLAST results revealed a 95 % similarity with Alternaria alternata (MG744381.1). The objective of the research was to explore the potential of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) synthesized by phytosynthesis as a novel antifungal agent to combat sweet cherry soft spot pathogenicity. The biosynthesis of SNPs was carried out using sweet cherry fruits kernel exudate, which served as an environmentally friendly source. The exudates exhibited the ability to produce nanoparticles with an average size of 24.97 nm. Analysis conducted using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed the multifaceted structure of these nanoparticles. Furthermore, when tested at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/ml, these biosynthetic nanoparticles demonstrated the capability to inhibit the growth of Alternaria fungi and effectively destroy fungal hyphae. It is advisable to utilize diverse components of sweet cherry for the synthesis of various nanoparticles owing to their compatibility with the surrounding environment.

Cognitive enrichment through art: a randomized controlled trial on the effect of music or visual arts group practice on cognitive and brain development of young children

BackgroundThe optimal stimulation for brain development in the early academic years remains unclear. Current research suggests that musical training has a more profound impact on children's executive functions (EF) compared to other art forms. What is crucially lacking is a large-scale, long-term genuine randomized controlled trial (RCT) in cognitive neuroscience, comparing musical instrumental training (MIP) to another art form, and a control group (CG). This study aims to fill this gap by using machine learning to develop a multivariate model that tracks the interconnected brain and EF development during the academic years, with or without music or other art training.MethodsThe study plans to enroll 150 children aged 6-8 years and randomly assign them to three groups: Orchestra in Class (OC), Visual Arts (VA), and a control group (CG). Anticipating a 30% attrition rate, each group aims to retain at least 35 participants. The research consists of three analytical stages: 1) baseline analysis correlating EF, brain data, age, gender, and socioeconomic status, 2) comparison between groups and over time of EF brain and behavioral development and their interactions, including hypothesis testing, and 3) exploratory analysis combining behavioral and brain data. The intervention includes intensive art classes once a week, and incremental home training over two years, with the CG receiving six annual cultural outings.DiscussionThis study examines the potential benefits of intensive group arts education, especially contrasting music with visual arts, on EF development in children. It will investigate how artistic enrichment potentially influences the presumed typical transition from a more unified to a more multifaceted EF structure around age eight, comparing these findings against a minimally enriched active control group. This research could significantly influence the incorporation of intensive art interventions in standard curricula.Trial registrationThe project was accepted after peer-review by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF no. 100014_214977) on March 29, 2023. The study protocol received approval from the Cantonal Commission for Ethics in Human Research of Geneva (CCER, BASEC-ID 2023-01016), which is part of Swiss ethics, on October 25, 2023. The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05912270).

Learning From Evaluation Data: Discoveries From the Inaugural Evaluation Capacity Case Challenge

Evaluation competitions, a process that has existed for more than three decades, are a mechanism to promote program evaluation and enhance evaluation capacity. Integrating these competitions into evaluation education extends traditional teaching models beyond theory-dense learning contexts. This practice note delves into the Evaluation Case Competition Challenge (EC3), a case challenge designed to advance knowledge on evaluation capacity building (ECB). Insights from an end-of-experience survey are distilled into three discoveries: successful elements of the multifaceted competition structure and exploring the case challenge as a valuable opportunity for ECB, as well as a focus on student celebrations and suggestions. These discoveries provide insight into the learner experiences and recommendations for the future trajectory of EC3. Five guiding principles for envisioning evaluation learning competitions are offered for consideration.

Disgust as a basic, sexual, and moral emotion.

Disgust is a basic emotion that increases the organism's survival success by preventing the transfer of pathogens. In this regard, it directs cognitive processes and motivates avoidance behaviors that prevent pathogens from entering the body. Moreover, disgust has many specific characteristics that distinguish it from other basic emotions. Firstly, unlike other basic emotions, it contaminates neutral objects around it and causes difficult-to-change learning. Another specific characteristic of disgust is that it depends on ideational processes. Objects, situations, and behaviors that do not contain pathogens can also cause disgust. In this regard, disgust appears not only as a basic emotion but also as different adaptations in different fields. In this context, two distinct adaptations of disgust stand out: sexual and moral disgust. These two adaptations of disgust benefit from disgust-related behaviors and motivations in different ways. Sexual disgust works as a gene protection mechanism, while moral disgust helps maintain social rules. The specific characteristics of disgust and its effects on cognitive processes such as attention and memory interact. In conclusion, the multifaceted structure of disgust shows that it needs to be studied more in the subfields of psychology. (Strohminger, Philos Compass 9:478-493, 2014) defines disgust as a psychological nebula that needs to be discovered. However, it is observed that disgust has not been adequately addressed. This review aims to comprehensively explore unique characteristics and diverse aspects of disgust, shedding light on its significance from various perspectives. This study underscores the broader understanding of disgust and its pivotal role in psychological research.

Abstract 680: Leveraging an RNA-targeting platform for the discovery of cell-active c-MYC mRNA-binding small molecules

Abstract The MYC gene, with its oncogenic potential, has long been a formidable challenge in conventional drug discovery efforts, and its critical role in cancer progression and resistance has underscored the need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Here we demonstrate the capabilities of the Ribometrix RNA-targeting platform to modulate the c-MYC mRNA with small molecules with the aim of reducing c-MYC protein levels. Using our comprehensive platform of RNA-targeting drug discovery tools and analyses including chemical probing, structure modeling, high-purity RNA production, high-throughput screening, and biophysical characterization, we evaluated the potential to directly target c-MYC mRNA using small molecules. Our analysis revealed six high-confidence structured elements throughout the c-MYC mRNA expected to harbor tertiary structures amenable to drug-like ligand binding. Leveraging the multifaceted chemical probing and structure modeling components of our platform, we confirmed that our in vitro-transcribed RNA screening constructs adopt the same structures found in endogenous cellular c-MYC transcripts. After large-scale in vitro RNA preparation, we subjected four of these RNA elements to high-throughput screens of chemically diverse drug-like libraries using mass spectrometry affinity-selection that identified multiple chemical series with sub-micromolar affinity. We validated binding affinity using orthogonal methods including isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR. To eliminate pan-binding ligands, we evaluated of selectivity against a panel of non-target mRNA structures. Importantly, these compounds lead to rapid (4 hr) reduction of MYC protein levels in a small cell lung cancer cell line, DMS-273, with no cellular toxicity at 72 hr suggesting an on-target effect. Employing our suite of chemical probing tools, we confirmed that compounds from multiple series engage the c-MYC mRNA in cells. Medicinal chemistry efforts are ongoing to increase potency and define the precise mechanism of action in clinically relevant models. The discovery of these c-MYC mRNA-binding small molecules not only validates the utility of the Ribometrix RNA-targeted small molecule discovery platform but also showcases its potential in tackling traditionally 'undruggable' targets and provides a promising avenue for developing novel anti-cancer therapies. As we learn more about the intricacies of c-MYC mRNA biology and further refine effective small molecules, our results provide practical insights into previously-unknown vulnerabilities of MYC and present tangible opportunities for advancing targeted cancer therapies. Citation Format: Matthew J. Smola, Krista Marran, Sarah E. Thompson, Brittani Patterson, Roheeth K. Pavana, Caleb Sutherland, Jessica A. Sorrentino, Katherine D. Warner. Leveraging an RNA-targeting platform for the discovery of cell-active c-MYC mRNA-binding small molecules [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 680.

3D UNDERGROUND LAND ADMINISTRATION BY STANDARDIZED GEOINFORMATION

Abstract. The density of the built environment is growing due to the migration from rural areas to urban areas. The challenges that should be addressed are therefore increased in today’s built environment. In relation to this, the productive use of underground space is essential to overcome the problems on the surface. Since the built environment has complex and multi-layered buildings more than ever, the delineation and management of the cadastral rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) are significantly difficult in two-dimensional (2D). For this reason, creating approaches for the efficient representation of RRRs in three-dimensional (3D) is a hot topic in recent years. Considering the multifaceted structure of the underground, 3D geoinformation regarding the underground is needed for managing the underground space. Regarding this, it is significant to underline that legal and administrative namely land administration considerations are integral parts of the planning of underground space. This paper thus extends the CityJSON core schema in a way that it can be used for 3D delineation of underground cadastral RRRs.

The Unconscious as Cinematographic Form: A Psychoanalytic Reading of Inception

Freud’s “unconscious,” a lauded seminal psychological contribution, has transitioned into an efficacious narrative device in cinema, evolving into a paradigmatic relationship. This article scrutinizes Inception (2010), a quintessential psychoanalytical film written and directed by Christopher Nolan. It explicates the director’s linkage to psychoanalysis and reveals how he demystifies the unconscious through its utilization both as a cinematic form and thematic device, manifested in discernible dream layers. It is ascertained that these layers perform a bifunctional role as cinematic and narrative elements. Intriguingly, this multifaceted structure extends to character development as well, exploiting the complexities of the characters’ pathologies. Since the filmic structure leverages the pathologies exhibited by the characters, they constitute secondary data for the analysis. The pathologies are aligned with the mental disorder classifications the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TRTM) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Pertinent character data are analysed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings, subsequently subjected to psychoanalytic film analysis, enrich a deeper understanding and fuller appreciation of the representation of the unconscious in the cinematic domain.

Globalization of Stock Markets and The Factors Affecting It

Stock exchanges occupy a special place among the links of the financial and credit system. Mobilization of temporarily free cash and its effective distribution is carried out on the stock exchange. The financial market is an extremely complex and multifaceted structure, where the following participate: 1. Market infrastructure institutions; 2. Financial intermediaries; 3. Consumers of financial services. It is important to note that trading on modern stock exchanges is mainly carried out through electronic trading terminals. However, in the world stock markets today, all the conditions exist for stock trading and stock exchange settlement to be affected by blockchain technology, and even more so than traditional currency markets. One of the important benchmarks for investors and speculators in organized stock markets to make transactions is the stock market index. Stock market indices are directly related to share prices and are calculated based on the value of shares (in appropriate proportions) included in the base for calculating the index. Thus, the participants of the financial market and the instruments circulating in the market, which serve its various types of operations and segments, are characterized by great diversity at the modern stage. Therefore, it is necessary to go through the listing procedures on the stock exchanges and trade in the securities of only those issuers that meet the established requirements, which include financial indicators of the issuer, level of liquidity and degree of risk. Keywords: stock markets; globalization of exchanges; Factors affecting

A Study on Ambiguity of Chinese De-Construction Based on the Qualia Role

In modern Chinese, De-Construction is widely used, and the NP1++NP2 structure often leads to ambiguity. According to the theory of qualia structure, analyzing the qualia roles of nouns can explain the causes and semantics behind the ambiguity formation. The activation of implicit predicates is used to differentiate semantics. As some nouns can also function as verbs, a multifaceted structure, NP1/VP++NP2, is created. Moreover, for de-construction where the qualia roles of nouns are the same, the interpretative power is evidently compromised. This phenomenon is related to cultural background, pragmatic communication, and other factors, causing the extension and expansion of semantic connotations in the de-construction. Therefore, the generation of ambiguity is unrelated to the qualia roles of noun materials.

ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИОННЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ПРЕЦЕДЕНТНЫХ ИМЕН В ЗАГОЛОВКАХ АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ НОВОСТНЫХ СТАТЕЙ

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the interpretive potential of precedent names derived from personal names in the English language. Previous studies in the theory of precedence have proved a precedent name to convey a complex of cultural and background information that allows it to be used as a common name occasionally in a specific context. We describe this complex of information as an anthroponymic matrix which includes several suggested cognitive contexts. In the process of our work, we have used the modern methods of cognitive linguistics to outline the multifaceted knowledge structure represented by a precedent name and discovered that it is nothing but a concept with its cognitive characteristics. The paper focuses on the crucial role of cognitive mechanisms in the process of a precedent name developing its occasional sense. This newly-formed sense has a certain effect on the perception of the text, in which the name performs its specific functions. The empirical data for this study has been gathered from online newspapers and Internet resources where a precedent name is used as a part of a headline. The authors of the paper have found out that in most cases a precedent name is able to convey both positive and negative evaluative meanings aimed at the formation of the reader’s opinion about the problem under discussion.

Alleviating the volume expansion of silicon anodes by constructing a high-strength ordered multidimensional encapsulation structure.

The application of silicon-based nanomaterials in fast-charging scenarios is hindered by volume expansion during lithiation and side reactions induced by surface effects. Constructing a robust encapsulation structure with high mechanical strength and conductivity is pivotal for optimizing the electrochemical performance of nanostructured silicon anodes. Herein, we propose a multifaceted hierarchical encapsulation structure featuring excellent mechanical strength and high conductivity by sequentially incorporating SiO x , hard carbon, and closed-pore carbon layers around silicon quantum dots, thereby enabling stable cycling at high current densities. In this structure, the ultra-thin SiO x layer strengthens the Si-C interface, while the outermost carbon matrix with closed pores functions both as a conductive network and a barrier against electrolyte intrusion. Notably, the synthesized material exhibits a specific capacity of 1506 mA h g-1 with 90.17% retention after 300 cycles at 1.0 A g-1. After 500 cycles at 5.0 A g-1, it retains 640.4 mA h g-1, over 70% of its initial capacity.

ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF CUSTOMERS AND CONTRACTORS DURING THE ELIMINATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF ARMED AGGRESSION

Ukraine is trying with all its might not to sink under the weight of the war. In the event of hostilities, the construction industry, like other sectors of the economy, found itself in a difficult situation, on the verge of collapse. Nevertheless, the Ukrainians could not be defeated, and most of the Developers resumed construction on the spot. The article is devoted to the topic of ensuring the economic security of Customers and Contractors of the construction industry of Ukraine while eliminating the consequences of armed aggression, which reveals the global problem of restoring the wartime housing stock. The article presents the mechanism of movement of financial flows, which should also be taken into account during the post-war recovery. Previously existing methods were analyzed. Examples of current documents regarding the determination of issues of economic security of construction enterprises are given, in which various methods and tasks are applied. An approach for improving methodical support for economic security monitoring is proposed. Economic security in Ukraine is one of the most prioritized functional areas of security. This is the state of protection of the country's national economy from external and internal threats, which ensures the country's economic sovereignty, the unity of its economic space, and the conditions for the implementation of Ukraine's strategic national priorities. The construction sector occupies one of the leading places in the country's economy. It is a multifaceted and multifunctional structure. Any changes that occur in any of the interrelated sectors of the economy lead to a reaction from the market, which undoubtedly affects the construction sector. One of the main features of the modern industrial and construction sector is the ability to work in the face of threats to economic security. One of the main tasks facing the economy of Ukraine and requiring serious consideration is the implementation of measures aimed at stabilizing the work of construction enterprises, including design enterprises. A competently built system of ensuring economic security with the use of existing or built corporate resources is able to create the necessary conditions for achieving business goals and maximizing profits. It is not yet known how all the processes will proceed in the conditions of military and post-war conditions. Economic factors in the construction industry are regularly reviewed. And these questions remain unresolved and relevant to this day.

The main features of the public key infrastructure

Trust is the basis of any communication, whether it is built in the physical world or in the digital environment. Establishing trust in the physical world does not pose any particular challenges because communication subjects can identify each other through biometric features, identity card or other identification documents. In the digital environment, a number of difficulties arise for the identification and authentication procedure. The communicating parties do not meet face-to-face and can be at a significant distance from each other. As a result, they cannot identify uniquely and verify each other's identity using the identity verification methods used in the material world. To ensure the security of electronic communications, it is necessary for communication systems to be equipped with technical means of information protection and an additional mechanism that will contribute to the establishment of trust between the parties to the communication. The Public Key Infrastructure is used to solve problems related to trust, authentication, identity, and security on a network. A digital certificate is a fundamental element for establishing trust in the digital world. It plays a crucial role in ensuring security and identification on the Internet and when working with electronic resources. The Public Key Infrastructure is a trusted system used to ensure the security and privacy of information across networks and platforms. This system is based on public key cryptography. It implements the management of public keys and digital certificates of various entities, such as companies, corporations, organizations, individuals, websites, servers, etc. The Public Key Infrastructure is widely deployed in government portals and systems. It is used in the electronic government system to guarantee the transparency of the provision of electronic services and to ensure the security of communication links between authorities and society. The Public Key Infrastructure represents a multifaceted structure that includes a set of standards, technologies, and procedures for managing, storing, and distributing keys and digital certificates. A certificate authority is a key component of a public key infrastructure and is an independent third party that manages digital certificates. Various technical and cryptographic means of information security are used in the Public Key Infrastructure, such as digital signatures, encryption, hash functions, hardware security modules, key management software, etc. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the main features and aspects of public key infrastructure.