Multifaceted Questions Research Articles

ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ЦЕННОСТИ В ЭПИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ (на материале якутского и алтайского эпических текстов)

This article is devoted to the identification of universal and national values in the epic texts Mighty Er Sogotokh and Maadai-Kara. The relevance of the study of the problem is due to the growing interest in the comparative study of linguistic and cultural features in multi-system languages based on the material of epic texts. The following methods are used in the work: the continuous sampling method, linguistic and cultural and interpretative analyses, and the comparative method. The material for the analysis was extracted by a continuous sampling method from the original texts of epic tales, provided with a line-by-line translation into Russian. The purpose of the work is to identify and describe universal and national-specific attitudes in the value perception of the surrounding world, reflected in the linguistic units of epic tales. The study revealed that both texts enshrine such basic values as family, attention to people, safety, respect for parents, Homeland, justice, health, etc., which show their relative stability in the temporal and spatial dimensions. The vital, cultural, moral, spiritual, terminal, and other values available in each community exist collectively in one context. It is also revealed that the life-affirming imperative is translated from the position of the characters, for example, the father and mother of the main characters or on behalf of the mistress of Altai, who have significant experience in pragmatic communication with the outside world and the nature of the worldview of the inhabitants of the space of their existence. Thus, a general picture of values is formed for transmission to the inexperienced, the young, or those who are looking for value supports to know themselves and others, are in search of answers to the multifaceted questions of human existence, etc. The prospect of further work is seen in a more detailed and in-depth development of the dominant values that determine the norms of behavior in various discursive practices of related languages.

Anatomy Practical Learning: Opinions of medical faculty year 2 students about anatomy practical course

Objective: With the development of technology, anatomy teaching methods have also been updated. In this direction, a different method was tried in practical lessons. It is foreseen that anatomy lessons will be more useful and laboratory lessons will be active and efficient. Students want to see themselves as an individual. Students want to transfer their thoughts and experiences in a positive or negative way during the education process. Contributing in this way motivates the student. The survey study aims to evaluate the thoughts and suggestions of the students.
 Material and Methods: A study was conducted on the practical anatomy courses of Ordu University Faculty of Medicine Term II students during the 2022-2023 academic year. A questionnaire study was organised to learn the student's perspective on the practice. A total of 16 questions were asked in the questionnaire. One of these questions was open-ended and the others were multiple choice questions. Except for the open-ended question, the other questions had to be answered. The survey questions were prepared from Google Forms application. The questionnaire prepared in this application was sent to the students via a link on the social platform.
 Results: In the questionnaire, the students were asked the question 'Which of the auxiliary resources do you mostly use? The expected frequency for the answer 'textbook' is 1.7. There is no difference between the answers given to this question in the whole population (p>0.05). In the questionnaire, the students were asked 'Do you find the question-answer (mini-exam) technique useful while teaching the laboratory course? The expected frequency of 'yes' answer is 12.8. There was no difference between the answers given to this question in the whole population (p>0.05).
 Conclusion: In conclusion, in this study, students were asked multifaceted questions related to the anatomy course. Positive and negative answers were received and evaluated. According to the results of the study, all opportunities should be used for anatomy lesson. Especially technology should be included in every stage of the course. Thus, anatomy can be taught more efficiently and continuously.

Purposes and tensions in organising knowledge: trajectories of student evaluations in two research universities

Student evaluations of courses and teaching (SETs) are used for various purposes, are omnipresent in academic teaching, and cause tensions within universities. Their analytical power is contested, and specific uses are problematised for negative effects on lecturers and academic relationships. This interpretive interview study addresses how academic actors navigate tensions and purposes, and how they use, shape and deliberate on student evaluations in practice and policy processes. It reconstructs the trajectories of student evaluations in two Dutch research universities. Twenty-one interviews were conducted with actively involved students, support staff and academics in various positions including management. Elias’ processual approach to human figurations was combined with framing analysis to understand how interviewees deal with tensions and create space to change evaluation processes. The two universities differed in their articulation of problems and policy trajectories. In both universities, programme committees and management smoothed tensions by guiding lecturers and students in adjusting behaviours towards each other. Issues persisted, and multifaceted questions like performance evaluations of lecturers were addressed only indirectly. Student evaluations operated as boundary objects, bounding specific perspectives and problems while leaving others untouched. The study invites more articulate deliberation and concerted action, especially concerning persistent negative structural effects.

Bumblebees negotiate a trade-off between nectar quality and floral biomechanics

How and why pollinators choose which flowers to visit are fundamental, multifaceted questions in pollination biology, yet most studies of floral traits measure simple relative preferences. Here, we used vertically and horizontally oriented slippery-surfaced artificial flowers to test whether bumblebees could make a trade-off between floral handling difficulty and nectar sucrose concentration. We quantified foraging energetics, thereby resolving the rationale behind the bees' foraging decisions. The bees chose flowers with either a high handling cost or low sucrose concentration, depending on which was the energetically favorable option. Their behavior agreed with the critical currency being the rate of energy return (net energy collected per unit time), not energetic efficiency (net energy collected per unit energy spent). This suggests that bumblebees prioritize immediate carbohydrate flow to the nest rather than energy gain over the working lifespan of each bee. Trade-off paradigms like these are a powerful approach for quantifying pollinator trait preferences.

Development and Validation of a Japanese-Language Questionnaire to Screen for Tension-Type Headaches and Migraines.

Introduction Migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) are chronic diseases associated with significant socioeconomic losses and social and psychological impact (current global prevalence: 10% and 38%, respectively). Thus, they require accurate identification and classification. In clinical practice, validated screening tools able to quickly determine migraine and TTH with high sensitivity and specificity help provide an objective and multifaceted understanding of patients' headache symptoms. However, no tool has been developed or validated yet in Japan to ask multifaceted questions about headache-related symptoms in order to identify migraine and TTH and understand these symptoms. This study aimed to develop a questionnaire for screening TTH and migraine. Methods The study was conducted from March to June 2022 at a medical institution in Osaka, Japan. The questionnaire - comprising 24 questions that were generated based on the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders - was used to screen for migraine and TTH, aiming for a deeper understanding of related symptoms. The participants were patients aged ≥18 years with at least one of the following diagnoses: migraine, TTH. The participants were asked to respond in writing or online. The inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years; headache patients attending a hospital; and diagnoses of at least one of the following: migraine, TTH. The informativeness and discriminating ability of the screening items were evaluated using the item response theory. Items with a calculated discrimination ≥1.35 (high or very high) were retained for screening purposes. Basic questions required to screen for primary headaches were retained, despite their limited computational discrimination power. Ultimately, nine and eight screening items were finalized for migraine and TTH, respectively. The previous neurologists' clinical diagnosis of each patient was used as the gold standard reference for calculating sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values regarding the screening items. Cohen's kappa coefficients with 95% CIs were also calculated to determine the agreement between the neurologists' clinical diagnosis and the questionnaire results. Results The study population comprised 69 patients aged 19-89 years who were assisted at a hospital division specializing in headache medicine and diagnosed by neurologists. Of these, 22 patients had migraine, 30 had TTH, and 17 had migraine/TTH. Comparing the neurologists' clinical diagnosis with our screening questionnaire results, the sensitivity and specificity were 72.7% and 86.7% for migraine and 50.0% and 86.4% for TTH, respectively. Conclusions Our brief screening tool was highly specific for diagnosing migraine and TTH in individuals with headache symptoms but lacked sufficient sensitivity, especially for TTH. The high specificity for migraine and TTH suggests that the screening tool we developed in this study can correctly identify those who do not have migraine and TTH. The sensitivity was also relatively high for migraine, suggesting that the tool can correctly identify migraine-positive individuals. However, the sensitivity for TTH was low. This tool could help clinicians in providing detailed course assessment of migraine symptoms and TTH symptoms; however, the issue of low sensitivity for TTH needs to be addressed.

Access, retention, and effectiveness of Individual Placement and Support in the U.S.: Are there racial or ethnic differences?

BACKGROUND: Increased federal attention to advancing racial equity and support for underserved communities suggests the need for data on racial and ethnic differences in evidence-based employment services for people with serious mental illness. Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is an evidence-based model of supported employment for this population. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to identify differences based on race and ethnicity in IPS services. METHODS: This narrative review examined the empirical literature on IPS services in the U.S., assessing evidence of differences in access, retention, and effectiveness for Black and Hispanic IPS clients, relative to non-Hispanic Whites. RESULTS: We identified 12 studies examining racial and ethnic differences in access (4 studies), retention (3 studies), and effectiveness (6 studies). The findings for access to IPS were mixed, with two studies showing no differences, one finding less access for Blacks, and another finding greater access for Blacks but less access for Hispanics. Three studies found better retention rates for clients enrolled in IPS regardless of race or ethnicity. Compared to clients receiving usual vocational services, all studies found better employment outcomes for IPS clients regardless of race or ethnicity. CONCLUSION: Unlike for most of health care, few racial and ethnic differences have been found for IPS employment services in the U.S. Access to IPS is inadequate for all groups, with conflicting evidence whether Blacks and Hispanics have even less access. Based on the available evidence, Black and Hispanic clients have comparable retention and employment outcomes in IPS as non-Hispanic White clients. State and local mental health leaders responsible for monitoring IPS outcomes should routinely report statistics on race and ethnicity. They should also give active attention to client needs and equity. Research designs should answer multifaceted questions regarding disparities for historically underserved populations.

Offer and demand in legal and economic terms

The research problem is expressed in the multifaceted questions of the complexity of the meaning (Maloku et al., 2022, p. 138) of supply and demand in the legal and economic aspects of Kosovo. The research problem is of great importance, because it expresses the seriousness of the subjects for the conclusion of their agreement, respecting the legal and economic norms. The purpose of the research is to process the collected data through the main objectives, to interpret the results of the work, to draw the results and conclusions of the presentation of the offer and demand in the legal and economic aspect in Kosovo according to the law on mandatory relations, formal agreements and scientific research. In the work, to achieve the objectives and the purpose of the work, several methods are used among them meta-analysis, synthesis, comparative as well as deductive and inductive methods. The main findings of the paper are the presentation of the call for tender (written offer) in public institutions in Kosovo, legal framework procedures, procurement procedures, and legal procedures, such as the stages of the development of the offer. Our findings provide an overview of top influential research for new scholars (Thamaree & Zaby, 2023, p. 42) for offer and demand.

Structure of Motile Cilia.

Cilia are tail-like organelles responsible for motility, transportation, and sensory functions in eukaryotic cells. Cilia research has been providing multifaceted questions, attracting biologists of various areas and inducing interdisciplinary studies. In this chapter, we mainly focus on efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanism of ciliary beating motion, a field of research that has a long history and is still ongoing. We also overview topics closely related to the motility mechanism, such as ciliogenesis, cilia-related diseases, and sensory cilia. Subnanometer-scale to submillimeter-scale 3D imaging of the axoneme and the basal body resulted in a wide variety of insights into these questions.

Can clarifying instructions mitigate the effects of multifaceted questions on susceptibility to suggestion?

AbstractWhen cross‐examining witnesses, lawyers will sometimes use complex questions to “trip‐up” witnesses and thus cast doubt on their testimony. Extending prior research, the present study showed that multifaceted test questions (which contain both a true and false proposition) reduced accuracy for both misled and control participants but had a disproportionate impact on the former. Although misled participants accurately rejected blatant suggestions when tested with simple questions, there was a two‐fold increase in false assents when multifaceted questions were used (Experiment 1). Providing participants with explicit instructions on how to respond to multifaceted questions (i.e., respond “yes” only if all parts of the question are true) improved accuracy slightly but did not mitigate the magnitude of the misinformation effect (Experiment 2). Collectively, the results underscore the importance of assessing eyewitness suggestibility in contexts that mimic those witnesses are likely to encounter in the real world.

Building a Global Open Extensible Biodiversity Commons Network

Recent global events reinforce the need for local to global coalitions to address a variety of socio-environmental challenges such as the current COVID-19 pandemic (Cook et al. 2020) and biodiversity loss in general. Scientists reviewing data and fitness for current and future use note urgent necessary changes needed in data collection, specimen collection and preservation, infrastructure, human capacity, and standards-of-practice (Raven and Miller 2020, Morrison et al. 2017, Cook et al. 2020). Multi-faceted research questions often require cross-disciplinary collaboration. A recent paper analyzed conservation and disease mitigation research author networks and discovered that certain disciplines do not work together unless the research has outcomes that serve all groups involved (Kading and Kingston 2020). This research reinforces the finding that common goals offer a powerful way to build effective cross-disciplinary networks, speed up collaboration, and more effectively take on complex research. To move toward a Digital Extended Specimen (DES), the alliance for biodiversity knowledge is engaging in community building. The above summary when coupled with conversations from our alliance-led online consultations reinforces known threads and reveals some emerging themes about partnerships and collaborations. Our group continues to work on defining what a Digital Specimen is (or is not) and then communicating that succinctly to the worldwide community. At the same time we recognize the need for an extensible digital specimen object, we note the need for an extensible network. We note that groups need to and are motivated to solve local issues (as in for their town, or their country or continent). So, looking for and selecting common threads across these regional scales will be key to realizing and motivating effective partnerships and networks. Foremost, this includes expanding participation beyond Europe and North America. We recognize the need to form new partnerships to expand our network and learn from our new partners. For example, the Digital Humanities community would like to talk about the intersection of the humanities, social sciences, biology, and collections that can help each other to do better research. With this talk, and through participation in TDWG2021, we seek to share information and insights gathered so far about next steps and about building and sustaining the network we need to realize a biodiversity data commons and get input from those who participate in our session.

Towards Hybridity

This article considers the many layered and multi-faceted questions of hybridity as interdisciplinary encounter through the lens of a central case study – the EU-funded project, CultureMoves (2018-2020), on which the Centre for Dance Research (C-DaRE) was a collaborating partner. With Europeana principles as a backdrop for the re-use of cultural heritage content, CultureMoves was an 18-month long project that aimed to develop a series of digital tools enabling new forms of touristic engagement and dance educational resources. The CultureMoves project is marked by hybridity in terms of its very interdisciplinarity, in its rooting in an interpretation of ‘creative tourism’ (Richards and Raymond 2000; Richards and Marques 2012) as a means of enhancing encounters between artists, tourists and communities and in its focus on the expanded sense of the coming together of dance artist and cultural heritage site. With particular reference to the broader field of creative tourism, this article reflects on the key questions and assumptions that underlie existing and potential collaborations between the dance research/ education, digital technology and tourism sectors, and which prepared the terrain for the toolkit development. The article will also provide a close examination of experiments in the project that intend to awaken new experiences of space and place, and dormant histories, through bringing dancing bodies into relation with the built environment and digital technologies, as an intervention into creative (and cultural) tourism. Marked by the intersection of the human and non-human, and the differing expectations of stakeholders and audiences, the discussion also considers where experiments fail, to offer a view of what that tells us about the limits of hybridity in performance.

Role of fiction literature in formation of personality of a staff member of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation

This article is dedicated to the influence of fiction literary works upon the moral, ethical and intellectual level of staff members, as well as increase of professionalism of the employees of law enforcement. It is noted that increase of professionalism is one of the multifaceted questions requiring integral approach in solution of the tasks of legal, ethical and psychological nature. Improvement of personal qualities of each employee is a determining factor of increasing efficiency and performance of the entire system of law enforcement agencies. It is claimed that personal development is the key to increasing professionalism. The article examines the content of educational aspect of fiction literature and its significant role in formation of personality of staff members of law enforcement agencies, namely moral qualities through a literary character. Analysis is conducted on the main aspects of the heritage of fiction literature as an essential condition for moral upbringing of the staff members, which is reflected in belonging to a noble actions, achievements and heroism of the previous generations. The author develops recommendations for the units on application of artistic means in the process of formation of personality of staff members of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

FUNCTIONAL METABOLOMICS DECIPHER BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS AND ASSOCIATED MECHANISMS UNDERLIE SMALL-MOLECULE METABOLISM.

Metabolism is the collection of biochemical reactions enabled by chemically diverse metabolites, which facilitate different physiological processes to exchange substances and synthesize energy in diverse living organisms. Metabolomics has emerged as a cutting-edge method to qualify and quantify the metabolites in different biological matrixes, and it has the extraordinary capacity to interrogate the biological significance that underlies metabolic modification and modulation. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC/MS), as a robust platform for metabolomics analysis, has increased in popularity over the past 10 years due to its excellent sensitivity, throughput, and versatility. However, metabolomics investigation currently provides us with only phenotype data without revealing the biochemical functions and associated mechanisms. This limitation indeed weakens the core value of metabolomics data in a broad spectrum of the life sciences. In recent years, the scientific community has actively explored the functional features of metabolomics and translated this cutting-edge approach to be used to solve key multifaceted questions, such as disease pathogenesis, the therapeutic discovery of drugs, nutritional issues, agricultural problems, environmental toxicology, and microbial evolution. Here, we are the first to briefly review the history and applicable progression of LC/MS-based metabolomics, with an emphasis on the applications of metabolic phenotyping. Furthermore, we specifically highlight the next era of LC/MS-based metabolomics to target functional metabolomes, through which we can answer phenotype-related questions to elucidate biochemical functions and associated mechanisms implicated in dysregulated metabolism. Finally, we propose many strategies to enhance the research capacity of functional metabolomics by enabling the combination of contemporary omics technologies and cutting-edge biochemical techniques. The main purpose of this review is to improve the understanding of LC/MS-based metabolomics, extending beyond the conventional metabolic phenotype toward biochemical functions and associated mechanisms, to enhance research capability and to enlarge the applicable scope of functional metabolomics in small-molecule metabolism in different living organisms.

A Letter from the Editors

A Letter from the Editors Caleb Nelson, Su Cho, and Ae Hee Lee Mark Danielewski's House of Leaves begins: "this is not for you." Of course, that's not really true is it? In fact, his book, like this journal, is for you. It's been assembled, edited, packaged, and printed because of you! Whoever you are—phantoms of the audience. The birth of the reader comes at the death of the author. That's what Roland Barthes thought anyway. I say the birth of the reader comes at the death of the genre. Does it though? Here's what I mean, maybe you can help me out, does classification matter? At one point, I thought I knew with absolute clarity how to define the various genres. Now, I don't. Maybe I never did. Maybe clarity is the illusion of certainty. I don't know why I'm telling you this. Oh that's right, this is a letter from the editors. Two things can be true at once, I guess, because here's the situation: this isn't for you, and, yet, this is all for you. Enjoy it (or don't). No, seriously though, if you're still reading this—let me just say—we did this all for you and we're pretty excited you're still with us. —Caleb Nelson ________ We seek to understand ourselves and imagine future possibilities. Poems like "The Jellyfish and the Menstrual Cup" by Emmy Newman explores the complexities of our bodies through desiring to be more like the jellyfish, wishing "I could / sting like her / instead of letting another egg sluice out / in my dreams I pack the infintisma / I have scattered in toilets across the world." Farryl Last's poem "sea creature" investigates what it means that "the story starts wanting a body / filled with the worst." These multifaceted questions of the body are further explored in the creative nonfiction in this issue. Dive into "Metamorphs" by Adriane Tharp and "Sounds of an Imitated Ocean" by Paige Towers to find out what it means to grapple with the past while imagining future possibilities. We hope that this issue asks you to become more attuned to these array of voices and carries you to another world. —Su Cho [End Page 6] ________ As a writer and editor, I have found words are made in the image of their authors. They are complex in nature, contain multiple meanings and connotations. While societies attempt to define words again and again, creative forms continue to challenge any boundaries imposed on them and make words dynamic, alive. Cream City Review seeks to publish such works. Thus, in this issue our readers will find a diversity of voices and experiences that are reflective of our world. Diversity is not unusual, should not be unusual—it has always been there, part of us. Through publication, we strive to have such diversity not only acknowledged but honored. It is an honor to be able to work with editors and readers that bring their vibrant energies into the journal. It is an honor to be able to publish writers and artists from all over the world, their unique voices that inspire and excite. —Ae Hee Lee [End Page 7] Copyright © 2019 University of Wisconsin Board of Regents

Mixed-methods research: A tutorial for speech-language therapists and audiologists in South Africa.

Background: Mixed-methods research (MMR) offers much to healthcare professions on clinical and research levels. Speech-language therapists and audiologists work in both educational and health settings where they deal with real-world problems. Through the nature of their work, they are confronted with multifaceted questions arising from their efforts to provide evidence-based services to individuals of all ages with communication disorders. MMR methods research is eminently suited to addressing such questions.Objective: The aim of this tutorial is to increase awareness of the value of MMR, especially for readers less familiar with this research approach.Method: A literature review was conducted to provide an overview of the key issues in MMR. The tutorial discusses the various issues to be considered in the critical appraisal of MMR, followed by an explanation of the process of conducting MMR. A critical review describes the strengths and challenges in MMR.Results: MMR is less commonly used or published in the fields of speech-language therapy and audiology.Conclusion: Researchers working in teams can draw on the strengths of different disciples and their research approaches. Such collaborative enterprises will contribute to capacity building. Researchers, SLTs and audiologists are encouraged to make use of MMR to address the complex research issues in the multicultural, multifaceted South African context. MMR makes an important contribution to the understanding of individuals with communication disorders, and in turn, researchers in the two disciplinary fields of speech-language therapy and audiology can contribute to the development of this research approach. MMR is well suited to the complexity of South African contexts and its populations, as it can provide multiple perspectives of a topic.

Do the Online Materials Provided by United Kingdom Renal Transplant Centres Adequately Answer Questions Asked by Transplant Recipients, Patients on the Transplant Waiting List, Carers and Live Kidney Donors?

Kidney Transplant Priority Setting Partnership Working Group. Introduction High quality patient information is important to educate and empower individuals about their treatment. Recently, a Kidney Transplant Priority Setting Partnership (PSP)1 was conducted which involved an open-ended survey available to transplant recipients, patients on the transplant waiting list, carers, live kidney donors and transplant professionals in the United Kingdom (UK). Participants were asked, “What unanswered questions about kidney transplantation and living donation would you like to see answered by research?” with space for up to three questions to be submitted. A number of the questions submitted, particularly by patients, were already answerable by existing literature reflecting a gap in the information provided to patients. The aim of this project was to examine the online patient materials provided by UK renal transplant centres regarding kidney transplantation and donation, and determine whether this information adequately addresses the answerable questions asked during the Kidney Transplant PSP. Methods Forty-eight questions submitted to the Kidney Transplant PSP were deemed by the project steering group to be answered by existing evidence. Online patient materials from 24 UK renal transplant centres, the NHS website and the NHS organ donation register were independently examined by two reviewers between November 2017 and February 2018. Reviewers assessed whether the questions were adequately answered by the online resources. Multifaceted questions could be described as partially answered when parts of the question were adequately answered. Reviewers compared results and resolved any discrepancies via discussion. Results Answerable questions were categorised as relating to pre-operation (14), post-operation (16), living donation (9), drugs and services (6) or the procedure (3). None of the questions were answered by all transplant centres. The two most answered questions were adequately answered by 13 transplant centres and the NHS website and related to pre-operation (How is a recipient found on the kidney transplant database?) and post-operation (What post operation support will I receive?). Six questions about post-operation related to survival rates of a transplanted kidney, such as “Given modern developments in drugs, how long is it expected a transplanted kidney will survive?” or “How many transplants are failures?” and were unanswered by the majority of transplant centres. Fourteen questions were unanswered by all transplant centres, the NHS website and NHS organ donor register. No online materials were located for six transplant centres. Conclusion The online materials provided by UK renal transplant centres did not sufficiently answer the information needs of patients and other participants of the Kidney Transplant PSP. Amending the online materials provided to patients to address these questions, will help patients make informed decisions about their care and disease management. 1. Knight SR, Metcalfe L, O'Donoghue K, Ball ST, Beale A, et al. Defining Priorities for Future Research: Results of the UK Kidney Transplant Priority Setting Partnership. PLoS One. 2016; 11(10): e0162136.

A foundational framework for smart sustainable city development: Theoretical, disciplinary, and discursive dimensions and their synergies

In the subject of smart sustainable cities, the underlying theories are a foundation for practice. Moreover, scholarly research in the field of smart sustainable cities operates out of the understanding that advances in the underlying knowledge necessitate pursuing multifaceted questions that can only be resolved from the vantage point of interdisciplinarity or transdisciplinarity. Indeed, research problems in this field are inherently too complex to be addressed by single disciplines. The PhD study addressing the topic of smart sustainable city development falls within the broad research field of sustainability transition and sustainability science where ICT is seen as a salient factor given its transformational, disruptive, and synergetic effects as an enabling, integrative, and constitutive technology. In light of this, the approach to the PhD study is of an applied theoretical kind, and its aim is to investigate and analyze how to advance and sustain the contribution of sustainable urban forms to the goals of sustainable development with support of ICT of pervasive computing. This is to primarily create a framework for strategic smart sustainable city development based on scientific principles, theories, and academic disciplines and discourses used to guide urban actors in their practice towards sustainability and analyze its impact. This involves the application of a set of integrative foundational elements drawn from urban planning, urban design, sustainability, sustainable development, sustainability science, data science, computer science, complexity science, systems theory, systems thinking, and ICT. Accordingly, it is deemed of high significance to devise a multidimensional framework consisting of relevant theories and academic disciplines and discourses that underpin the development of smart sustainable cities as a set of future practices. This framework in turn emphasizes the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary nature and orientation of the topic of smart sustainable cities and thus the relevance of pursuing an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approach into studying this topic. Therefore, this paper endeavors to systematize the very complex and dense scientific area of smart sustainable cities in terms of identifying, distilling, and structuring the core dimensions of a foundational framework for smart sustainable city development as a set of future practices. In doing so, it focuses on a number of fundamental theories along with academic disciplines and discourses, with the aim of setting a framework that analytically relates city development, sustainability, and ICT, while emphasizing how and to what extent sustainability and ICT have particularly become influential in city development in modern society. In addition, this paper offers an in–depth interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary discussion covering topics of high relevance to the PhD study and at the heart of the very synergic relationship between the theoretical, disciplinary, and discursive dimensions of the foundational framework underpinning smart sustainable city development. These dimensions thus form the basis for the framework for strategic smart sustainable city development that is under investigation and will be developed based on a backcasting approach to strategic planning. This study provides an important lens through which to understand a set of influential theories and established academic disciplines and discourses with high potential for integration, fusion, and practicality in relation to the practice of smart sustainable city development.

Modeling Interdisciplinary Collaborations Through a Course‐Based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE)

Interdisciplinary collaborations are often essential to answer multi‐faceted questions, yet they present with many challenges such as understanding the information, methodologies, and norms of another field and effective communication between team members. We must begin to provide young scientists with the skills necessary for success as the call for more interdisciplinary science expands. We have modelled an interdisciplinary collaboration at the undergraduate level through a Course‐based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE). Students in upper‐level Biochemistry and Structural Biology courses collaborated to assign functions to proteins “of unknown function” in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The Structural Biology students used bioinformatics tools including the ProMOL plugin to the PyMOL molecular graphics environment, along with BLAST, Pfam, and Dali to predict protein functions. In parallel, the Biochemistry students expressed and purified the proteins and carried out in vitro testing, informed by the in silico‐predicted enzyme function. Students came together in cross‐disciplinary teams throughout the project to share progress, explain their discipline‐specific methodologies, and discuss next steps. They each presented an oral progress report on the entire project, which required that they not only understand their own work but that of their collaborators. Interdisciplinary teams presented final posters to the campus community and students prepared future directions documents. We had students fill out a pre‐ and post‐assessment. The assessment had two foci: the effectiveness of the cross‐course collaboration model and assessment of content learning. While a second iteration of the CURE will be necessary for a full statistical analysis, we see a trend that students learned the information and methodologies of both their own discipline and that of their collaborators. Moreover students appear to have increased their ability to communicate to and learn from their collaborators.Support or Funding InformationThis project is supported by NSF IUSE 1503811.

The Impact of Multifaceted Questions on Eyewitness Accuracy Following Forced Fabrication Interviews

ABSTRACTLawyers will frequently use complex-question forms, such as multifaceted questions (single questions that contain both a true and a false proposition), when cross-examining witnesses, and prior research has shown that use of such questions reduces testimonial accuracy. The present study extends this research by using a forced fabrication paradigm (Chrobak & Zaragoza, 2008) to assess how multifaceted questions might affect eyewitness suggestibility after exposure to misleading post-event information. Consistent with prior studies, the use of multifaceted questions led to lower accuracy than simple questions. The novel finding was that multifaceted questions caused larger impairments in performance among fabrication participants (who had earlier been suggestively interviewed), than in control participants (who had not). We also provide preliminary evidence that the impairment caused by multifaceted questions is due to both (a) having to consider two propositions simultaneously, and (b) the shift in question focus from the fabricated event to a true event.

Fusing and disaggregating models, data and analysis tools for a dynamic science–society interface

Abstract Society requires rapid, most-probable predictions for specific and/or multifaceted questions related to environmental and geological science. In principle, models that encapsulate disciplinary knowledge are useful tools for making predictions and testing theory, but academic rewards favour disciplinary specialism and a proliferation of often insufficiently tested models. Decision makers have to assess the quality and robustness of predictions for complex environmental issues, and may prefer a model that performs accurately in a case study to a more parsimonious and generalizable model. Predictive ecosystem models tend to grow, as more processes are considered, even when a simpler model may be more appropriate and give results that are easier to interpret within a policy-relevant timeframe. Model fusion provides a practical way to combine knowledge from different disciplines, but can accelerate model growth. How then can we facilitate the evolution of useful predictive models? Coherent design is essential. When combining models it is often necessary to resolve overlapping scope, so tools need to allow for the disaggregation of model implementations as well as their fusion. Modelling software and integration frameworks can help resolve technical constraints, but to make models useful and used it is essential to involve stakeholders in their design and interpretation.