Multidrug-resistant Pathogenic Bacteria Research Articles

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpata) leaf and their potential application to control multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospital drainage water

Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles is becoming a more common method for producing nanoparticles with a diameter of 1–100 nm that may be employed in a variety of medical applications. The antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpata) leaf extract against antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is investigated in this study. Green AgNP synthesis is safe, cost-effective, and ecologically friendly. The biosynthesized AgNPs were studied using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The AgNPs were virtually spherical, with an average size of 25–30 nm, according to TEM observations. Biochemical and molecular identification were used to isolate multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa from the hospital's drainage water. The antibacterial potential of AgNPs against P. aeruginosa is determined using the agar diffusion method. Silver nanoparticles produced from Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpata) leaf extract were shown to be effective in inhibiting four strains of P. aeruginosa. According to the agar disc diffusion method, AgNPs had the largest inhibition zone of 17.67 ± 0.577 mm, while aqueous extract had 5.67 ± 0.5777 mm, indicating that AgNPs had antibacterial activity. This study on AgNPs might assist with managing multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria and be a possible source of medicinal application due to its potential antibacterial effect.

Role of Laser Produced Silver Nanoparticles in Reversing Antibiotic Resistance in Some MultidrugResistant Pathogenic Bacteria

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were produced through nanosecond laser in deionized water. These nanoparticles were characterized by UV–VIS spectrometer and transmission electron microscopy. VITEK®2 compact system was used to identify Escherichia coli (ESBL strain) and Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA strain) as multidrug-resistance (MDR) bacteria. The antibacterial activity of Ag NPs, ampicillin (AMP), and their combinations was tested against both bacterial isolates through standard microbiological culturing techniques. Our data show that both of E. coli and S. aureus were highly resistant to AMP. Ag NPs alone reduced growth in both bacterial isolates considerably. Growth declined drastically in both bacteria when AMP was used in combination with Ag NPs. The minimal inhibitory concentration of combined agents for E. coli was 20 µg/ml Ag NPs + 1 mg AMP/ml and for S. aureus was 10 µg/ml Ag NPs + 1 mg AMP/ml. The results show that the Ag NPs have great potentials in enhancing the antimicrobial activities of drugs that used to be ineffective against MDR bacteria. Administering combinations of antibiotic(s) with AgNPs may help in treating patients suffering from infections caused by MDR bacteria. Further in vivo and in vitro investigations are required to evaluate the side effects of these combinations.

Exploring the microbiome, antibiotic resistance genes, mobile genetic element, and potential resistant pathogens in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Brazil

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been widely investigated in Europe, Asia and North America regarding the occurrence and fate of antibiotic resistance (AR) elements, such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria and pathogens. However, monitoring data about AR elements in municipal WWTPs in Brazil are scarce. This study investigated the abundance of intI1, five ARGs (sul1, tetA, blaTEM, ermB and qnrB) and 16S rRNA in raw and treated wastewater of three WWTPs, using different sewage treatments named CAS (Conventional activated sludge), UASB/BTF (UASB followed by biological trickling filter) and MAS/UV (modified activated sludge with UV disinfection stage). Bacterial diversity and the presence of potentially pathogenic groups were also evaluated, and associations between genetic markers and the bacterial populations were presented. All WWTPs decreased the loads of genetic markers finally discharged to receiving water bodies and showed no evidence of being hotspots for antimicrobial resistance amplification in wastewater, since the abundances of intI1 and ARGs within the bacterial population were not increased in the treated effluents. UASB/BTF showed a similar performance to that of the CAS and MAS/UV, reinforcing the sanitary and environmental advantages of this biological treatment, widely applied for wastewater treatment in warm climate regions. Bacterial diversity and richness increased after treatments, and bacterial communities in wastewater samples differed due to catchment areas and treatment typologies. Potential pathogenic population underwent considerable decrease after the treatments; however, strong significant correlations with intI1 and ARGs revealed potential multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas, Arcobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Stenotrophomonas and Streptococcus) in the treated effluents, although in reduced relative abundances. These are contributive results for understanding the fate of ARGs, MGEs and potential pathogenic bacteria after wastewater treatments, which might support actions to mitigate their release into Brazilian aquatic environments in the near future.

Green Biosynthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Waste: Characterization, Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.

There is an increase of pathogenic multidrug-resistant bacteria globally due to the misuse of antibiotics. Recently, more scientists used metal nanoparticles to counteract antibacterial resistance. In this study, orange peel waste (OPW) was used for selenium nanoparticles’ (Se-NPs) biosynthesis through the green and ecofriendly method, and their applications as antibacterial and antibiofilm agents. Green biosynthesized Se-NPs were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDAX, and TEM. Characterization results revealed that biosynthesized Se-NPs were highly crystalline, spherical, and polydisperse, and had sizes in the range of 16–95 nm. The biosynthesized Se-NPs were evaluated as antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Results illustrated that Se-NPs exhibited potential antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 29213 and biofilm-producing clinical isolates of S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, MDR, biofilm, and quorum-sensing and producing clinical isolates of MDR P. aeruginosa, MDR E. coli, and K. pneumonia). Moreover, results illustrated that S. aureus ATCC 29213 was the most sensitive bacteria to Se-NPs at 1000 µg/mL, where the inhibition zone was 35 mm and MIC was 25 µg/mL. Furthermore, Se-NPs at 0.25 and 0.5 MIC decreased the biofilm significantly. The largest inhibition of biofilm was noticed in MDR K. pneumonia, which was 62% and 92% at 0.25 and 0.5 MIC, respectively. In conclusion, Se-NPs were successfully biosynthesized using OPW through the green method and had promising antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, which can be used later in fighting resistant bacteria.

Screening for Antibacterial Activity of French Mushrooms against Pathogenic and Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

In the alarming context of antibiotic resistance, we explored the antibacterial potential of French mushrooms against wild-type and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. In order to accelerate the discovery of promising compounds, screenings were carried out by TLC-direct bioautography. A total of 70 extracts from 31 mushroom species were evaluated against five wild-type bacteria: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This first screening revealed that 95% of the extracts contained antibacterial compounds. Generally, it was observed that EtOAc extracts exhibited more active compounds than methanolic extracts. In addition, all extracts were overall more active against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative strains. The most promising mushroom extracts were then screened against various multidrug-resistant strains of S. aureus and E. coli. Activity was globally less on MDR strains; however, two mushroom species, Fomitopsis pinicola and Scleroderma citrinum, still contained several compounds inhibiting the growth of these MDR pathogenic bacteria. Stearic acid was identified as a ubiquitous compound contributing to the antibacterial defence of mushrooms. This screening revealed the potential of macromycetes as a source of antibacterial compounds; further assays are necessary to consider fungal compounds as promising drugs to counter antibiotic resistance.

Palladium Phthalocyanines Varying in Substituents Position for Photodynamic Inactivation of Flavobacterium hydatis as Sensitive and Resistant Species.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been considered as a promising methodology to fight the multidrug resistance of pathogenic bacteria. The procedure involves a photoactive compound (photosensitizer), the red or near infrared spectrum for its activation, and an oxygen environment. In general, reactive oxygen species are toxic to biomolecules which feature a mechanism of photodynamic action. The present study evaluates two clinical isolates of Gram-negative Flavobacterium hydatis (F. hydatis): a multidrug resistant (R) and a sensitive (S) strain. Both occur in farmed fish, leading to the big production losses because of the inefficacy of antibiotics. Palladium phthalocyanines (PdPcs) with methylpyridiloxy groups linked peripherally (pPdPc) or non-peripherally (nPdPc) were studied with full photodynamic inactivation for 5.0 µM nPdPc toward both F. hydatis, R and S strains (6 log), but with a half of this value (3 log) for 5.0 µM pPdPc and only for F. hydatis, S. In addition to the newly synthesized PdPcs as a “positive control” was applied a well-known highly effective zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPcMe). ZnPcMe showed optimal photocytotoxicity for inactivation of both F. hydatis R and S. The present study is encouraging for a further development of aPDT with phthalocyanines as an alternative method to antibiotic medication to keep under control the harmful pathogens in aquacultures’ farms.

Quorum sensing modulation and inhibition in biofilm forming foot ulcer pathogens by selected medicinal plants

The crisis of antibiotic resistance necessitates the search of phytochemicals as potential antibacterial, anti-quorum sensing and antibiofilm forming agents. For the present study, fifteen (15) selected medicinal plants were evaluated to inhibit the biological activities of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis) associated with diabetic foot ulcer. Antibacterial activities revealed noteworthy minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ≤1 mg/mL for thirteen (13) out of the sixty (60) plant extracts screened. The potent extracts included Euclea natalensis ethyl acetate (0.25 mg/mL), Aloe ferox methanol (0.5 mg/ml) and Warburgia salutaris aqueous (0.5 mg/mL) extracts. Chemical profiling of the active extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified neophytadiene, guanosine, squalene, cis megastigma-5,8-diene-4-one and sorbitol as prevalent compounds among the active extracts. Anti-quorum sensing activities of E. natalensis (ethyl acetate), A. ferox (methanol) and W. salutaris (aqueous) extracts ranged from 4.81 - 58.34% with E. natalensis (ethyl-acetate) showing the highest activity. Molecular docking against CviR protein showed selected compounds having high docking scores with sorbitol showing the highest score of -7.04 kcal/mol. Warburgia salutaris aqueous extract exhibited the highest biofilm inhibition (73%) against E. coli. Euclea natalensis, Aloe ferox and Warburgia salutaris compounds act as antagonist of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) signaling, thus may serve as candidates in antipathogenic and antibiofilm phytomedicine development for MDR foot ulcer bacterial pathogens.

Recent Advances and Mechanistic Insights into Antibacterial Activity, Antibiofilm Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles.

The substantial increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria is a major threat to global health. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported possibilities of greater deaths due to bacterial infections than cancer. Nanomaterials, especially small-sized (size ≤10 nm) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), can be employed to combat these deadly bacterial diseases. However, high reactivity, instability, susceptibility to fast oxidation, and cytotoxicity remain crucial shortcomings for their uptake and clinical application. In this review, we discuss various AgNPs-based approaches to eradicate bacterial infections and provide comprehensive mechanistic insights and recent advances in antibacterial activity, antibiofilm activity, and cytotoxicity (both in vitro and in vivo) of AgNPs. The mechanistic of antimicrobial activity involves four steps: (i) adhesion of AgNPs to cell wall/membrane and its disruption; (ii) intracellular penetration and damage; (iii) oxidative stress; and (iv) modulation of signal transduction pathways. Numerous factors affecting the bactericidal activity of AgNPs such as shape, size, crystallinity, pH, and surface coating/charge have also been described in detail. The review also sheds light on antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and the role of AgNPs versus Ag+ ions release in bactericidal activities. In addition, different methods of synthesis of AgNPs have been discussed in brief.

Sanguinarine synergistically potentiates aminoglycoside-mediated bacterial killing.

SummaryAminoglycosides are one of the oldest classes of antimicrobials that are being used in current clinical practice, especially on multi‐drug resistant Gram‐negative pathogenic bacteria. However, the serious side effects at high dosage such as ototoxicity, neuropathy and nephrotoxicity limit their applications in clinical practice. Approaches that potentiate aminoglycoside killing could lower down their effective concentrations to a non‐toxic dosage for clinical treatment. In this research, we screened a compound library and identified sanguinarine that acts synergistically with various aminoglycosides. By checkerboard and dynamical killing assay, we found that sanguinarine effectively potentiated aminoglycoside killing on diverse bacterial pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mechanistic studies showed an elevated intracellular ROS and DNA oxidative level in the bacterial cells treated by a combination of sanguinarine with aminoglycosides. Furthermore, an enhanced level of sanguinarine was observed in bacteria in the presence of aminoglycosides, suggesting that aminoglycosides promote the uptake of sanguinarine. Importantly, sanguinarine was shown to promote the elimination of persister cells and established biofilm cells both in vivo and in vitro. Our study provides a novel insight for approaches to lower down the clinical dosages of aminoglycosides.

Antimicrobial Evaluation of Various Honey Types against Carbapenemase-Producing Gram-Negative Clinical Isolates.

The development of antibiotic resistance is a major public health issue, as infections are increasingly unresponsive to antibiotics. Emerging antimicrobial resistance has raised researchers’ interest in the development of alternative strategies using natural compounds with antibacterial activity, like honey, which has emerged as an agent to treat several infections and wound injuries. Nevertheless, the antibacterial effect of honey was mostly evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria. Hence, the objective of our study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity, as well as the physicochemical parameters, of genuine Greek honeys against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. In this vein, we aimed to study the in vitro antibacterial potential of rare Greek honeys against Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM)- or Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, hydrogen peroxide, free acidity, lactonic acid, total phenols total flavonoids, free radical scavenging activities, tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity and kojic acid were examined. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of 10 different honey types was evaluated in five consecutive dilutions (75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5% and 6.25%) against the clinical isolates by the well diffusion method, as well as by the determination of the minimum inhibition concentration after the addition of catalase and protease. Almost all the physicochemical parameters varied significantly among the different honeys. Fir and manuka honey showed the highest values in pH and H2O2, while the free acidity and lactonic acid levels were higher in chestnut honey. Total phenols, total flavonoids and free radical scavenging activities were found higher in cotton, arbutus and manuka honey, and finally, manuka and oregano honeys showed higher tyrosinase inhibition activity and kojic acid levels. The antimicrobial susceptibility depended on the type of honey, on its dilution, on the treatment methodology and on the microorganism. Arbutus honey was the most potent against VIM-producing Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens in 75% concentration, while fir honey was more lethal for the same microorganism in the 25% concentration. Many honeys outperformed manuka honey in their antibacterial potency. It is of interest that, for any given concentration in the well diffusion method and for any given type of honey, significant differences were not detected among the four multidrug-resistant pathogens, which explains that the damaging effect to the bacterial cells was the same regardless of the bacterial species or strain. Although the antimicrobial potency of different honey varieties dependents on their geographical origin and on their compositional differences, the exact underlying mechanism remains yet unclear.

High Levels of Multi Drug Resistant Escherichia coli Pathovars in Preharvest Environmental Samples: A Ticking Time Bomb for Fresh Produce Related Disease Outbreak

The preharvest environment provides a suitable platform for the emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria. This could be detrimental to public health and may lead to fresh produce related disease outbreaks when transferred to the food web. This study evaluated the occurrence and antibiogram fingerprints of the pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) recovered from irrigation water and agricultural soil samples in fresh produce farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. E. coli was isolated, pathotyped and screened for antibiogram fingerprints using standard cultural and molecular methods. An antibiogram-based K-means cluster analysis and neighbour-joining dendrogram was used to elucidate the relatedness of the isolates. Of the confirmed isolates, 37% harboured at least one of the screened virulence genes (VGs) that encode for intestinal and extraintestinal E. coli pathovars. The most prevalent pathovar/associated VG in all the samples was Enterohemorrhagic E. coli/stx2. Of all the antimicrobials tested, E. coli pathovars conferred the highest resistance against ampicillin with a median single antimicrobial resistance (AMR) index of 0.23 (IQR: 0.10–0.38, 95% CI: 0.16–0.27) for pathovars from irrigation water and 0.01 (IQR: 0.01–0.03, 95% CI: 0.01–0.03) for pathovars from agricultural soil. About 60 and 20% of the pathovars from irrigation water and agricultural soil were multi drug resistant with a median multiple AMR index of 0.41 (IQR: 0.25–0.52, 95% CI: 0.31–0.47) and 0.38 (IQR: 0.23–0.66, 95% CI: 0.19–0.69) respectively. The most prevalent resistance genes detected were sulI, catII, tetA and AmpC across all sample types. The blaTEM was the most prevalent extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance gene detected. A positive correlation between the phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles of the pathovars in irrigation water samples, r = 0.6, p ≤ 0.01 and agricultural soil samples, r = 0.8, p ≤ 0.01 was recorded. The antibiogram based dendrogram generated 11 and 7 clades from irrigation water and agricultural soil samples respectively, indicating that the isolates are highly diversified. The findings revealed the occurrence of highly diversified multidrug resistant E. coli pathovars in the preharvest environment, indicating potential public health threats.

Detection via in vitro amplification of lasR gene associated with virulent attribute of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from acute pulmonary infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most ubiquitous pulmonary pathogen of human which causes successfully unscrupulous infections in patients with the suppressed immune system of every age group and is considered as the first or second key pathogen in the research. The most lethal and persistent pathogen that caused the acute ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP) infection is P. aeruginosa. The Quorum sensing (QS) system is present in P. aeruginosa which regulates the expression of various virulence factors. In the current study, the contribution of lasR gene of pathogenic P. aeruginosa responsible for acute pulmonary infections was investigated. The objectives of the current work were; to screen the pathogenic P. aeruginosa from acute (VAP) through endotracheal tract (ETT) secretions and blood, to identify and characterize pathogenic strains by biochemical testing and virulence assays and to detect lasR, gene of P. aeruginosa responsible from acute pulmonary infections. The samples included secretions (Endotracheal tract) and Blood samples from patients with acute Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Samples were provided by the Microbiology laboratory of GCU Lahore. Total four strains of P. aeruginosa were selected as most virulent after confirmatory test of antibiotic sensitivity and virulence assays. Mutation was induced in wild strains via ethidium bromide. Molecular characterization of P. aeruginosa strains and lasR gene was done. Sequence analysis results after BLAST at NCBI confirmed P. aeruginosa strains and the presence of lasR gene which is involved in multiple virulence factors and is responsible for acute pulmonary infections. Wild and mutant strains of this bacterium showed resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics. Hence, it can be concluded that P. aeruginosa is involved in hospital-acquired and ventilator-acquired pneumonia and is a highly efficient multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Also, lasR gene sequence can be used as the diagnostic marker to identify the virulent lasR gene sequence from this opportunistic pathogen in the future.

Parietin Cyclodextrin-Inclusion Complex as an Effective Formulation for Bacterial Photoinactivation.

Multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria has become a significant public health concern. As an alternative therapeutic option, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can successfully eradicate antibiotic-resistant bacteria with a lower probability of developing resistance or systemic toxicity commonly associated with the standard antibiotic treatment. Parietin (PTN), also termed physcion, a natural anthraquinone, is a promising photosensitizer somewhat underrepresented in aPDT because of its poor water solubility and potential to aggregate in the biological environment. This study investigated whether the complexation of PTN with (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) could increase its solubility, enhance its photophysical properties, and improve its phototoxicity against bacteria. At first, the solubilization behavior and complexation constant of the PTN/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes were evaluated by the phase solubility method. Then, the formation and physicochemical properties of PTN/HP-β-CD complexes were analyzed and confirmed in various ways. At the same time, the photodynamic activity was assessed by the uric acid method. The blue light-mediated photodegradation of PTN in its free and complexed forms were compared. Complexation of PTN increased the aqueous solubility 28-fold and the photostability compared to free PTN. PTN/HP-β-CD complexes reduce the bacterial viability of Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Escherichia coli by > 4.8 log and > 1.0 log after irradiation, respectively. Overall, the low solubility, aggregation potential, and photoinstability of PTN were overcome by its complexation in HP-β-CD, potentially opening up new opportunities for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Contamination by pathogenic multidrug resistant bacteria on interior surfaces of ambulances

Pre-hospital emergency care is a healthcare delivery service to victims of illnesses or accidents with a wide variety of health profiles. Ambulances may be a source of pathogenic microorganisms if not sanitized properly. Considering this, the present study aimed to evaluate the bacterial community present in different equipment and surfaces from ambulances used on pre-hospital care and verify the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates. For that, three ambulances were chosen in unannounced visits, and eight sampling points were selected: wall inside the vehicle, cervical collar, spinal boards, bedsheets, masks, earplugs, head blocks and steering wheels. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated, identified and submitted to antimicrobial assays. A total of 144 samples were collected, and 33 different bacteria species were isolated. Among them, pathogenic genera Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Listeria and Ewingella. Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Listeria presented strains resistant to oxacilin, isolated from earplugs, spinal boards and masks which are in frequent contact with patients and rescuers. The results highlight the presence of pathogenic bacteria on surfaces and equipment that had been cleaned and deemed free of contagion.

Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria Caused Intrauterine Infection in Albino Rat Mediated Preterm Labour

Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria Caused Intrauterine Infection in Albino Rat Mediated Preterm Labour

Phytochemical profiling of hot and cold alcoholic extract from Spirulina platensis alga and Comparison between two extracts against multidrug -resistant bacteria

Background: Bacterial infections are one of the prominent problems causing death, health troubles and physical disabilities all over the world. Objective: This study was aimed to compare between hot and cold alcoholic extract of Spirulina platensis. Materials and Methods: in regards to antibacterial efficacy against several multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Spirulina was isolated from a freshwater station located in Baghdad, then identified in consideration to molecular analysis and morphologically. algal extracts were prepared using 70% methanol through Soxhlet and maceration extraction methods, antibacterial activity for both algal extracts was carried out by using agar well diffusion assay against several bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcussp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and Serratia marscesence), also antibiotic sensitivity was determined for five different antibiotics (Gentamycin, levofloxacin, Netilimicin, Meropeneme, Cefixime) against tested bacteria. Results: The results showed that hot methanolic extract gives higher inhibition zones than cold extract. Besides, GC-Mass assessments resulted to identify biologically active chemicals (36 in hot and 6 in cold) as well as many Phyto-compounds within algal extract respectively. Conclusions: hot alcoholic extract of Spirulina platensis a good and safe choice to treat diseases caused by multi drug-resistant human pathogenic bacteria.

Anti pathogenic studies of new mixed ligand metal chelates

Drug discovery aimed at the methodical extermination of life-threatening bacterial infection, especially considering the emergence of multi-drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria has remained a challenge for medicinal inorganic chemistry. In this article, the mixed ligand complexes of Cu (II), Co (II), and Ni (II) containing heterocyclic ligands were synthesized and characterized by IR, LC-MS, UV, and TG-DTA. Complexes are screened for Anti-microbial activity against human pathogenic bacteria.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Auras (MRSA) from poultry meat products regarding mecA Gene, antibiotic Sensitivity, and biofilm Formation

The uprising problem of the Presence of Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria is an emerging obstacle facing food safety. This study purposed to evaluate the antibiotic-resistant profile regarding the Presence of MRSA and biofilm production. About 225 samples were collected (60 imported frozen chicken meat, 30 chicken fillet, 30 chicken nuggets, 30 chicken shawarma, 15 chicken luncheon, and 60 chicken stock cubes) were examined bacteriologically for staphylococcus aureus using mannitol salt agar and blood agar, The occurrence of staphylococci was 127/225 (56.4%). 16.8% of the samples were S.aureus (38/225), while, 39.5% (89/225) were coagulase-negative staphylococci. S. aureus recovered from 8.3% of frozen chicken meat, 13.3% of chicken fillet, 23.3% of chicken nuggets, 46.6% of chicken shawarma, 33.3% of chicken luncheon, and 5% of chicken stock cubes. Resistance against 13 antibiotics was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test, 100%, 78.9%, and 52.6% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. Clavulanic acid respectively, while 26.3% were resistant to methicillin. On the other hand, the isolates showed high sensitivity to vancomycin, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol with percentages 97.3%, 81.5%, and 68.4% respectively. The resistant strains to methicillin were tested by PCR for the presence of mecA gene, the result was 100% (10/10) positive for mecA gene. The isolates were phenotypically tested for the ability of biofilm formation using the Tube method that divided S. aureus isolates into 4 grades: strong biofilm former, moderate biofilm former, weak biofilm former, and non-biofilm former with percentages18.4%, 15.7%, 13.1%, and 52.6% respectively. To conclude, the increased prevalence of S.aureus in chicken meat products pinpoints the unhygienic condition of food processing, moreover, the occurrence of MDR S. aureus in chicken meat products might lead to alarming public health threats so there is an alerting need for rational use of antibiotics.

Curcumin assisted green synthesis of silver and zinc oxide nanostructures and their antibacterial activity against some clinical pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria.

According to WHO warnings, the antibiotic resistance crisis is a severe health issue in the 21st century, attributed to the overuse and misuse of these medications. Consequently, the dramatic spreading rate of the drug-resistant microbial pathogens strains. The microbiological, biochemical tests and antibiotic sensitivity identified the bacteria's multi-drug resistance (MDR). About 150 different clinical samples were taken from hospitalized patients, both males, and females, ranging from 9 to 68 years. Gram-negative strains were (70.0%), while Gram-positive isolates were (30.0%). Among sixteen antibiotics, antibiotic susceptibility of imipenem was found to be the most efficient drug against most of the Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates, followed by meropenem, depending on the culture and sensitivity results. All the experimental bacteria showed multidrug-resistant phenomena. In this study, green synthesized silver (Cur-Ag NPs) and zinc oxide (Cur-ZnO NPs) nanoparticles in the presence of curcumin extract. In addition, their physicochemical properties have been characterized using different techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and colloidal properties techniques. Furthermore, curcumin-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited solid antimicrobial action against the experimental bacterial isolates, except Proteus vulgaris (i.e., P. vulgaris). Curcumin-capped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) found antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. Finally, the minimum inhibitory concentration exhibited values from 3.9 to 15.6 μg ml−1, which is too small compared to other traditional antibiotics. In addition, the green-synthesized Cur-Ag NPs and Cur-ZnO NPs showed good biocompatibility.

Multi-omic characterisation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus NRRL 30439: detailed assessment of its secondary metabolic potential.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria creates a demand for novel antibiotics with distinct mechanisms of action. Advances in next-generation genome sequencing promised a paradigm shift in the quest to find new bioactive secondary metabolites. Genome mining has proven successful for predicting putative biosynthetic elements in secondary metabolite superproducers such as Streptomycetes. However, genome mining approaches do not inform whether biosynthetic gene clusters are dormant or active under given culture conditions. Here we show that using a multi-omics approach in combination with antiSMASH, it is possible to assess the secondary metabolic potential of a Streptomyces strain capable of producing mannopeptimycin, an important cyclic peptide effective against Gram-positive infections. The genome of Streptomyces hygroscopicus NRRL 30439 was first sequenced using PacBio RSII to obtain a closed genome. A chemically defined medium was then used to elicit a nutrient stress response in S. hygroscopicus NRRL 30439. Detailed extracellular metabolomics and intracellular proteomics were used to profile and segregate primary and secondary metabolism. Our results demonstrate that the combination of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics enables rapid evaluation of a strain's performance in bioreactors for industrial production of secondary metabolites.