Multidimensional Scale Of Perceived Social Support Research Articles

Impact of COVID-19 on Depressive Symptoms Among Patients with Low Vision and Blindness.

Disability is globally recognized as a key cause of depression. Likewise, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the vulnerability of patients with low vision to health and health-related issues, especially mental health. This study aimed to examine the association between the impact of COVID-19 and depressive symptoms in patients with low vision and blindness. This cross-sectional study was conducted between February and July 2022 and involved face-to-face interviews. Patients with low vision and blindness diagnosed with depression were excluded. The following items were included in the questionnaire: sociodemographic information, Multi-Dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the impact of COVID-19, and The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D). Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between the impact of COVID-19 and depression. The prevalence of depression among patients with low vision and blindness was 43.0%. Three factors were associated with depressive symptoms: compliance with COVID-19 prevention strategies (β = 0.16, p<0.01), anxiety during COVID-19 (β = 0.24, p<0.001), and social support (β = -0.16, p<0.01). The findings indicated that COVID-19 significantly increased depressive symptoms among patients with low vision and blindness. The psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have been considered critical and emergent public health issues. Stakeholders, particularly public health organizations, need to urgently implement preventive and protective measures to help patients with physical and mental disabilities.

Compassion Fatigue and Perceived Social Support among Polish Nurses

Social support has a vital role in preventing traumatic stress in nurses. Nurses are regularly exposed to contact with violence, suffering, and death. The situation worsened during the pandemic because they were also faced with the possibility of infection SARS-CoV-2 and death from COVID-19. Many nurses are faced with increased pressure, stress, and other adverse effects on their mental health. The study aimed to measure the relationship between compassion fatigue and perceived social support in polish nurses. The study was conducted on 862 professionally active nurses in Poland using the CAWI method (Computer-Assisted Web Interview). The professional Quality of Life scale (ProQOL) and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were used for collecting the data. StatSoft, Inc. (2014) was used for data analysis. For comparisons between the groups: Mann-Whitney U test, ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiple comparisons (post-hoc). The relationships between variables were tested using Spearman's rho, Tau Kendall, and the chi-square test. The research showed the presence of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout in the group of Polish hospital nurses. A higher level of perceived social support was associated with lower compassion fatigue (r = -0.35; p < 0.001). A higher level of social support was associated with higher job satisfaction (r = 0.40; p < 0.001). The study also found that a higher level of social support was associated with a lower risk of burnout (r = -0.41; p < 0.001). Preventing compassion fatigue and burnout should be a priority for healthcare managers. Notably, an essential predictor of compassion fatigue is that Polish nurses often work overtime. It is necessary to pay more attention to the crucial role of social support in preventing compassion fatigue and burnout.

Perceived social support in solo women seeking treatment with donor gametes and in women in heterosexual couples seeking IVF-treatment with own gametes

Solo motherhood is a family constellation that is becoming increasingly common in high income countries. The demographic characteristics of solo women entering treatment with donated sperm or embryo have been shown to be different from that of cohabiting women. The general importance of perceived social support is frequently amplified when health and quality of life are concerned, and positively affects mental health status, experienced stress, perceived self-efficacy during the transition to parenthood and during parenthood itself. The objective of the present study was to compare demographic characteristics, social network and perceived social support among solo women and cohabiting women awaiting fertility treatment. This objective was explored with a study-specific demographic and background questionnaire as well as through questions on access to practical support and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) assessing different sources of support. This study is a part of a longitudinal prospective multicenter study of solo women who awaited donation treatment in six Swedish public and private fertility clinics and a comparison group of women who were cohabiting/married to male partner and awaited in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment with the couple’s own gametes. A total of 670 women were invited and 463 accepted participation (69% response rate); 207 solo women (study group) and 256 cohabiting women (comparison group). The results show significant differences in age, education, and employment between the groups. Solo women were on average 3.6 years older, had a higher level of education, a higher-income profession, and were more frequently working full time. Solo women perceived an equally high degree of social support from their families, significantly higher levels of support from friends and significantly lower support from a significant other compared to cohabiting women. Solo women expected their mother to be the most supportive person in future parenthood, while cohabiting women most often stated their cohabiting partner to fill that role. The study adds to the body of knowledge of solo women as a sociodemographic distinct group going at motherhood alone, stating a high degree of currently perceived and expected social support. The previously studied negative impact that lack of a co-parent might have, may be attenuated by the expected and perceived social support from family and friends.

Social support and associated factors among family caregivers of older people in North-East Peninsular Malaysia.

The negative health results associated with the family caregivers of older people can be alleviated with social support, which is considered a valuable resource. Hence, the factors contributing to social support need to be understood. This study aimed to evaluate the social support associated with the family caregivers of older people. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 231 family caregivers of older people conveniently selected from two districts in Kelantan, a state in the North-East Region of Peninsular Malaysia. Data were gathered between June to December 2021 using a Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data in frequencies and percentages. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to examine correlations among variables. The mean scores of social support for family caregivers were significantly higher among their family (Mean ± SD; 5.44 ± 0.969) and other important people (5.25 ± 1.123) compared to their friends (4.84 ± 1.094). Caregivers' gender and duration of caregiving were significant factors associated with social support (p <0.05). The family caregivers received maximum support from their family and other important people, but they were less supported by their friends. This study also observed that the perceived social support of the caregivers of older people was affected by several factors, such as gender and duration of caregiving. This finding gives nurses and other healthcare workers the basic information they need to enhance nursing interventions and promote social support among those who care for older people, which can positively impact caregiving.

Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial terhadap Kecemasan pada Penyintas Covid-19

Many people in Indonesia have been exposed to covid-19 since 2020. When suffering from covid-19, patients may experience some physical and psychological responses. Psychological responses experienced after being confirmed covid-19 are fear of clinical symptoms, inability to recover, becoming a burden to others, and fear of death. These responses can cause anxiety. This study aims to see the effect of social support on anxiety levels among Covid-19 survivors in Indonesia. This study uses a quantitative approach by analyzing the influence between variables. The subjects in this study were 396 covid-19 survivors from age 19 until 34 in Indonesia. Data collection using 20 items from Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and 12 items from the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The data analysis uses simple linear regression. Based on the data analysis results, social support negatively affects anxiety levels among Covid-19 survivors when they are suffering from covid-19 (2.3%). At the same time, the other (97.7%) were influenced by other factors not measured in this study. This study also found that anxiety and social support didn’t significantly differ with gender, age, area, duration of exposure to covid-19, and treatment place.

The Interaction Between Psychosocial Factors and Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia in Pain-Free Nurses.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate whether psychosocial factors were predictive for exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) in pain-free adults. A sample of 38 pain-free nurses with a mean (SD) age of 26 (6) years were included in this study. Participants completed psychosocial questionnaires prior to physical tests. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was assessed bilaterally at the calves (local), lower back (semi-local) and forearm (remote) before and immediately after a maximal graded cycling exercise test. Separate linear mixed effects models were used to determine change in PPT before and after cycling exercise (EIH). Multiple linear regression for all psychosocial variables and best subset regression was used to identify predictors of EIH at all locations. The relative mean increase in PPT at the forearm, lumbar, calf, and globally (all sites pooled) was 6.0% (p<0.001), 10.1% (p<0.001), 13.9% (p<0.001), and 10.2% (p=0.013), respectively. Separate best subset multiple linear regression models at the forearm (predictors; Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) total), lumbar (predictors; MSPSS total, Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) total, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) depression), calf (predictors; MSPSS friends, PCS total), and global (predictors; MSPSS friends, PCS total) accounted for 7.5% (p=0.053), 13% (p=0.052), 24% (p=0.003), and 17% (p=0.015) of the variance, respectively. These findings confirm that cycling exercise produced EIH in young nurses and provided preliminary evidence to support the interaction between perceived social support, pain catastrophizing and EIH. Further investigation is required to better understand psychological and social factors that mediate EIH on a larger sample of adults at high risk of developing chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Effect of Biopsychosocial Factors on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

To investigate the effect of diabetic patients' biopsychosocial factors on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) outcomes to contribute to diabetes mellitus management. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Firat University, Turkey, from October 2021 to March 2022. A total of 210 type 2 diabetic patients were included. The sociodemographic form, Beck depression inventory (BDI), multidimensional perceived social support scale (MSPSS), general self-efficacy scale (GES), and Diabetes self-care activities scale (DSCA) were used to assess the biopsychosocial factors. Controlled diabetes and uncontrolled diabetes classification was made according to HbA1c level (HbA1c cut-off value: ≤7%). The median duration of T2DM (p=0.001), total cholesterol level (p=0.004) and fasting plasma glucose (p<0.001) were found to be higher in the uncontrolled diabetes group than in the controlled diabetes group. Spearman correlation test results showed a significant negative relationship between the scores of Beck depression and total cholesterol (r= -0.157, p = 0.023). There is a significant positive correlation between social support and total cholesterol (r=0.343, p<0.001), LDL (r=0.149, p= 0.031), triglyceride (r=0.165, p = 0.017), DSCA general diet score (r=0.367, p<0.001), DSCA physical activities (r=0.221, p = 0.001), DSCA glucose monitoring (r=0.302, p<0.001), DSCA foot care (r=0.311, p<0.001), and DSCA total scores (r=0.401, p<0.001). The present study showed that high BDI score was associated with low diabetes self-care score and presence of complications. Individuals' self-efficacy and high perception of social support were associated with increased diabetic self-care scores. Social support, Perception, Self care, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Diabetes complications, Depression.

Cyber victimization and suicidal behavior in high school students: The mediating role of psychological problems and perceived social support

AbstractStudents who are abused in various ways are at a higher risk for psychological problems such as depression and suicidal ideation. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological problems and perceived social support in the relationship between cyber victimization and suicidal behavior. The participants in this cross‐sectional study were 250 adolescents, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth‐grade students (aged 13–18 years) in Bushehr, Iran. The instruments used to collect the data were the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 (DASS‐21), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire‐Revised (SBQ‐R), and Cyberbullying/Victimization Experiences Questionnaire. SPSS‐25 and AMOS‐24 software were used for data analysis. The indirect and negative effects of perceived social support showed that support (from family members and significant others) is associated with reduced suicidal behavior in students experiencing cyber victimization. Moreover, the indirect and positive effects of psychological problems showed that cyber victimization increases the risk of students experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, and may lead to increased suicidal behavior in them. The experience of cyberbullying victimization in students is associated with their suicidal behavior. These students need treatment through psycho‐educational interventions or even psychotherapy in some cases.

Validation of Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) in Vietnamese Among People Living with HIV/AIDS

Social support plays a vital role in the health of HIV/AIDS patients, but there needs to be a validated instrument to measure social support in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study was to validate a Vietnamese translation of the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS). The study had three stages: [1] translation to Vietnamese, [2] pilot testing, and [3] validation of the translation. Stage 1, including forward and backward translation by four independent translators, resulted in a good content validity translation. Pilot testing was done on 30 HIV/AIDS patients: the translation was understandable, and no change was required. Five hundred HIV/AIDS patients were recruited in stage 3. The translation had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.90), good test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient: 0.95), and good concurrent validity. Construct validity was well established by confirmatory factor analysis. The Vietnamese translation of the MSPSS is reliable and valuable for measuring perceived social support.

Gender in mental health: Relationship of spirituality, social support, and COVID-19-related fear among heterosexual and LGBTQ+ youth.

The youth is a vulnerable population to COVID-19-related fear. Among them, those with LGBTQ+ identities are at higher risk. Given the posited protective effects of spirituality and social support on fear, this study explored their effects on COVID-19-related fear among heterosexual and LGBTQ+ youth. This cross-sectional study recruited 137 respondents Filipinos aged 18-30 years old. The respondents answered a survey containing a sociodemographic questionnaire, 12-items Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), 20-items Core Dimensions of Spirituality Questionnaire (CDSQ), and 7-items Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCS). After, the data were analyzed using means, frequencies, Mann-Whitney U-tests, and correlation coefficients. Social support from friends was negatively correlated with COVID-19-related fear among heterosexual respondents, R = -0.219, p = 0.029. Search for meaning positively correlated with COVID-19-related fear among LGBTQ+ respondents, R = 0.395, p = 0.016. Heterosexual respondents also have a higher belief in God (U = 1,004, p < 0.001) and feelings of security (U = 1,110.5, p < 0.001) than their LGBTQ+ counterparts. These findings suggest that social support from friends is protective against COVID-19-related fear among heterosexual youth but not among LGBTQ+. In addition, a high search for meaning can heighten COVID-19-related fear among LGBTQ+. Finally, these findings can be explained by the higher rates of discrimination against LGBTQ+ than heterosexual youth. Thus, gender-responsive mental healthcare is needed to address the youth's fears as society recovers from the pandemic.

Perceived social support among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of a tertiary care hospital.

Social support among pregnant women is identified to have a positive influence on maternal, fetal outcome, personal competence, and self-esteem. This study was conducted with the aim to assess the social support as perceived by pregnant women and to find out the association between perceived social support and sociodemographic, obstetric variables. After obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee, a cross-sectional study was carried out among pregnant women attending the Antenatal Clinic of a Tertiary Care Hospital for a period of two months. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used to assess social support among study participants. A total of 111 pregnant women were included. Majority, 98 (88.30%), were educated till High School. Nearly 87 (78.40%) were in the third trimester and 68 (61.30%) were primigravidae. Mean MSPSS score was found to be 5.36 ± 0.83. Majority, 75 (67.60%), had high social support (mean total score of 5.1-7.0). Those engaged in occupation had 2.922 odds for high social support (adjusted odds ratio = 2.92, 95% confidence interval = 0.612-13.95) when compared to housewives (P < 0.05). Women in third trimester had 2.104 odds for high social support, when compared to those in first and second trimesters (adjusted odds ratio = 2.014, 95% confidence interval = 0.715-6.185). Majority scored high on MSPSS. Furthermore, involvement in occupation was found to be a significant predictor of high social support among the study participants.

Predictors of Maternal Blouse in the Postpartum Period Based on Social Determinants of Health of the World Health Organization Model: A Path Analysis

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of maternal blouse in the postpartum period based on social determinants of health of the World Health Organization (WHO) model. Methods This cohort study was conducted on 449 postpartum women who were referred to healthcare centers of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The sampling method was a multi-stage random method. The tools used in this research were demographic and gynecological characteristics questionnaire, socio-economic status questionnaire, depression anxiety and stress scale-21 (DASS-21), multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) (multidimensional scale of perceived social support [MSPSS]), domestic violence questionnaire (DVQ), unhealthy behavior questionnaire. Postpartum blouse was also measured based on the Stein’s questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 24. Results The information of 449 pregnant women participating in the study was examined. The mean age of women was 26.96±4.46 years and their husbands’ mean age was 32.17±5.6 years. The path analysis results demonstrated that among the variables related to maternal blouse (one-path test), in the indirect path analysis, socio-economic status had the most negative effect on the maternal blouse and also in the direct path analysis, DASS21 showed the most negative effect on the maternal blouse (B=-0.19) and the unfortunate event had the most positive effect (B=0.18). Violence had the most positive effect on the maternal blouse (two-path test) (B=0). Conclusion Considering the importance of the role and the high prevalence of maternal blouse in the mental health of women after childbirth, it seems necessary to pay attention to these factors for prevention and screening in terms of timely diagnosis and necessary measures.

Enhancing Perceived Social Support Through Self-Efficacy Workshops: A Randomized Controlled Trial Among Housewives

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of self-efficacy workshops in enhancing perceived social support among housewives, hypothesizing that targeted interventions could significantly improve their social support networks and psychological well-being. Methods and Materials: Employing a randomized controlled trial design, 40 housewives aged between 30 and 50 years were randomly assigned to either an experimental group receiving self-efficacy workshops or a control group with no intervention. The intervention consisted of 10 sessions, each lasting 75 minutes, conducted over three months. Perceived social support was measured using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at a three-month follow-up. Findings: The experimental group showed a significant improvement in perceived social support from baseline to post-intervention and maintained these gains at the three-month follow-up, as indicated by ANOVA with repeated measures (p &lt; 0.01) and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. In contrast, the control group exhibited no significant changes in perceived social support over time. Conclusion: The findings suggest that self-efficacy workshops are an effective intervention for enhancing perceived social support among housewives. The significant improvements observed indicate that such workshops can contribute to the psychological well-being of participants by bolstering their social support networks. These results underscore the potential of targeted self-efficacy interventions in fostering a supportive environment and enhancing quality of life for housewives.

Association between perceived social support, marital satisfaction, differentiation of self and perinatal depression.

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between peripartum depression and social support, marital satisfaction, and self-differentiation. This cross-sectional study was conducted on postpartum women from December 28, 2021, and March 31, 2022. Postpartum women were evaluated using a questionnaire consisting of sections assessing sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, and psychometric instruments: Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), Marital Disaffection Scale (MDS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI). A total of 425 mothers were included in the study. Of those, 140 (32.9%) mothers scored ≥13 points on EPDS, and 285 (67.1%) mothers scored ≤12 points. Mothers who scored ≥13 on the EPDS were found to have significantly higher scores for marital dissatisfaction. Total scores of family support, friend support, emotional cutoff, fusion with others, and differentiation of self were higher in mothers who scored ≤12 points on the EPDS. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of significance with others, emotional reactivity and I position. This study found that marital satisfaction is important in the development of perinatal depression both directly and through family support and emotional cuttoff. In addition, mothers with family support, friend support, and self-differentiation had comparatively lower EPDS scores, while mothers with marital dissatisfaction had higher EPDS scores.

Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in elderly hospitalized patients

Background: Improved healthcare extends life expectancy, but social and economic issues including poverty, family breakdown, and insufficient help for the elderly put people's mental health in danger. Because of feelings of loneliness and natural age-related decline in physiological and physical performance, the elderly are more prone to psychological disorders. With this aim in mind, the study of the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in elderly hospitalized patients was taken up. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in a tertiary hospital in Pune on 200 hospitalized patients of 65 years of age and more from July 2019 to July 2021. Subjects with known psychiatric disorders were excluded. Subjects were evaluated with a sociodemographic proforma, mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI), depression anxiety stress scale-21 (DASS-21), and the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS). Results: A total of 35.5% of elderly subjects admitted to non-psychiatric wards were found to be suffering from psychiatric disorders, most commonly major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorders (GADs), and social anxiety disorders. On DASS-21, 55.5% of patients had stress, 24% anxiety, and 15.5% had depression. On the MSPSS scale, 53% had a high level of support. A mean score of 5.94 was obtained for family support, 5.413 for support from friends, and 3.486 for support from significant others. Males received higher support. Conclusion: We found that elderly patients admitted in non-psychiatric wards had psychiatric disorders. The most common psychiatric disorders were GAD (16.5%) and major depressive disorder (15%). It is more beneficial when physicians/surgeons also screen or refer their elderly patients to their psychiatrist colleagues to help alleviate their suffering to the extent possible.

Perceived Social Support in Parents of Hospitalized Children During COVID-19.

Purpose of this study was to explore levels of perceived social support and the associated factors in parents of hospitalized children. In the study were enrolled 110 parents (30 fathers and 80 mothers) of hospitalized children. Data were collected by the completion of "The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)," which included patients' self-reported characteristics. The statistical significance level was p<0.05. From the 110 participants, 50% scored over 22, 22, and 20 (median) in support from significant ones, family, and friends, respectively. In addition, 25% of parents scored above 25, 25, and 24, respectively. With respect to the possible range of scores (4-28), these values indicate high levels of social support. Statistically significant higher levels of support from significant ones were experienced by parents who desired to be COVID-19 vaccinated (p=0.019) and had a person at home belonging to a vulnerable group (p=0.001). In terms of support from family, statistically significantly higher levels had parents who had been COVID-19 vaccinated (p=0.003), who had not experienced family conflicts during pandemic (p=0.026), and those who had a person at home belonging to a vulnerable group (p=0.001). Regarding support from friends, statistically significant levels were experienced by parents who wished to be vaccinated (p=0.012) and who had not experienced family conflicts during pandemic (p=0.050). Through this unprecedented global health issue, levels of support remained high. Vaccination, having a vulnerable person at home, and intra-family conflicts were associated with support. A better understanding of support in parents with hospitalized children may help in the planning of rational and cost-effective interventions.

Mental health of community health workers in the COVID-19 context.

This study aimed to analyze the factors related to the mental health of Community Health Workers (ACS) in the COVID-19 context. A total of 1,935 ACS from four Northeastern capitals and four cities in the inland region of Ceará participated. The following data were collected: sociodemographic; professional; SRQ-20; WHOQOL-Bref, exposure to violence, General Self-Efficacy Scale (EAEG), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), COVID-19-related information, and the coronavirus anxiety scale (EAC). Approximately 40.5% had SRQ > 7, signaling high levels of Common Mental Disorders (CMD)/mental health issues. We adopted the Multiple linear (backward) regression. We observed that the increased risk of CMD was influenced by exposure to violence, EAC, not knowing they had COVID-19, not knowing the variables that reduced the risk, the physical and psychological domains of the WHOQOL-Bref, not having increased working hours, and not having had COVID-19. The data reveal the multidimensional dynamics of mental health and help understand the relationship between community violence, COVID-19, quality of life, age, and ESF working time with the mental health of ACS.

Saúde mental de agentes comunitários de saúde no contexto da COVID-19

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the factors related to the mental health of Community Health Workers (ACS) in the COVID-19 context. A total of 1,935 ACS from four Northeastern capitals and four cities in the inland region of Ceará participated. The following data were collected: sociodemographic; professional; SRQ-20; WHOQOL-Bref, exposure to violence, General Self-Efficacy Scale (EAEG), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), COVID-19-related information, and the coronavirus anxiety scale (EAC). Approximately 40.5% had SRQ &gt; 7, signaling high levels of Common Mental Disorders (CMD)/mental health issues. We adopted the Multiple linear (backward) regression. We observed that the increased risk of CMD was influenced by exposure to violence, EAC, not knowing they had COVID-19, not knowing the variables that reduced the risk, the physical and psychological domains of the WHOQOL-Bref, not having increased working hours, and not having had COVID-19. The data reveal the multidimensional dynamics of mental health and help understand the relationship between community violence, COVID-19, quality of life, age, and ESF working time with the mental health of ACS.

Mindfulness and Negative Emotions: Chain Mediation Effect of Perceived Social Support and Interpersonal Sensitivity

Previous research has confirmed that mindfulness may decrease negative emotions in college students. However, there has been less focus on the mechanism of mindfulness’s effect on negative emotions. This study explores the relationship between mindfulness and negative emotions and examines the mediating role of perceived social support and interpersonal sensitivity among college students in China. A total of 386 college students (65.8% female, 34.2% male) completed measures of The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), The 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and The Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure (IPSM). Using model 6 in SPSS PROCESS macro 3.3 software, we found： (1) mindfulness was negatively related to negative emotions; (2) interpersonal sensitivity mediated the relationship between mindfulness and negative emotions; (3) mindfulness was negatively related to negative emotions through the chain mediating of perceived social support and interpersonal sensitivity. Mindfulness, perceived social support, interpersonal sensitivity, and negative emotions in college students exerted significant associations with each other. Students can try mindfulness training to increase the perception of social support, reduce interpersonal sensitivity, and reduce negative emotions. The findings of this study may shed new light on the prevention and treatment of negative emotions among college students.

Analysis of Family Independence in Home Care in Post Stroke Clients

Family is the main source of care at home. In reality, families are not yet independent in post-stroke care at home, this can be due to family characteristics, family support, and burden. This study aimed to identify family independence in post-stroke care at home which was associated with family characteristics, support, and coping. The research design was a cross-sectional. The research was conducted at the Neurology Poly with a sample of 83 respondents and the sampling technique was Purposive Sampling. The instrument in this study was the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale, and Family Independence and social demographic questionnaire. The results of the study found that more than half of the respondents were young adults, had secondary education, and had jobs, low family independence, maladaptive coping, and low family support. There was no relationship between family characteristics (age, education, occupation) with family independence and there is a relationship between coping and family support with independence in post-stroke care at home. It was suggested that families can increase their independence in post-stroke care by having support groups or stroke self-help groups and increasing the role of community nurses through home visits to families.