Multidimensional Mission Research Articles

Multidimensional Mission-Profile-Based Lifetime Estimation Approach for IGBT Modules in MMC–HVdc Application Considering Bidirectional Power Transfer

MMC applied in high voltage direct current (HVdc) field consists of numerous submodules (SMs) and supports bidirectional power transfer, leading to the diverse mission and temperature profiles among SMs and IGBT modules. In this paper, an IGBT lifetime estimation approach in terms of the bidirectional power transfer of MMC is proposed. The temperature profile of each module is translated based on the multi-dimensional mission profile, including arm current, heatsink temperature, active power, and reactive power. In this way, the average junction temperature and junction temperature fluctuation of each SM can be readily estimated according to the power transfer direction. Furthermore, both the line-frequency and low-frequency fatigue are considered in the estimation process by using corresponding lifetime models. The proposed lifetime estimation method is compared with the traditional power loss average method and one-direction power transfer method by the application of the multi-dimensional mission profile of the practical Nanao project. The results show the bidirectional power transfer has a big influence on the damage distribution inside SM. The lower IGBT, upper FWD, and lower FWD all suffer considerable degradation under bidirectional power transfer conditions. Moreover, bond wire fatigue is the dominant degradation mechanism in MMC-HVdc application.

The Protection of Civilians and the Primacy of Politics: Complementarities and Friction in South Sudan

Abstract Since 1999, the protection of civilians (poc) has become central to UN peacekeeping, included in the mandates of all contemporary multidimensional missions. At the same time, member states have reiterated their commitment to the so-called “primacy of politics” in UN peacekeeping. Yet, protection activities often live in fragile balance with the political objectives of the mission. The last two decades have shown that there can be both complementarities and areas of friction between poc and political processes. Yet, to date there has not been a thorough discussion of these patterns within the academic or policy literature. This research aims to contribute to this gap by analyzing the relationship between poc and the political process in South Sudan. This case is illustrative of ways in which protection activities can contribute to the overall peace process, though mission limitations and government obstinacy have limited its overall effect. Lessons from this case shed light on mechanisms by which poc activities may contribute to the political process, as well as challenges between the two.

External interventions in Mali and its borderlands: a case for stabilisation

The article’s main objective is to contribute to a better understanding of the concept of stabilisation, in both academic and policy terms, by analysing theoutcomes of counterinsurgency and support to peace operations in the Sahel by regional, continental, and extra-continentalactors. It addresses the problematic associated with the so-called ‘intervention traffic jam’ resulting from numerous external initiativesin the political process and conflict dynamics of Sahelian countries, with focus on central and northern Mali and its borderlands. The external interventions entered a new phase of the so-called liberal peace project when, in the 2000s, peacekeeping modalities evolved into integrated or multidimensional missions, as well as into a normative framework for statebuilding. Furthermore, interventions in the Sahel reflect a return to stabilisation in the early 2010s – a concept that emerges as an alternative to the peacebuilding-statebuilding nexus which dominated the previous decade. Despite the numerous stabilisation efforts, there are recurrent episodes of extreme violence in the ethnically diverse central Mali, along with increased insecurity in neighbouring Burkina Faso and Niger. The insurgency phenomena in the border areas between Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso (Liptako-Gourma) is often not only directly linked to the association between the expansion of Salafi-Jihadist movements and the Malian political crisis of 2012, but also to the weak state presence in large regions in the SaharaSahel and the challenges posed by ethnic pluralism.The article concludes by emphasising the lack of integration of stabilisation responses into a political approach considering different governance strategies. It also stresses the need to prioritise the restoration of the state’s legitimate authority despite the achievement of a modus vivendi in the country’s northern region.

Security Sector Training on Prevention of Recruitment

Ensuring that peacekeepers receive suitable and effective training to prepare for deployments has become an important focus for the UN and member states over the past three decades. This is particularly relevant for non-traditional military skills needed in modern multidimensional missions, including child protection. This article discusses the Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative’s (Dallaire Initiative) training and education programming for security sector actors, highlighting its effectiveness in preparing peacekeepers for addressing the presence of child soldiers, the importance of integrating the issue of child soldiers into national curricula, and the necessity of evaluating and learning from training.Keywords: training, peacekeeping, child soldiers

Peacekeeping works: The UN can help end civil wars

Despite some harsh criticisms of United Nations (UN) peace operations, research demonstrates that many UN missions are successful, though evaluations depend on how success is defined. Even UN missions that fail in one or more aspects provide a net benefit to peace processes and help to save lives and alleviate human suffering. While an understanding of the flaws and limitations of peace operations can help improve the operations, some unfair criticism must be directly challenged. For instance, contrary to critiques in a recent paper by Séverine Autesserre, the UN has helped end civil wars, and it does not have a fixation on elections nor does it ignore the bottom-up approach. Most UN multidimensional missions pursue multiple levels of engagement, from local to national leaders. Elections are a key way to engage locals. With decades of experience, the UN has many positive lessons to offer in making, keeping, and building peace.

Effective and combined stressors from multi-dimensional mission profiles for semiconductor reliability

As mission profiles start to become an essential part of reliability requirements and qualification in the automotive industry, processing multi-dimensional mission profiles with combined stressors requires special attention.We present a method to reduce mission profiles to effective and resulting acceleration factors as a means of dealing with mission profiles for reliability testing. This is elaborated on the first reported iterative step-stress TDDB failure measurement with coupled temperature and voltage stresses. Furthermore, the impact of interdependent stressors on reliability predictions, testing, and qualification is demonstrated with two-dimensional real-world mission profiles for OLED vehicle lighting and a temperature and relative humidity accelerated failure mechanism.

Does Peacekeeping Really Bring Peace? Peacekeepers and Combatant-perpetrated Sexual Violence in Civil Wars

Peacekeeping mitigates killing, but nonlethal violence also influences both positive peace and stability. We evaluate peacekeepers’ effect on one such type of abuse, sexual violence. We posit that peacekeepers raise the cost of abuses and foster institutional and cultural changes that curb violence. We find that missions both reduce the chance of any violence and limit its prevalence; larger deployments and multidimensional missions are more effective. Governments curtail violence more quickly than rebels do in response to military contingents; rebels are especially responsive when missions include large civilian components. These findings contribute to our understanding of peacekeeping in three primary ways: we expand the evaluation of peacekeeping to consider nonlethal violence; we draw attention to mission size, capacity to use force, and civilian-led programming as determinants of effectiveness; and we demonstrate how addressing nonlethal violence requires similar tools as lethal violence but is further enhanced by specific civilian-led initiatives.

Policy Entrepreneurship by International Bureaucracies: The Evolution of Public Information in UN Peacekeeping

ABSTRACTThe UN Secretariat’s role in the expansion of peacekeeping after the cold war is debated. Different theoretical accounts offer competing interpretations: principal–agent models and sociological institutionalism tend to emphasize the Secretariat’s risk-averse behaviour; organizational learning scholarship and international political sociology find evidence of the Secretariat’s activism; constructivism analyses instances of both. I argue that the UN Secretariat can be both enthusiastic and cautious about new tasks depending on the circumstances and the issue area. For example, UN officials have been the driving force behind the development of public information campaigns by peacekeeping missions aimed at the local population. During the cold war, it was not regarded as necessary for UN missions to communicate with the public in the area of operation: their interlocutors were parties to the conflict and the diplomatic community. With the deployment of the first multidimensional missions in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, UN staff realized the need to explain the organization’s role to the local population and provide information about UN-supported elections. In promoting this innovation, they played the role of policy entrepreneurs. The institutionalization of this innovation, however, was not an automatic process and required continuous advocacy by UN information staff.

Diagnóstico de salud bucal del primer contingente de la fuerza de tarea conjunta Torogoz de El Salvador. misión internacional de paz en Mali

La Intervención militar en Malí fue una operación llevada a cabo desde 2013 por Francia y el gobierno de Malí en la Operación Serval, con el apoyo de varios países africanos y occidentales. El Objetivo general de este estudio fue el de diagnosticar el estado de salud bucal de la población militar perteneciente al primer contingente, entre enero y febrero del 2015. Según la OMS las condiciones de empleo y trabajo constituyen un determinante social de la salud y calidad de vida; para el caso del desempeño militar suponen mayores factores de riesgos de seguridad dada la naturaleza de su misión que pueden influir directamente en el estado psicológico y de salud del personal. Investigación de tipo Cuantitativa, transversal y prospectiva, las unidades de análisis fueron 90 sujetos pertenecientes a la Compañía de la Misión Naciones Unidas para Mali (MINUSMA). El criterio de inclusión fueron todos los miembros del mismo. La prevalencia de caries dental en la población estudiada, establecido por medio del índice CPOD es de 17.34, un índice muy alto según lo establece la literatura, con un aceptable estado de salud general. En cuanto a los hábitos y prácticas de salud bucal un aproximado del 80% dijo tener buenos hábitos de salud bucal contrastando con los altos índices de caries que poseen. Estos datos revelan que es de suma importancia, sobre todo para instituciones prestadoras de servicio de salud, la creación de proyectos encaminados a la promoción de la salud; enfatizando un refuerzo educativo integral, mejorando prácticas y conocimientos que impacten a lo largo del ciclo de la vida.CREA CIENCIA Vol. 10 No 2 ISSN1818-202X julio-diciembre 2016, p. 19-27

Hybrid Regional Order

The un peace operations have undergone significant revisions to calibrate mission mandates in tandem with emerging threats to international peace and security, especially non-traditional security (nts) threats that stem from governance challenges. These multidimensional missions essentially perform statebuilding interventions (sbis) through capacity-building programmes. The future of these missions depends on negotiated political settlements that facilitate the creation of accountable institutions and inclusive societies. Scholars debate the future of un peace missions, especially as it relates to stabilization operations. On the one hand, are the “narrowers” who believe that peace operations should remain focused on stabilizing state authorities. On the other hand, are the “broadeners” who favor people-focused stabilization operations. This article argues for a broad approach. Focusing on the role of regional organizations under Chapter viii of the un Charter, it argues that successive failures by the African Union to implement its doctrinal instruments, particularly the Post Conflict Reconstruction and Development Policy, the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance and the Common African Defence and Security Policy has narrowed its peace interventions in Africa to peace enforcement operations. To be relevant, the African Union needs to focus on the challenges of governance in Africa.

The Force Intervention Brigade—United Nations Forces beyond the Fine Line Between Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement

As United Nations (UN) peacekeeping evolved from interposition forces to multidimensional missions, the UN adjusted its peacekeeping principles and allowed a wider use of force. As the latest adjustment, the Security Council adopted a new mandate for UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo creating the ‘Force Intervention Brigade’, described as the first contingent of troops to conduct targeted offensive operations against armed groups. However, this role of the UN as an enforcement actor within a non-international armed conflict was not prepared by an assessment of the rules applicable to UN missions. These rules provide the Force Intervention Brigade with an ambiguous double status being at the same time a specially protected peacekeeping force and a party directly engaged in hostilities. As a consequence, peacekeeping missions as a whole are put at a higher risk of failing to perform their assigned mediation between the conflict parties and of themselves becoming the target of attacks. As a preliminary policy advice, I propose a clear distinction between peacekeeping and peace enforcement troops with a view to protect the peacekeeper’s perceived legitimacy and to reconcile the status of peace enforcement troops with the law applicable to the conflicts they, in fact, became a party to.

Unpacking and Communicating the Multidimensional Mission of Educational Development: A Mission Matrix Tool for Centers of Teaching and Learning

In recent decades, the work of educational developers in Centers of Teaching and Learning (CTLs) is complex and diverse. The wide range of services and programs makes it difficult understand the mission and purpose of CTLs and communicate this effectively. The Center Mission Matrix Tool enables analysis and articulation of all facets of the Center's mission. Juxtaposing the Center mission with three levels of impact—individual, departmental, and institutional—the Matrix adapts to each Center construct and provides a visual snapshot to multiple audiences, including the field of educational development, institutional stakeholders, and to the Center staff for internal purposes.

Unpacking and Communicating the Multidimensional Mission of Educational Development: A Mission Matrix Tool for Centers of Teaching and Learning

Unpacking and Communicating the Multidimensional Mission of Educational Development: A Mission Matrix Tool for Centers of Teaching and Learning

Do Democratisation and Global Justice go hand in hand?

Peace missions often focus on statebuilding policies, being statebuilding a key aspect in these interventions. However, beyond or parallel to the democratisation process, questions regarding global justice arise. In this paper we are going to analyse the situation in Timor-Leste. We are going to argue that, beyond the classic democratisation approach, there are a number of factors that still have to be addressed, and these can be intrinsically related to democracy. We will conclude that the focus of the international interventions, especially within multi-dimensional missions and, therefore, the priorities of the host state, should go beyond the formal democratisation aspect. Social and economic factors, much related to the idea of global justice, should also be present and be a key aspect and result of these interventions.

God’s Holistic Mission: Fullness of Parts, Participants, and Places

God’s holistic mission includes a fullness of parts, participants, and places. Holism integrates. Ephesians provides a conceptual framework for understanding God’s cosmic mission of salvation and reconciliation in the world. Fullness of spiritual, material, social, and planetary life comes through God’s multidimensional mission action that includes evangelism, compassion, and social justice. Because there is one body, one faith, one baptism, one God, we all participate in one common mission. God’s mission is local, global, cosmic, and ecumenical. Each baptized Christian and local congregation is a primary agent. Our participation in local or global mission is part of the bigger picture of missio Dei. This article will reflect on the integration and relationships of the parts, participants, and places of mission. How do we bring together local and global mission in a holistic vision? An ongoing missionary dialogue can lead to a dynamic creative integration and expanding partnerships.

Intelligence in Integrated UN Peacekeeping Missions: The Joint Mission Analysis Centre

New understandings of operational and security challenges in multidimensional missions have provided the momentum to overcome resistance to the establishment of an intelligence capacity in UN field missions. Joint Mission Analysis Centres (JMACs) have been set up in several missions and are beginning to fulfil this function, both with respect to security aspects of operations and (to a lesser extent) in support of integrated management. However, the contribution JMACs could make to integration is not being fully realized. This is partly a result of the choice to focus expectations for integration at the level of the head of mission, while neglecting to give institutions at a higher level the backing they need to effectively harmonize the priorities and impulses of the Security Council and other parts of the organization. This has led to a perception of integration as a technology of subordination that favours a security agenda over other goals of the UN system. Consequently, the JMAC has been unable to gain the trust and commitment it needs to fully realize its potential to support the strategic management of integrated missions.

Mission Involvement and Promotion Criteria in Schools, Colleges, and Departments of Education

Faculty members in schools, colleges, and departments of education (SCDEs) have a multidimensional mission. However, many studies suggest that the reward structure places paramount importance on research. Therefore, there is a discrepancy between presumed, multidimensional expectations for faculty members in SCDEs and the operant, unidimensional reward structure. This study inquires into how faculty members in research, doctorate granting, and comprehensive universities perceive their current involvement in SCDE missions, their current and desired promotion criteria, and the relationship between their mission involvement and promotion criteria. The study finds some strong and consistent patterns for faculty members in research, doctorate granting, and comprehensive universities: the preeminence of research in current promotion criteria and the desire of faculty members to decrease the role of research among promotion criteria, the desire that heavy involvement in each SCDE mission should deserve high reward, the eagerness to align the promotion criteria with faculty members' priorities for mission involvement, and the desire for differentiating missions' weights in relation to faculty members' levels of mission involvement. The discussion of the findings focuses on the discrepancy between mission involvement and promotion criteria, the public trust in SCDEs, and the need to empower and reorient the SCDE.

The Civil War Battlefield Guide (review)

book reviews185 Aside from these oversights, Dawson's work is a well-balanced reference source to this period in American military history. On the whole, it provides a good departure point for the study of the army's place in American society and the liabilities it faced as it attempted to execute its multidimensional mission in the post-Civil War era. James W. Geary Kent State University The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Edited by Frances H. Kennedy. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990. Pp. 317, $29.95 cloth; $16.95 paper.) Just at a time when interest in Civil War battlefields is receiving increased national attention, when battlefield preservation has become the "hottest " and most popular preservation issue in Washington, The Conservation Fund has brought forth an outstanding guide to some 65 Civil War battlefields and campaigns, using essays on the subjects from an outstanding array of Civil War historians and other less expected authors. U.S. Senators Sam Nunn of Georgia and John Heinz of Pennsylvania, and CIA Director William Webster (whose grandfather was mortally wounded at Perryville) join with historians of the caliber of James McPherson, James I. Robertson, Stephen Sears, Ed Bearss, Gary Gallagher , William C. Davis, Ludwell Johnson, Richard Sommers, Herman Hattaway, the father-son team of Harry and Donald Pfanz, and literally dozens of others to present the best one-volume coverage of Civil War battles ever available anywhere. Under the able editorship of Frances Kennedy, the director of the Civil War Battlefield Project of The Conservation Fund (the Virginia-based group that acted as agent for the recent Mellon Foundation gift of over one hundred thousand acres, including several significant Civil War sites, to the National Park Service), the book is eminently qualified for the hoary, cliched recommendation, "... deserves a place on every Civil War buff's bookshelf." This book, in fact, could easily form the core of any Civil War buff's bookshelf, for the person who is primarily interested in Civil War battles can find no better primer than The Civil War Battlefield Guide. Photos show modern landmarks compared and contrasted with those same scenes in the 1860s. The individual field maps are drawn on modernday U.S. Geological Survey topographical maps with troop movements colored in, while the maps for the seven "campaign essays" were reproduced using originals in the Library of Congress. Not only is the book excellent both in content and in presentation, but the price is a good one. Proceeds will go toward the preservation 186 CIVIL WAR HISTORY of the very battlefields this unparalleled guide will enable you to study and understand. Jerry L. Russell Civil War Round Table Associates ^tY Wm m ...