With the continuous development of the society, optical ceramics are more and more widely used in daily life. In this work, the photochromic (PC) and photoluminescence (PL) properties of Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 (NBT)-based ceramics doped with different rare-earth elements (Er, Eu, and Ho) are investigated. It is found that NBT-Er\\Eu and NBT-Er\\Ho ceramics have good up-conversion PL properties under 980 nm laser excitation. After poling and quenching treatments, the PL intensity of NBT-Er\\Eu ceramics increases by 1.5 and 11.7 times, respectively, and the NBT-Er\\Ho ceramics increases by 5.1 and 3.6 times, respectively. Besides, the rare-earth ions doped NBT-based ceramics exhibit fast PC response and self-bleaching behavior. In addition, multicolor luminescence behavior (from bright green to orange-yellow) is obtained in NBT-Er\\Eu ceramics, suggesting the potential application of this material in the field of optical information storage and optical anti-counterfeiting. Therefore, this work not only provides a new PC material exhibiting fast PC response and self-bleaching behavior, but also develops new universal strategies to modulate PL properties without changing the composition.