Multi-channel MAC Research Articles

A Channel Allocation-Based Multichannel MAC Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks

A Channel Allocation-Based Multichannel MAC Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks

Enhanced Beacons Dynamic Transmission over TSCH

Time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) has become the standard multichannel MAC protocol for low-power lossy networks. The procedure for associating nodes in a TSCH-based network is not included in the standard and has been defined in the minimal 6TiSCH configuration. Faster network formation ensures that data packet transmission can start sooner. This paper proposes a dynamic beacon transmission schedule over the TSCH mechanism that achieves a shorter network formation time than the default minimum 6TiSCH static schedule. A theoretical model is derived for the proposed mechanism to estimate the expected time for a node to get associated with the network. Simulation results obtained with different network topologies and channel conditions show that the proposed mechanism reduces the average association time and average power consumption during network formation compared to the default minimal 6TiSCH configuration.

Underwater Multi-Channel MAC with Cognitive Acoustics for Distributed Underwater Acoustic Networks.

The advancement of underwater cognitive acoustic network (UCAN) technology aims to improve spectral efficiency and ensure coexistence with the underwater ecosystem. As the demand for short-term underwater applications operated under distributed topologies, like autonomous underwater vehicle cluster operations, continues to grow, this paper presents Underwater Multi-channel Medium Access Control with Cognitive Acoustics (UMMAC-CA) as a suitable channel access protocol for distributed UCANs. UMMAC-CA operates on a per-frame basis, similar to the Multi-channel Medium Access Control with Cognitive Radios (MMAC-CR) designed for distributed cognitive radio networks, but with notable differences. It employs a pre-determined data transmission matrix to allow all nodes to access the channel without contention, thus reducing the channel access overhead. In addition, to mitigate the communication failures caused by randomly occurring interferers, UMMAC-CA allocates at least 50% of frame time for interferer sensing. This is possible because of the fixed data transmission scheduling, which allows other nodes to sense for interferers simultaneously while a specific node is transmitting data. Simulation results demonstrate that UMMAC-CA outperforms MMAC-CR across various metrics, including those of the sensing time rate, controlling time rate, and throughput. In addition, except for in the case where the data transmission time coefficient equals 1, the message overhead performance of UMMAC-CA is also superior to that of MMAC-CR. These results underscore the suitability of UMMAC-CA for use in challenging underwater applications requiring multi-channel cognitive communication within a distributed network architecture.

Design and Analysis of a Bandwidth Aware Adaptive Multipath N-Channel Routing Protocol for 5G Internet of Things (IoT)

Large numbers of mobile wireless nodes that can move randomly and join or leave the network at any moment make up mobile ad-hoc networks. A significant number of messages are delivered during information exchange in populated regions because of the Internet of Things' (IoT) exponential increase in connected devices. Congestion can increase transmission latency and packet loss by causing congestion. More network size, increased network traffic, and high mobility that necessitate dynamic topology make this problem worse. An adaptive Multipath Multichannel Energy Efficient (AMMEE) routing strategy is proposed in this study, in which route selection strategies depend on forecasted energy consumption per packet, available bandwidth, queue length, and channel utilization. While multichannel uses a channel-ideal assignment process to lessen network collisions, multipath offers various paths and balances network strain. The link bandwidth is split up into a few sub-channels in the multichannel mechanism. To reduce network collisions, several source nodes simultaneously access the channel bandwidth. The cooperative multipath multichannel technique offers several paths from a single source or from several sources to the destination without colliding or becoming congested. The AMMEE routing approach is the basis for path selection. A load- and bandwidth-aware routing mechanism in the proposed AMMEE chooses the path based on node energy and forecasts their lifetime, which improves network dependability. The outcome demonstrates a comparative analysis of various multichannel medium access control (MMAC) techniques, including Parallel Rendezvous Multi Channel Medium Access Protocol (PRMMAC), Quality of Service Ad hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (QoS-AOMDV), Q-learning-based Multipath Routing (QMR), and Topological Change Adaptive Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TA-AOMDV) and the proposed AMMEE method. The results show that the AMMEE approach outperforms alternative systems. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-01-018 Full Text: PDF

An Energy-Efficient Multi-Channel Design for Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks

This article discusses the importance of designing an efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to optimize energy consumption at the data link layer while transmitting high traffic applications. The proposed protocol, EE-MMAC, is an energy-efficient multichannel MAC that reduces energy consumption by minimizing idle listening, collisions, overhearing, and control packet overhead. EE-MMAC utilizes a directional antenna and periodically sleep technique in a multi-channel environment. Nodes exchange control packets on the control channel to choose a data channel and decide the beam direction of the flow. Simulation results show that EE-MMAC achieves significant energy gains (30% to 45% less than comparable IEEE 802.11 and MMAC) based on energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, and throughput.

A score based link delay aware routing protocol to improve energy optimization in wireless sensor network

The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is the most appearing expertise that has potential applications broad ranges that include environment examining, smart spaces, medical systems, and robotic study. Energy efficiency is a consideration of vital design for WSN. The collision is occurred owing to the transmission of data from the sensor nodes and the traffic at the SINK node is high because of the excess data transmission by the sensor nodes. An essential division of the consumption of resources in a WSN is managed by the mechanism of Medium Access Control (MAC). An existing MAC protocols initiated for the utilization of WSNs single channel for data transmission. The deployment of wireless sensor nodes is concerned in the harsh environment in which the drastic change of conditions suffers from sudden changes in the status of a node and the quality of a link. With limited energy, the sensor nodes are supplied and a major concern is towards improving the lifetime of a network. To deal with these issues, a novel and simple routing mechanism Score based Link Delay Aware Routing (SBLDAR) is proposed, which utilizes the multi-channel MAC procedure comprises of Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), to exchange the data, the activity of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) sequencing nodes and also Frequency Division Multiple Access FDMA) to allow collision-free exchange simultaneously. Also, in order to overcome this issue, an approach has been put out in this work that involves leveraging a variety of trust variables to identify malicious nodes and then using fuzzy based Modified Sun Flower Optimization (FMSFO) algorithm to elect an effective cluster head. The score based route selection increases the network lifetime and improves network performance. By comparing with the other protocols, the proposed SBLDAR combined with the technique of multi-MAC protocol has shown that it increases the network’s overall performance based on the simulation studies.

Intelligent multichannel cross-layer framework for enhanced energy-efficiency in 6G-IoT wireless networks

The sixth-generation (6G) communication technology is expected to enable a fully-connected world with enhanced wireless connectivity, accessibility, reliability, and performance. 6G systems will be critical in addressing the massive-connectivity requirements for Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. Cognitive radio (CR) technology is considered a promising solution in 6G networks that can provide tremendous spectrum opportunities to support large-scale IoT deployments. Due to the IoT’s energy-constrained and massively connected nature, existing CR-based communication protocols cannot be directly implemented in 6G-IoT networks. This is because they are usually designed to enhance spectrum-utilization in networks with finite users. Therefore, energy-efficient protocols are required to support the massive-connectivity requirement for energy-constrained IoT nodes. Non-persistent Carrier-Sense-Multiple-Access (CSMA)-based protocols are recognized as energy-effective spectrum-access paradigms for networks with massive users. This paper proposes a novel energy-efficient multi-channel cross-layer MAC framework that utilizes a non-persistent CSMA protocol in CR-enabled 6G-IoT networks. Based on a joint adaptation of the physical and MAC layer parameters, our framework aims to improve IoT networks’ energy efficiency (EE). Specifically, we formulate and solve the per-bit EE maximization problem subject to several design constraints. Numerical results show that our multi-channel cross-layer framework enhances network EE by up to 50% compared to a reference single-channel cross-layer design.

MDP-Based MAC Protocol for WBANs in Edge-Enabled eHealth Systems

In recent years, eHealth systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT) have attracted considerable attention. The wireless body area network (WBAN) is an essential technology of eHealth systems. A major challenge in WBAN is the design of the medium access control (MAC) protocol, which plays a significant role in avoiding collisions, enhancing the energy efficiency, maximizing the network life, and improving the quality of service (QoS) as well as the quality of experience (QoE). In this study, we apply the mobile edge computing (MEC) network architecture to an eHealth system and design a multi-channel MAC protocol for WBAN based on the Markov decision process (MDP). In this protocol, the channel condition and the reward value are considered. By continuously interacting with the environment, the optimal channel resource allocation strategy is generated. Simulation results indicate that the proposed WBAN MAC protocol can adaptively assign different channels to the sensor nodes for data transmission, thereby reducing the collision rate, decreasing the energy consumption, improving the channel utilization, and enhancing the system throughput and QoE.

Graph coloring-based multichannel MAC protocol in distributed underwater acoustic sensor networks

In this paper, the multichannel medium access control (MAC) problem in distributed underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) were investigated. Compared with single-channel MAC protocols in terrestrial radio networks, there exist multichannel hidden terminal problem and long-delay hidden terminal problem in multichannel MAC protocol due to long propagation delay in UASNs. In addition, energy constraint makes channel allocation a challenging problem in distributed UASNs. To solve these aforementioned problems, a new multichannel MAC protocol, called graph coloring-based multichannel MAC protocol (GCMAC) is present. The protocol GCMAC is a synchronized MAC protocol which splits the time into three phases, namely, channel negotiation phase, channel selecting phase and data transmission phase. Specially, the rule for selecting channel is carefully designed based on graph coloring theory to avoid collision and maximize the utilization rate of channels in channel selecting phase. Simulation results show that GCMAC can greatly improve the system throughput and energy efficiency by effectively solving the hidden terminal problems and channel allocation problem.

An Adaptive and Spectrally Efficient Multi-Channel Medium Access Control Protocol for Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks.

Medium access control (MAC) protocols in ad hoc networks have evolved from single-channel independent transmission mechanisms to multi-channel concurrent mechanisms to efficiently manage the demands placed on modern networks. The primary aim of this study is to compare the performance of popular multi-channel MAC (MMAC) protocols under saturated network traffic conditions and propose improvements to the protocols under these conditions. A novel, dynamically adaptive MMAC protocol was devised to take advantage of the performance capabilities of the evaluated protocols in changing wireless ad hoc network conditions. A simulation of the familiar MAC protocols was developed based on a validated simulation of the IEEE 802.11 standard. Further, the behaviors and performances of these protocols are compared against the proposed MMAC protocols with a varying number of ad hoc stations and concurrent wireless channels in terms of throughput, Jain's fairness index, and channel access delay. The results show that the proposed MMAC protocol, labeled E-SA-MMAC, outperforms the existing protocols in throughput by up to 11.9% under a constrained number of channels and in channel access delays by up to 18.3%. It can be asserted from these observations that the proposed approach provides performance benefits against its peers under saturated traffic conditions and other factors, such as the number of available wireless channels, and is suitable for dynamic ad hoc network deployments.

A Cross-Layer Approach MAC/NET with Updated-GA (MNUG-CLA)-Based Routing Protocol for VANET Network

Nowadays, technology is developed rapidly in communication technology. Several new technologies have been introduced due to the evolution of wireless communication and this provided the way to communicate among vehicles, using a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANETs). Routing in VANETs becomes most challenging because of the huge mobility and dynamical topology changes, which lead to reduced efficiency in the network. The core idea of this network is to increase the efficiency during the process of the communication. The most suited routing protocol for VANETs is Geographic routing, for the reason that it provides higher scalability and low overheads. The major challenges in VANETs are the selection of best neighbor in dynamically changing VANET topology. Furthermore, to provide better QoS needful actions are essential. In this paper, we introduced a new MAC/NET with Updated Genetic Algorithm—A Cross Layer Approach, (MNUG-CLA) based on a MAC layer and network layer to overcome the drawbacks of the network. In the network layer, a new neighbor discovery protocol is developed to select the best next hop for the dynamically varying network. In the MAC layer, in order to improve the quality, multi-channel MAC model is introduced for instantaneous transmission from various service channels. For overall optimal path selection, we used an updated GA algorithm. The performance was demonstrated through the use of an extensive simulation environment, NS-2. The simulation results prove that this protocol provides better results, in terms of energy efficiency, energy consumption and successive packet transmission, when compared with the earlier approaches.

A hybrid-spatially distributed multichannel MAC protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks

ABSTRACT A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is designed to enable efficient and authentic node/infrastructure communication. The primary role of VANETs is to distribute time-sensitive safety messages (sm) regularly, which causes packet congestion and broadcast failure due to the network’s limited spectrum. For efficient and reliable delivery, the proposed paper uses a spatial hybrid division multiple access (SDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) over the control channel interval and hence termed a spatially distributed multichannel MAC (SDM-MAC) protocol. The frequency reuse approach is used to transfer data while efficiently utilising bandwidth, and throughput is considerably enhanced with carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) and with the help of TDMA. Moreover, an adaptive algorithm is proposed for an intelligent channel frame structure using this protocol to manage the highly dynamic scenario. The Markov chain defines the protocol, and the network simulator (NS2) analyses several performance metrics. Comparing the response with two existing MAC protocols, the proposed protocol reduces average latency compared to current MAC methods and improves the packet delivery ratio and throughput by an average of 26% and 28%, respectively.

An enhanced synchronized multi-channel MAC scheme to improve throughput in VANET

The development of autonomous driving and intelligent transportation demands, fast, reliable and efficient data transmission for various applications in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). This poses great challenges to the design of a media access control (MAC) protocol that can adapt to the frequent topological shifts. IEEE 1609.4 defines the multi-channel MAC layer implementation in VANET. The multi-channel operation works on a fixed synchronization interval that alternates between a control channel and service channels. The fixed interval leads to poor utilization of limited spectrum resources. In this paper, a multi-channel reliable MAC protocol (MCRMAC), that uses both the control channel and service channel irrespective of the interval to ensure proper and efficient throughput utilization in VANET is proposed. The simulations reveal the performance of the proposed scheme and it outperforms IEEE 1609.4 in terms of throughput.

Time-Slot Reservation and Channel Switching Using Markovian Model for Multichannel TDMA MAC in VANETs

Efficient communication in the intelligent transport system requires the vehicles to transmit safety and non-safety messages timely without any loss. In multi-channel MAC, SCH channels have different properties in terms of the frequency range, frequency limit, power limit, distance covered, and channel parameters. Based on these channel properties, messages must be transmitted using the most appropriate channel. Existing multi-channel MAC approaches randomly choose the available SCH channel to transmit the messages. Random selection of the channel leads to overuse of the channel resources or lack of the resources due to inappropriate channel selection. The proposed approach provides a way to reserve the most appropriate SCH leading to optimized resource utilization. For collision-free allocation of resources to a large number of contending vehicles, we have proposed a variable size TDMA approach for SCH channel allocation. The paper also focuses on reducing the transmission collision and re-usability of the time slot for timely message transmission. Markovian modeling determines the probability of successfully reserving the time slot and switching to the required SCH. Simulation results prove that the probability of time slot reservation in the required SCH is approximately 0.6 for the proposed approach and approximately 0.2 for other approaches.

Performance optimisation of multichannel MAC in large-scale wireless sensor network

Performance optimisation of multichannel MAC in large-scale wireless sensor network

Performance optimisation of multichannel MAC in large-scale wireless sensor network

Performance optimisation of multichannel MAC in large-scale wireless sensor network

A Review of Multi-Channel Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are witnessing a momentum spread especially with the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Indeed, WSNs are considered as the main enabling infrastructure for IoT networks. Nowadays, the emerging WSNs applications require not only long network lifespan but also considerably high data rate. Consequently, conceiving Multichannel MAC protocols that save the scarceenergy budget of sensor nodes while providing high network throughput is crucial for the emerging WSNs applications. In this paper, a thorough review of recent multichannel MAC protocols is provided along with a classification framework to deeply understand the design aspects for each protocol.

A Review of Multi-Channel Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are witnessing a momentum spread especially with the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Indeed, WSNs are considered as the main enabling infrastructure for IoT networks. Nowadays, the emerging WSNs applications require not only long network lifespan but also considerably high data rate. Consequently, conceiving Multichannel MAC protocols that save the scarceenergy budget of sensor nodes while providing high network throughput is crucial for the emerging WSNs applications. In this paper, a thorough review of recent multichannel MAC protocols is provided along with a classification framework to deeply understand the design aspects for each protocol.

QMMAC: Quorum-Based Multichannel MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks.

In wireless sensor networks, energy conservation is a critical task. Thus, it is crucial to design an effective MAC protocol that minimizes energy consumption while guaranteeing high network throughput and low delay. In this article, we propose a quorum-based multichannel MAC protocol (QMMAC) for corona-based WSNs. QMMAC utilizes the multichannel communication feature and the quorum concept to greatly increase the throughput while conserving energy. The aim of this protocol is to allow each node and all its forwarders to wake up at the same time while avoiding collision and overhearing by separating their simultaneous communications using the multichannel feature. More precisely, the main idea of QMMAC is twofold. First, QMMAC wakeup scheduling is designed to minimize the end-to-end delay by allowing nodes to wake up at exactly the same time as their potential forwarders, whereas nodes that are not acting as forwarders for each other wake up at a completely different time, and thus overhearing, idle listening and collisions are avoided. Second, channel assignment, which also uses the concept of quorums, is used to share data channels so that there is no conflict or additional packet exchange required to negotiate the availability of channels. Thus, the end-to-end delay is further minimized as well as collisions between conflicting neighbors are avoided. Simulation results indicate that the network performance is improved by QMMAC in terms of energy efficiency, throughput and end-to-end delay.

Optimized data transmission scheme based on proper channel coordination used in vehicular ad hoc networks

In recent years, standardization bodies, academia and automobile manufacturers are working together to develop vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) based communication technologies. VANETs apply various channels like service channels (SCHs) and control channel (CCH) for supplying unbarred street safety facilities and the better condolence as well as effectiveness of driving. In this paper, we suggests a VCI known as variable control CH interval (VCI) MAC (multichannel medium access control) scheme which reduces safety message transmission time and helps to minimize collision probability when the vehicle node increases in the road by using k-means and donkey-smuggler optimization algorithm. The donkey-smuggler algorithm used to find the shortest path among the nodes and k-means clustering algorithm is used to group the sensor nodes. The distance ratio connecting with SCHs and CCHs can be effectively modified in MAC scheme. To improve the intermissions based on traffic situation, a model is carried out called Markov model and this process is called as stochastic process. Conceptual analysis and the simulation resulted to the recommended scheme which is capable to assist IEEE 1609.4 and IEEE 802.11p protocol. While retaining the methodized channelling of condemnatory safety data on control CH, the MAC scheme consequentially improves the higher saturated throughput and gives effective channel utilization of service CHs and minimizes transmission interval of service packets.