Multi-chamber Furnaces Research Articles

The development of carbon monoxide oxidation reactor for multi-chamber furnaces for baking electrode blanks

The article highlights the development of cheap affordable highly efficient catalytic oxidation system of harmful components of industrial flue gases of carbon graphite enterprises, its design features according to the parameters of furnace equipment, which will significantly improve the environmental safety of metallurgical and machine-building enterprises. The presented calculation and design solutions, in addition to carbon production, can be used in environmental protection technologies at other environmentally hazardous facilities to neutralize toxic emissions.
 The paper presents the calculation of the catalytic CO oxidation reactor made for the real flow rate of flue gases with temperature range 270−390 ºC, which come out of the combustion chamber of the Riedhammer "first fire" kiln, heated by the flue gases. For such medium exothermic processes, mass and heat transfer between gas flow and the outer surface of the catalyst grains is sufficient intense. In this case for description of the catalytic process in the reactor is sufficient to use quasi-homogeneous single-phase model.
 The model of plug-flow reactor with a fixed bed of catalyst was used to calculate the flow parameters of the gas mixture through a reactor loaded with a composite zeolite-based manganese-oxide catalyst in the process of catalytic CO oxidation. The calculation results obtained using the software CHEMCAD 7.1.5 were almost identical to the previously made calculation. The peculiarity of the suggested solution was the use of the designed catalytic reactor for treatment of large volume of flue gases with low concentrations of CO at the companies of electrode carbon graphite production

Development of a Catalyst for Flue Gas Purification from Carbon Monoxide of Multi-Chamber Furnaces for Baking Electrode Blanks

Development of a Catalyst for Flue Gas Purification from Carbon Monoxide of Multi-Chamber Furnaces for Baking Electrode Blanks

Dross Formation in Aluminum Melts During the Charging of Beverage Can Scrap Bales with Different Densities Using Various Thermal Pretreatments

Herein, dross formation (D) in used beverage can (UBC) scrap bales was investigated in laboratory-scale experiments to understand the reactions of solid can coating residues with aluminum melts. The experimental conditions were chosen according to a multi-chamber furnaces process, in which thermal pretreatment and submerged melting of the scrap bales are combined. The thermal pretreatment results show that the supply of oxygen should be continuously adjusted to meet the oxygen demand of UBC scrap bales for thermolysis. Moreover, it is necessary to maintain the UBC scrap bales at an effective material temperature of 550–570°C for at least 30 min. It is shown that adhering carbon-containing pyrolysis char and oxidized can sheet surfaces decrease the coalescence of molten scrap, resulting in dross with a high metal fraction. Further melting experiments with UBC scrap bales of different densities (ρ) show that by lowering the ρ, the dross formation reduces.

Application of high optical technologies to determine the temperature field, ingredient composition and microstructure of the dispersed phase of combustion products of energy fuels

Application of high optical technologies for determining the temperature field, ingredient composition and microstructure of the dispersed phase of combustion products of power fuels is considered. The temperature of the combustion products is determined by method of the self-reversal of spectral lines. To determine the ingredient composition, the methods of fine-structure spectroscopy are used, when the absorption spectra of flame radiation are measured with a high spectral resolution. Then the ingredients are identified by the position of the spectral lines, and their concentration – by the intensity of the spectral lines at a fixed temperature. The temperature field in the combustion chambers of power plants is reconstructed by the method of numerical simulation of radiation transfer in combustion products of an inhomogeneous radiation propagation medium. The obtained experimental data on optical characteristics are used to solve problems of radiation heat transfer in combustion chambers of power plants with multi-chamber furnaces. Prospects for the creation of high-temperature atlases of the parameters of spectral lines of the ingredients of the gas phase of combustion products and their application in promising developments of power plants and in rocket technology are considered.

Modeling of hot stamping process procedure based on finite state machine (FSM)

Hot stamping technology of high strength steel creates new possibilities for vehicle manufacturers in promoting safety and fuel efficiency. The proportion of hot stamping parts in vehicles increases each year, and there are already hundreds of different types of hot stamping lines throughout the world. However, few studies regarding modeling of hot stamping process procedure have been reported, nor have there been studies regarding cooperative scheduling of manufacturing units (including heating units, transferring units, and forming units), or the relationship between productivity and energy consumption. With the shortening of the vehicle life cycle, auto parts manufacturing must be flexible for multiple types and small batches to meet the challenges of the market. In this paper, a model of the hot stamping process procedure based on finite state machine is established, then the model is adapted for the procedure control of a hot stamping line, consisting of multi-chamber furnaces, linear conveying robots, and a mechanical servo press. The cooperative scheduling of various manufacturing units, especially the method which matches multiple heating chambers with a single forming die, is focused on. Finally, a hot stamping line with multi-chamber furnaces is designed and implemented, and the analysis of its production sequence, energy consumption, and delivery cycles is performed. The results show that with the new modeling method of hot stamping process based on finite state machine, the new developed hot stamping line is capable of multiple production objectives and flexible configuration in accordance with production and delivery periods. This active configuration aids in extending equipment life and reduce energy consumption. The modeling method expands production models for hot stamping, from the mass production model to multiple types and small batches production model.

Mathematical model of heat-hydrodynamic state of the multichamber furnace during the baking of electrode blanks

Розроблено фізичну і математичну модель тепло-гідродинамічного стану камери багатокамерної печі випалу з врахуванням радіаційного теплообміну і процесу горіння природного газу

Effect of Firing Furnace Condition on Fired Anode Quality

Firing of aluminum electrolyzer anodes in multichamber furnaces of the open type is considered. On the basis of studying the thermal work of a firing furnace the main defects of furnace lining that arise during operation and the reasons for their development are studied. The effect of furnace construction on production of finished components from the point of view of quality, productivity, and correspondingly economic efficiency, is analyzed in detail.

Optimizing the combustion of liquid organic waste in a multichamber furnace

Optimizing the combustion of liquid organic waste in a multichamber furnace

Vakuum-Härteofen mit Gasabschrecksystemen

Single-chamber vacuum furnaces have made remarkable progress in the last two decades, particulary with respect to flexibility, cooling speed and temperature uniformity during heating and cooling. Two newly developed highly flexible units are shown. Further increase in the cooling performance in this type of furnace is limited, both by technical and by economical factors. Multi-chamber furnaces with separate cooling chambers allow further technical progress to be made in this field at low operating costs. Theoretical model calculations as well as practical test results are presented.

Trends and specific features of special metallurgical concepts in the German Democratic Republic

The development of many branches of modern technology is closely connected to the use of superpure metals, special alloys and special steel grades. The necessity to produce these materials with the lowest content of various inclusions, accompanying elements and other contaminations which adversely affect material properties, has led to a continuous development of the technologies and concepts of vacuum and special metallurgy. In this field, the GDR stepped upon an entirely new path with the use of electron beam multichamber furnaces for steel production which has been implemented since the middle sixties.

The significance of the zone melting theory for the electron beam multi-chamber furnace : H. Fiedler, G. Scharf and F. Esser, Vacuum19, No. 4, p. 205

Evaluation of inhibitory effect of emulsifiers on pancreatic trypsin and α-chymotrypsin.The inhibitory effect of Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 40, Brij O10, Tween 20, polyethylene glycol 8000, polyethylene glycol 400, Carbitol, Pemulen TR-1, Pemulen TR-2, Carbopol Ultrez 20 and Carbopol Ultrez 21 on pancreatic trypsin and α-chymotrypsin was tested. BAEE (Nα-Benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester), BTEE (N-Benzoyl-l-tyrosine ethyl ester), casein and insulin were used as substrates for trypsin and α-chymotrypsin. SEDDS containing Pemulen TR-2 were developed, loaded with insulin-DMPG (dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol) complex, characterized and tested regarding the protective effect towards the proteolytic degradation of insulin.Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 40, Brij O10, Tween 20, polyethylene glycol 8000, polyethylene glycol 400, Carbitol did not show any inhibitory effect towards trypsin and α-chymotrypsin, whereas Pemulen TR-1, Pemulen TR-2, Carbopol Ultrez 20 and Carbopol Ultrez 21 inhibited the enzymes in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, Pemulen and Carbopol Ultrez emulsifiers exhibited comparable inhibitory properties (p > 0.05). The incorporation of 0.34% w/w of Pemulen TR-2 in SEDDS decreased the degradation rate of the loaded insulin-DMPG complex compared to the blank formulation (p < 0.05).The present study revealed that commonly used emulsifiers in SEDDS do not have inhibitory properties on the proteolytic activity of trypsin and α-chymotrypsin. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the incorporation of emulsifiers with inhibitory properties towards trypsin and α-chymotrypsin in SEDDS play a minor role in the protection of embedded drugs from enzymatic degradation.

The significance of the zone melting theory for the electron beam multi-chamber furnace

The postulates of the zone melting theory do not adequately cover the concentration distributions observed in steel or alloy ingots obtained from electron beam multi-chamber furnaces. A model system based on the segregation and diffusion processes was developed to give an improved description of the segregation process and the system was programmed for a digital computer. The results indicate that the solidification rate is the most important factor in the melting conditions investigated and that, in the water cooled moulds, only a relatively small area is capable of an increase in concentration.

Multi-chamber furnaces heated by an electron beam: K Schmidt,Proc First Nat Conf Electro-Heat, Prague, Nov 1966, ( in German)

In investment casting processes for TiAl alloys, a substantial amount of the original raw material does not end-up as a final product but is instead solidified in runners and feeders of the casting system or as a skull in the crucible. Because of the high prices for the virgin alloys, there is a strong interest in remelting this scrap. This is a challenging task due to the tremendous oxygen affinity of titanium alloys. The contact of the melt with shell mould and crucible material leads to oxygen pickup during casting. Up to now no technique exists to avoid this effect, thus any recycling process for TiAl casting scrap potentially needs a deoxidation technique. Within the IMPRESS project, experimental proof for the feasibility of a novel treatment has been obtained in a series of tests and results are presented in this paper. Casting scrap from pilot-trials has been consolidated via classic vacuum induction melting (VIM) in special ceramic crucibles and then successfully deoxidized by pressure electroslag remelting (PESR) under reactive slags. Further refining by vacuum arc remelting (VAR) finally leads to removal of dissolved reducing agent and impurities like non-metallic-inclusions.

Contribution to the question of firing refractory raw materials in a fluidized bed

On the basis of investigations made on models, we established the velocities necessary for normal fluidization: we found it to be possible to use nongrate furnaces for converting refractory material into grog, and established that the work is done with Re lying in the self-simulating region; we evolved a shaft profile for the laboratory furnace for burning refractory materials in the fluidized bed and established that it is possible to change these clays into grog in multichamber grateless furnaces; we also found that it is possible to obtain grog of satisfactory quality (water absorption of about 5%) with only slight intensification of the firing processes.