Multitype Approach Research Articles

Liver retransplantation in the modern concept of treatment of its terminal pathology (literature review)

The work is devoted to the analysis of modern literature data and approaches in performing repeated liver transplantation. The most frequent causes of liver graft loss are PNFT, HAT, recurrent initial disease and chronic rejection. The leading indication for retransplantation in children is HAT. The one-year survival rate after retransplantation is approximately 75%. Reducing the cost of organ retransplantation and the cost-effectiveness of the procedure are controversial issues. Mathematical modeling has identified several significant recipient and donor factors affecting the outcomes of retransplantation. Despite ethical and economic considerations, retransplantation is the only option for transplant patients whose grafts have failed to engraft. The decision to retransplant should be made with some caution, with full multi-type approach in large multidisciplinary transplant centers.

The Impact of Cultural Capital on Vaccine Attitudes among the Slovenian Public.

Education and highbrow cultural participation-two dimensions of cultural capital-have previously been identified as determinants of vaccine attitudes, though the links have been mainly inconsistent across studies. The present quantitative study aimed to examine the effects of two dimensions of cultural capital (institutionalized and embodied cultural capital) on the pro-vaccine attitudes of the Slovenian public. A cross-sectional quantitative study was performed in November 2019, a few months prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The non-probability sample survey was collected by inviting respondents over the age of 18 to participate using the snowball technique via e-mail, digital social networks (Facebook, Twitter and Instagram) and University of Maribor social network profiles. The sample was obtained through an online survey tool 1ka.si (N = 661; Mage = 34.9 years). The impact of education and highbrow cultural participation on vaccine attitudes was examined, controlling for sociodemographic variables (gender, age and size of residential settlement) and economic variables (income and family economic status) in multivariate analyses. Bivariate analyses indicated that pro-vaccine attitudes were significantly more likely to be expressed by men, younger respondents, those with lower incomes, higher perceived family economic status, living in urban areas and by those who are more frequently engaged in highbrow cultural activities, while education had no impact on vaccine attitudes. The results did not substantially change when multiple regression models were employed. Our study indicated that cultural capital has an inconsistent impact on vaccine attitudes; while education has no impact, highbrow cultural participation increases pro-vaccine attitudes. The results suggest a multi-type approach is needed to address vaccine scepticism among the Slovenian public.

Multi-type Bayesian hierarchical modeling of traffic conflict extremes for crash estimation

Most existing Extreme Value Theory (EVT) models were developed based on the total number of conflicts or a single type of traffic conflict to estimate the corresponding frequency of crashes. Using the total number of conflicts to estimate the total number of crashes may make it difficult to diagnose safety problems as countermeasures are usually related to specific conflict/crash types. Single-type EVT models may help to better explain the mechanism of crash occurrence of a certain type, but they only reflect the partial safety of a road entity. Therefore, developing EVT models for multiple types of traffic conflicts would be more representative. However, one important issue in modeling various types of traffic conflicts is that there will be considerable correlation among various conflict types. The modeled crash prediction results would be biased if the conflict type correlation is not accounted for. This study proposes a multi-type Bayesian hierarchical extreme value modeling approach, which has four advantages: 1) integrates multiple types of traffic conflicts; 2) incorporates the influence of several covariates; 3) combines traffic conflicts from different sites; 4) accounts for the unobserved heterogeneity in conflict extremes. The proposed multi-type approach was applied to estimate rear-end crashes and side-impact crashes of left-turning vehicles based on their corresponding traffic conflicts observed from two signalized intersections in the city of Surrey, British Columbia. Both conflict types of left-turning vehicles were characterized by the same indicator time-to-collision (TTC). Overall, the results show that the standard errors of the multi-type model parameters are smaller than those of single-type models. Moreover, the multi-type model produces more accurate crash estimates than its corresponding single-type models. The more accurate crash estimates are probably attributed to the two-type model accounting for the conflict type correlation.

The Ability of Multi-Type Maltreatment and Poly-Victimization Approaches to Reflect Psychopathological Impairment of Victimization in Spanish Community Adolescents

This paper examined the ability of two different approaches (the multi-type maltreatment approach, and the polyvictimization approach) to reflect the psychopathological aftermath of victimization. It also analyzed gender-related differences in psychopathological symptoms at varying levels of exposure to violence. The study was conducted in 923 Spanish community adolescents (aged from 14 to 18 years; 62.4% girls; 87.4% born in Spain), recruited for screening purposes from eight secondary schools in Barcelona and its metropolitan area (Spain). The study was based on cross-sectional data. The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire and the Youth Self Report (DSM scales) were used to analyze victimization and psychopathological impairment respectively. The results showed that the two approaches present a similar ability to reflect psychopathological outcomes. The use of mean T scores to analyze psychopathological impairments conceals the high percentages of adolescents who are at risk in several psychopathological scales. Gender-related differences, analyzed under the multi-type approach, showed that girls presented slightly higher levels of symptomatology in reaction to their first experiences of victimization, whereas boys presented strong emotional reactions after the accumulation of a high number of victimized areas. Adolescents victimized in up to three areas showed evidence of resiliency to interpersonal victimization events and displayed non-clinical psychopathological profiles. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms had to be considered in high victimized groups, conjointly with affective, somatic and post-traumatic stress as psychopathological symptoms related to victimization.

Rethinking the relationship between expert and local knowledge: Toward a multi-type approach

Rethinking the relationship between expert and local knowledge: Toward a multi-type approach

Rethinking the relationship between technical and local knowledge: Toward a multi-type approach

Abstract In the field of policy-making, technical knowledge is generally regarded as objective, true, and sufficient. It is typically positioned in contrast to local knowledge, which is considered subjective and irrelevant to policy-making. This paper follows a growing scholarly trend of re-examining the relationship between technical and local knowledge, in order to show that technical knowledge may be disputable, uncertain, and based on problematic presuppositions, while local knowledge often employs objective and systematic methods. The dichotomy between local and technical knowledge is thereby questioned, with the proposal that there exist multiple types of knowledge that are of relevance to policy-making. In addition, the paper shows that the boundary between individuals who hold different types of knowledge is blurry, and that, in fact, policy-making stakeholders simultaneously employ several types of knowledge. The empirical data for this study comes from a stakeholder participation process in Health Impact Assessment, which focused on land uses in the vicinity of a national hazardous industry and waste site.

Bond percolation on a class of correlated and clustered random graphs

We introduce a formalism for computing bond percolation properties of a class of correlated and clustered random graphs. This class of graphs is a generalization of the configuration model where nodes of different types are connected via different types of hyperedges, edges that can link more than two nodes. We argue that the multitype approach coupled with the use of clustered hyperedges can reproduce a wide spectrum of complex patterns, and thus enhances our capability to model real complex networks. As an illustration of this claim, we use our formalism to highlight unusual behaviours of the size and composition of the components (small and giant) in a synthetic, albeit realistic, social network.

Heterogeneous bond percolation on multitype networks with an application to epidemic dynamics

Considerable attention has been paid, in recent years, to the use of networks in modeling complex real-world systems. Among the many dynamical processes involving networks, propagation processes-in which the final state can be obtained by studying the underlying network percolation properties-have raised formidable interest. In this paper, we present a bond percolation model of multitype networks with an arbitrary joint degree distribution that allows heterogeneity in the edge occupation probability. As previously demonstrated, the multitype approach allows many nontrivial mixing patterns such as assortativity and clustering between nodes. We derive a number of useful statistical properties of multitype networks as well as a general phase transition criterion. We also demonstrate that a number of previous models based on probability generating functions are special cases of the proposed formalism. We further show that the multitype approach, by naturally allowing heterogeneity in the bond occupation probability, overcomes some of the correlation issues encountered by previous models. We illustrate this point in the context of contact network epidemiology.

The kin number problem in a multitype Galton–Watson population

"The kin number problem in its simplest form is that of the relationship between sibship sizes and offspring numbers.... Further studies have been made, concerning relatives of other degrees of affinity than siblings, but these did not usually yield joint distributions. Recently this aspect of the problem has been studied in the framework of a Galton-Watson process.... In these studies the population is treated as monotype. Applications such as pedigree studies of diseases require a multitype approach (in the example, two types: victims and others). In this paper such a study is undertaken." Problems and questions involved in this type of approach are discussed, and joint distributions are obtained under a number of sampling schemes.

The kin number problem in a multitype Galton–Watson population

The kin number problem in its simplest form is that of the relationship between sibship sizes and offspring numbers. The fact that the distributions are different, and the relationship between the two, is well known to demographers. It is important in such applications as estimating fertility from sibship rather than offspring counts. Further studies have been made, concerning relatives of other degrees of affinity than siblings, but these did not usually yield joint distributions. Recently this aspect of the problem has been studied in the framework of a Galton–Watson process (Waugh (1981), Joffe and Waugh (1982)). In these studies the population is treated as monotype. Applications such as pedigree studies of diseases require a multitype approach (in the example, two types: victims and others). In this paper such a study is undertaken. The existence of more than one type complicates the time-reversal used in the previous studies, and raises questions about the way in which the focal individual (called ‘Ego') is sampled. These are dealt with, and joint distributions obtained, under a number of sampling schemes which might arise naturally.

ACHIEVING MULTITYPE LIBRARY COOPERATION THROUGH A MULTI-STATE BROKERAGE ORGANIZATION

An online revolution in libraries and information services has resulted from changes in the technology, economics, and the environment associated with libraries. A variety of patterns has emerged in the delivery and management of library services. For a number of years, the Mountain-Plains Region of the United States has met the challenge of interlibrary cooperation thmugh a multi-state and multitype approach manifested by the Bibliographical Center for Research (BCR). This paper, using BCR as an illustration, explores the concepts of brokerage, multitype, and multi-state programs for interlibrary cooperation. A variety of aspects, including funding, legal basis, membership criteria, program objectives, and present activities are examined.