Multi-target Approach Research Articles

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: COMPREHENSIVE INSIGHTS INTO RISK FACTORS, BIOMARKERS, AND ADVANCED TREATMENT APPROACHES

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting individuals over 60. It is a multifactorial disease driven by both modifiable factors, such as lifestyle, diet, and prior health conditions, as well as non-modifiable factors, like age, genetics, and family history. The key pathological features of AD include the buildup of amyloid β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles resulting from hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in the brain. Biomarkers like amyloid β and tau protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood are essential for diagnosing and tracking AD progression. Current research focuses on developing drugs targeting multiple aspects of AD pathology, including inflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and protein accumulation. These treatments aim to slow cognitive decline and neuronal damage. Given the complexity of AD, multi-targeted therapeutic approaches are being explored to enhance treatment efficacy. This review provides an overview of AD risk factors, key biomarkers used for diagnosis, and the latest advances in clinical drug development.

The Icarian flight of antibody-drug conjugates: target selection amidst complexity and tackling adverse impacts.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising class of targeted cancer therapeutics that combine the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potency of cytotoxic payloads. Despite their therapeutic potential, the use of ADCs faces significant challenges, including off/on-target toxicity and resistance development. This review examines the current landscape of ADC development, focusing on the critical aspects of target selection and antibody engineering. We discuss strategies to increase ADC efficacy and safety, including multitarget approaches, pH-dependent antibodies, and masked peptide technologies. The importance of comprehensive antigen expression profiling in both tumor and normal tissues is emphasized, highlighting the role of advanced technologies, such as single-cell sequencing and artificial intelligence (AI), in optimizing target selection. Furthermore, we explore combination therapies and innovations in linker‒payload chemistry, which may provide approaches for expanding the therapeutic window of ADCs. These advances pave the way for the development of more precise and effective cancer treatments, potentially extending ADC applications beyond oncology.

Computational screening and molecular dynamics of natural compounds targeting the SH2 domain of STAT3: a multitarget approach using network pharmacology.

SH2 (Src Homology 2) domains play a crucial role in phosphotyrosine-mediated signaling and have emerged as promising drug targets, particularly in cancer therapy. STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3), which contains an SH2 domain, plays a pivotal role in cancer progression and immune evasion because it facilitates the dimerization of STAT3, which is essential for their activation and subsequent nuclear translocation. SH2 domain-mediated STAT3 inhibition disrupts this binding, reduces phosphorylation of STAT3, and impairs dimerization. This study employed an in silico approach to screen potential natural compounds that could target the SH2 domain of STAT3 and inhibit its function. The phytomolecules (182455) were retrieved from the ZINC 15 database and were docked using various modes like HTVS, SP, and XP. The phytomolecules exhibiting higher binding affinity were selected. MM-GBSA was performed to determine binding free energy, and the QikProp tool was utilized to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of potential hit compounds, narrowing down the list of candidates. Molecular dynamics simulations, thermal MM-GBSA, and WaterMap analysis were performed on compounds that exhibited favorable binding affinities and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Based on docking scores and binding interactions, ZINC255200449, ZINC299817570, ZINC31167114, and ZINC67910988 were identified as potential STAT3 inhibitors. ZINC67910988 demonstrated superior stability in molecular dynamics simulation and WaterMap analysis. Furthermore, DFT was performed to determine energetic and electronic properties, and HOMO and LUMO sites were predicted for electronic structure calculation. Additionally, network pharmacology was performed to map the compounds' interactions within biological networks, highlighting their multitarget potential. Compound-target networks elucidate the relationships between compounds and multiple targets, along with their associated pathways and help to minimize off-target effects. The identified lead compound showed strong potential as a STAT3 inhibitor, warranting further validation through in vitro and in vivo studies.

Enhanced antitumor immunity in breast cancer: Synergistic effects of ADAM10/ADAM17 inhibition, metabolic modulation, and camptothecin-loaded selenium nanoparticles.

In this study, we investigate the impact of a multi-targeted therapeutic approach that includes camptothecin (CPT), a potent chemotherapeutic topoisomerase inhibitor; metformin (Met), a metabolic modulator with emerging anti-tumor effects; and GW280264X, an inhibitor of ADAM 10/ADAM 17 enzymes, which are associated with tumor invasion and immune response. The study aims to assess the combined effects of these agents in enhancing CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity and suppressing cancer cell growth in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models, both in vitro and in vivo. Cell viability was performed on the 4T1 human TNBC cell line. Furthermore, we examined c-MYC protein expression by western blot, TOX and NR4A expression by Real-time PCR, and the number of CD8+ CD28+ T cells by immunofluorescence assay to demonstrate the anticancer effects of combined of CPT, Met and GW280264X in BC growth, exhaustion and senescence of T cells. Regarding cell viability, HA-Se@CPT+Met and HA-Se@CPT+Met+GW280264X treatments decreased 4T1 cell growth (p<0.001). Combination therapy of Met, HA-Se@CPT, and GW280264X significantly reduced tumor volume and weight in vivo. This treatment also increased the number of CD8+ CD28+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of BC (p<0.0001) and decreased the expression of TOX and NR4A (p<0.0001, p<0.01). Furthermore, decreased expression of c-MYC as an oncogene protein was seen in the single and combined treatment by HA-Se@CPT and GW280264X (p<0.05). These findings suggest that of HA-Se@CPT, Met, and GW280264X may inhibit tumor progression in BC by improving the function and infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Their effect is more pronounced when used in combination.

Design, synthesis and mechanistic insights into triclosan derived dimers as potential anti-plasmodials.

In pursuit of novel anti-plasmodial agents, a library of triclosan-based dimers both with and without a 1H-1,2,3 triazole core were designed and synthesized in order to achieve a multitargeted approach. In vitro assessment against chloroquine-susceptible (3D7) and resistant (W2) P. falciparum strains identified that two of the synthesized dimers containing triazole were the most potent in the series. The most potent of the synthesized compounds exhibited IC50 values of 9.27 and 12.09 μM against the CQ-resistant (W2) and CQ-susceptible (3D7) strains of P. falciparum, with an RI of 0.77, suggesting little or no cross-resistance with CQ. Heme binding and molecular modelling studies revealed the most promising scaffold as a dual inhibitor for hemozoin formation and a P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT), respectively. In silico studies of the most potent compound revealed that it shows better binding affinity with PfACP and PfCRT compared to TCS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of triclosan-based compounds demonstrating promising heme-inhibition behaviour, with binding values comparable to those of chloroquine (CQ).

Advancements in Antioxidant-Based Therapeutics for Spinal Cord Injury: A Critical Review of Strategies and Combination Approaches

Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a cascade of secondary damage driven by oxidative stress, characterized by the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and other reactive molecules, which exacerbate cellular and tissue damage through the activation of deleterious signaling pathways. This review provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of recent advancements in antioxidant-based therapeutic strategies for SCI, including natural compounds, RNA-based therapies, stem cell interventions, and biomaterial applications. It emphasizes the limitations of single-regimen approaches, particularly their limited efficacy and suboptimal delivery to injured spinal cord tissue, while highlighting the synergistic potential of combination therapies that integrate multiple modalities to address the multifaceted pathophysiology of SCI. By analyzing emerging trends and current limitations, this review identifies key challenges and proposes future directions, including the refinement of antioxidant delivery systems, the development of multi-targeted approaches, and strategies to overcome the structural complexities of the spinal cord. This work underscores the pressing need for innovative and integrative therapeutic approaches to advance the clinical translation of antioxidant-based interventions and improve outcomes for SCI patients.

Plant-Derived Anti-Cancer Therapeutics and Biopharmaceuticals

In spite of significant advancements in diagnosis and treatment, cancer remains one of the major threats to human health due to its ability to cause disease with high morbidity and mortality. A multifactorial and multitargeted approach is required towards intervention of the multitude of signaling pathways associated with carcinogenesis inclusive of angiogenesis and metastasis. In this context, plants provide an immense source of phytotherapeutics that show great promise as anticancer drugs. There is increasing epidemiological data indicating that diets rich in vegetables and fruits could decrease the risks of certain cancers. Several studies have proved that natural plant polyphenols, such as flavonoids, lignans, phenolic acids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, isoprenoids, terpenes, and stilbenes, could be used in anticancer prophylaxis and therapeutics by recruitment of mechanisms inclusive of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and modulation of several molecular events associated with carcinogenesis. The current review discusses the anticancer activities of principal phytochemicals with focus on signaling circuits towards targeted cancer prophylaxis and therapy. Also addressed are plant-derived anti-cancer vaccines, nanoparticles, monoclonal antibodies, and immunotherapies. This review article brings to light the importance of plants and plant-based platforms as invaluable, low-cost sources of anti-cancer molecules of particular applicability in resource-poor developing countries.

Multifunctional dietary approach reduces intestinal inflammation in relation with changes in gut microbiota composition in subjects at cardiometabolic risk: the SINFONI project

ABSTRACT The development of cardiometabolic (CM) diseases is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, partly linked to alterations of the gut microbiota (GM) and reduced intestinal integrity. The SINFONI project investigates a multifunctional (MF) nutritional strategy’s impact combining different bioactive compounds on inflammation, GM modulation and CM profile. In this randomized crossover-controlled study, 30 subjects at CM-risk consumed MF cereal-products, enriched with polyphenols, fibers, slowly-digestible starch, omega-3 fatty acids or Control cereal-products (without bioactive compounds) for 2 months. Metabolic endotoxemia (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein over soluble cluster of differentiation-14 (LBP/sCD14), systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk markers, intestinal inflammation, CM profile and response to a one-week fructose supplementation, were assessed at fasting and post mixed-meal. GM composition and metabolomic analysis were conducted. Mixed linear models were employed, integrating time (pre/post), treatment (MF/control), and sequence/period. Compared to control, MF intervention reduced intestinal inflammation (fecal calprotectin, p = 0.007) and endotoxemia (fasting LPS, p < 0.05), without alteration of systemic inflammation. MF decreased serum branched-chain amino acids compared to control (p < 0.05) and increased B.ovatus, B.uniformis, A.butyriciproducens and unclassified Christensenellaceae.CAG-74 (p < 0.05). CM markers were unchanged. A 2-month dietary intervention combining multiple bioactive compounds improved intestinal inflammation and induced GM modulation. Such strategy appears as an effective strategy to target low-grade inflammation through multi-target approach.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing, Cell Communication, and Network Pharmacology Reveal the Potential Mechanism of Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Inhibition.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a prevalent form of primary liver malignancy, arises from liver-specific hepatocytes. Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham(Climbing senecio) is a bitter-tasting plant of the Compositae family with anti-tumor properties. This study aims to identify the molecular targets and pathways through which Climbing senecio regulates HCC. Active ingredients of Climbing senecio were collected from four online databases and mapped to relevant target databases to obtain predicted targets. After recognizing the key pathways through which Climbing senecio acts in HCC. Gene expression data from GSE54238 Underwent differential expression and weighted gene correlation network analyses to identify HCC-related genes. The "Climbing senecio-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Targets" network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.10.1 software, followed by topology analysis to identify core genes. The expression and distribution of key targets were evaluated, and the differential expression of each key target between normal and diseased samples was calculated. Moreover, single-cell data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE202642) were used to assess the distribution of Climbing senecio's bioactive targets within major HCC clusters. An intersection analysis of these clusters with pharmacological targets and HCC-related genes identified Climbing senecio's primary targets for this disease. Cell communication, receiver operating characteristic (ROC)analysis, survival analysis, immune filtration analysis, and molecular docking studies were conducted for detailed characterization. Eleven components of Climbing senecio were identified, along with 520 relevant targets, 300 differentially expressed genes, and 3765 co-expression module genes associated with HCC. AKR1B1, CA2, FOS, CXCL2, SRC, ABCC1, and PLIN1 were identified within the intersection of HCC-related genes and Climbing senecio targets. TGFβ, IL-1, VEGF, and CXCL were identified as significant factors in the onset and progression of HCC. These findings underscore the anti-HCC potential and mode of action of Climbing senecio, providing insights into multi-targeted treatment approaches for HCC. This study revealed that Climbing senecio may target multiple pathways and genes in the process of regulating HCC and exert potential drug effects through a multi-target mechanism, which provides a new idea for the treatment of HCC. However, the research is predicated on network database analysis and bioinformatics, offering insights into HCC therapeutic potential while emphasizing the need for further validation.

Exploring Xiaojianzhong decoction's potential in gastric cancer treatment: Integrative insights and experimental validation

Gastric cancer (GC) remains a formidable global health concern with significant morbidity and mortality rates, despite the fact that numerous advances have been made to improve conventional therapies. Xiaojianzhong decoction (XJZ), a traditional Chinese medicine, has garnered academic attention as a multicomponent, multitarget approach to managing GC. The present editorial explores the potential of XJZ in the treatment of GC through a comprehensive analysis of network pharmacology and experimental validation. Network pharmacology was used to identify key molecular targets of XJZ, including interleukin 6, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 9, and in vitro experiments were used to confirm the efficacy of XJZ in inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and modulating gene expression associated with GC progression. This editorial highlights XJZ as a promising therapeutic strategy for GC and indicates a need for further clinical exploration and validation of its efficacy.

Advancing Systemic Therapy in Chondrosarcoma: New Horizons.

The systemic treatment landscape for advanced and metastatic chondrosarcoma, a malignancy with limited responsiveness to conventional therapies, has always been notoriously challenging. While standard chemotherapy offers minimal benefits, certain subtypes, such as mesenchymal and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, have shown some response to systemic therapies initially developed for other sarcomas. Investigational strategies are focusing on molecular targets, including mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (IDH), signaling pathways, such as hedgehog and death receptor 5 (DR5) and immune modulation. IDH mutations, notably found in conventional and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, have prompted the evaluation of IDH inhibitors, which have demonstrated promising efficacy in preclinical and early clinical trials, despite limited data in chondrosarcoma. Additionally, the hedgehog pathway, implicated in chondrosarcoma progression, has been targeted with inhibitors, although clinical translation has shown mixed results. Immunotherapy, including programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells, is also being investigated but faces challenges due to the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Among new approaches, DR5 agonists such as INBRX-109 have shown single-agent efficacy, with minimal toxicity, opening possibilities for use in combination therapies to improve outcomes. Given the heterogenous and treatment-resistant nature of chondrosarcoma, we highlight the need for multi-omics and genetic profiling to guide personalized, combination therapies that target multiple carcinogenic pathways. The integration of multi-targeted approaches could enhance efficacy, address tumour heterogeneity, and overcome resistance, presenting a hopeful direction for systemic therapy in this challenging cancer. The investigation of combination regimens with IDH inhibitors, immunotherapy and DR5 agonists hold promise for transforming the management of advanced chondrosarcoma.

Continuous Multi-Target Approaching Control of Hyper-Redundant Manipulators Based on Reinforcement Learning

Hyper-redundant manipulators based on bionic structures offer superior dexterity due to their large number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) and slim bodies. However, controlling these manipulators is challenging because of infinite inverse kinematic solutions. In this paper, we present a novel reinforcement learning-based control method for hyper-redundant manipulators, integrating path and configuration planning. First, we introduced a deep reinforcement learning-based control method for a multi-target approach, eliminating the need for complicated reward engineering. Then, we optimized the network structure and joint space target points sampling to implement precise control. Furthermore, we designed a variable-reset cycle technique for a continuous multi-target approach without resetting the manipulator, enabling it to complete end-effector trajectory tracking tasks. Finally, we verified the proposed control method in a dynamic simulation environment. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, achieving a success rate of 98.32% with a 134% improvement using the variable-reset cycle technique.

Exploring the anti-cancer properties of Carissa carandas as a multi-targeted approach against breast cancer

The escalating incidence of breast cancer globally presents a formidable challenge within oncology. Our research pursued an examination of the anti-cancer potential of Carissa carandas, a shrub traditionally used for medicinal purposes and known for its composition of vital nutrients and phytochemicals. We employed a network pharmacology strategy combined with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the intricate relationships between the phytochemical constituents of C. carandas, critical breast cancer proteins, and associated signaling pathways. The study highlighted a complex network of protein interactions, identifying AKT1, HIF1A, PTGS2, and GSK3B as key nodes within this network. These proteins are engaged by numerous investigated compounds from C. carandas and are fundamental in modulating crucial signaling pathways such as those involving Estrogen, HIF-1, Prolactin, VEGF, and Th17 cell differentiation—each of which plays a recognized role in breast cancer progression, affecting tumor growth, proliferation, and metastatic potential. Our analysis suggests that the phytochemicals in C. carandas may exert anti-cancer activity by synergistically modulating these pathways, highlighting the benefit of multi-targeted therapeutic approaches over single-targeted ones. In summary, through the application of advanced network pharmacology, molecular docking, MD simulations, and MM/PBSA analysis, our study offers a detailed exploration of the potential mechanisms by which C. carandas may exert anti-cancer effects. This sets a foundation for further in-depth experimental and clinical trials to validate these mechanisms and support the advancement of novel plant-derived therapeutic options towards breast cancer, with the possibility of significantly advancing the therapeutic options for this prevalent disease.

Therapeutic Resolution of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) Using Natural Products

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and rare condition characterised by the occlusion of pulmonary arterioles, with clinical manifestations resulting from the cross-sectional area reduction of the small pulmonary arteries. The disease is driven by a combination of factors including vasoconstriction, thrombosis, inflammation, proliferation, and the obstructive remodelling of the pulmonary artery walls. Heterozygous mutations in the type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR2) underlie the majority of the inherited and familial forms of PAH. Current evidence indicates that in PAH, the BMPR2-mediated-signalling is diminished and the TGFβ signalling is heightened. Even when managed with current therapeutic approaches, the disease eventually results in increased pulmonary vascular resistance, right heart failure, and premature death. Natural products act as vascular disease treatment agents and have been used in clinical practice following compelling clinical trials. The rationale for the selection of natural compounds derives from their multi-targeted approach and synergistic effects. Although novel medicines licenced by the FDA (USA) between 1981 and 2010, constitute approximately 34% natural products or derivatives of natural products, their potentials for the treatment of PAH are not fully explored. The objective of this review is to emphasise the significance of natural products in the therapeutic resolution of PAH.

Deciphering the pharmacological mechanism of Radix astragali for allergic rhinitis through network pharmacology and experimental validation

Radix Astragali (RA) has been recognized for its therapeutic potential in allergic rhinitis (AR), yet its potential pharmacological mechanisms remain elusive. This study systematically investigated the physicochemical properties and biological activities of RA’s phytochemicals, aiming to elucidate their targets and mechanisms in AR treatment. We identified 775 potential targets of RA’s key phytochemicals and intersected these with 29,544 AR-related disease targets, pinpointing 747 shared therapeutic targets. A protein-protein interaction network analysis categorized these targets into five subclusters, with TNF, NFKB1, IKBKB, NFKBIA, and CHUK emerging as central nodes. Enrichment analysis revealed their roles in inflammatory and immune responses, particularly through the NF-κB, TNF, IL-17, Toll-like receptor, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations confirmed the strong binding affinity and stability of RA’s phytochemicals to these targets. In vivo, RA intervention effectively reversed the expression of key inflammatory markers in an IL-13-induced nasal mucosa inflammation model. Our findings suggest that RA’s multitargeted approach involves the modulation of critical inflammatory pathways, highlighting its therapeutic potential.

Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Central Nervous System Diseases by Modulating Ferroptosis.

A newly proposed form of programmed cell death, ferroptosis, is distinct in cellular morphology, biochemical characteristics, and genetic characteristics from apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. Its mechanisms primarily encompass iron overload, lipid peroxidation, and amino acid metabolisms. Extensive research confirms that ferroptosis is linked to the onset and progression of various diseases that pose a threat to the central nervous system (CNS), offering new directions and targets for the mechanistic study and pharmacotherapy of CNS diseases. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), encompassing herbal medicines (extracts, compound formulations, injections, etc.), acupuncture, and moxibustion, boasts advantages over other treatments, such as multi-pathway and multi-target approaches and high safety. TCM has also demonstrated good efficacy in treating CNS diseases. Numerous studies indicate that TCM can modulate ferroptosis to treat CNS diseases, showing promising research prospects. This paper briefly outlines the pathways and mechanisms of ferroptosis and systematically summarizes the current status and progress of TCM in regulating various CNS diseases through the ferroptosis pathway, providing new insights and directions for future TCM treatments of CNS diseases.

The Interplay of Stress, Inflammation, and Metabolic Factors in the Course of Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition for which there are symptomatic treatments but no disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Extensive research over the years has highlighted the need for a multi-target DMT approach in PD that recognizes the various risk factors and their intricate interplay in contributing to PD-related neurodegeneration. Widespread risk factors, such as emotional stress and metabolic factors, have increasingly become focal points of exploration. Our review aims to summarize interactions between emotional stress and selected key players in metabolism, such as insulin, as potential mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in PD.

Nanoparticles Codelivering mRNA and SiRNA for Simultaneous Restoration and Silencing of Gene/Protein Expression In Vitro and In Vivo.

RNA-based agents (siRNA, miRNA, and mRNA) can selectively manipulate gene expression/proteins and are set to revolutionize a variety of disease treatments. Nanoparticle (NP) platforms have been developed to deliver functional mRNA or siRNA inside cells to overcome their inherent limitations. Recent studies have focused on siRNA to knock down proteins causing drug resistance or mRNA technology to introduce tumor suppressors. However, cancer needs multitargeted approaches to selectively manipulate multiple gene expressions/proteins. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed NPs containing Luc-mRNA and siRNA-GFP as model agents ((M+S)-NPs) and showed that NPs can simultaneously deliver functional mRNA and siRNA and impact the expression of two genes/proteins in vitro. Additionally, after in vivo administration, (M+S)-NPs successfully knocked down GFP while introducing luciferase into a TNBC mouse model, indicating that our NPs have the potential to develop RNA-based anticancer therapeutics. These studies pave the way to develop RNA-based, multitargeted approaches for complex diseases like cancer.

Discovery of the First-in-Class Dual-Target ROCK/HDAC Inhibitor with Potent Antitumor Efficacy in Vivo That Trigger Antitumor Immunity.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a highly aggressive and heterogeneous malignancy. Currently, multitarget drug approaches present a promising therapeutic approach for TNBC. Utilizing a combinatorial chemistry strategy to construct a virtual screening database, dual ROCK/HDAC-targeting benzothiophene compounds were identified. Notably, compound 10h effectively inhibits ROCK1/2 and HDAC1/2/3/6/8 while demonstrating potent antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cells. In an orthotopic mouse model of breast cancer, 10h significantly suppressed tumor growth without apparent toxicity. Importantly, 10h induced immunogenic cell death (ICD), promoted dendritic cells (DCs) maturation, and activated T cells, thereby initiating antitumor immunity. In conclusion, compound 10h is a novel dual-target ROCK/HDAC inhibitor that represents a promising treatment strategy for TNBC.

Metabolite Profiling and Integrated Network Pharmacology Based Mechanism of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Fruit Against Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae) is an essential food plant in India possessing antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities. The objective included comparative estimation of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibition potential of B. hispida fractions prepared by microwave-assisted extraction and prediction of metabolite interaction against non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by metabolite profiling based network pharmacology analysis. A validated microwave-assisted extraction method was employed to obtain different fractions of B. hispida fruits. The invitro enzyme assay was done with p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside and acarbose as standard to evaluate antidiabetic potential. The phytomolecules present in the active fraction wereidentified by UHPLC-QToF-MS/MS analysis. Network pharmacology analysis gave possible gene and disease association, combination synergy network, and predicted probable mechanism of action. The highest enzyme inhibition potential (IC50) was shown by the ethyl acetate fraction (0.546 ± 0.17 mg/mL and 1.134 ± 0.42 mg/mL) compared to acarbose (0.298 ± 0.08 mg/mL and 0.532 ± 0.38 mg/mL), respectively, for α-glucosidase and α-amylase addressing the potential role in ameliorating non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolite profiling resulted in the identification of 17 metabolites, and a synergy between the identified molecules suggested multimolecule action in the amelioration of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus through insulin resistance pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Combination synergy of identified molecules was observed through a multitarget approach to manage non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Polyphenol-enriched fraction of B. hispida fruits and identified phytocompounds ameliorate non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Thus, enriched extract of B. hispida can be further investigated in order to develop high-quality, safe, and effective products for the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.