Multi-storey Housing Research Articles

COURTYARD OF THE HOUSING AREA IN THE EYES OF THREE GENERATIONS OF ITS INHABITANTS

This article examines changeability/non-changeability of the notions of the common communicative area at the example of one courtyard in the housing area of Odesa. Since "present city life includes numerous and various cultural features, styles of life and forms of owning of city space" (Holston, Appadurai, 1996), and anthropology gives a possibility to explore how exactly "global processes reflect on the particular person's life and the whole communities on the macrolevel" (Prato, Pardo, 2013), it seemed possible for us to choose as an exploration object one "courtyard", meaning the space in between of multi-story houses.
 
 XX century's second half known as the time of global urbanization, as a result of which at the beginning of the XXI century most of humanity turns out in the cities. Soviet modernization, including urbanization, was a part of those processes. USSR's dissipation and Ukraine's formation led to the change of many of every day's practics. All those processes influenced human societies and various local communities. We tried to find out how courtyard's inhabitants under all those complex processes changed their view on the notion of common space. Chronologically this research covers the period since first settlers in the new houses (1979–1980 yy.) until today (the research was set in the spring of 2018 y.).
 Were used methods of profound themed interview and mental mapping, with the help of which are explored views of three age groups of surrounding houses at common space between them. That way lets to embrace inhabitant's understanding of the courtyard as the common space for the examined period.
 The main research strategy is started by structuralists method of binary oppositions. For the analysis of changeability/non-changeability of the notions about the courtyard's common space were used binary oppositions collective/individual, activity/indifference, owned/foreign.
 Noticed by us tendencies of development of the notions about the courtyard's common space directed from collectiveness to individualism, from activity to indifference, from commonality and "our" space to the obscurity of foreign and incomprehension of owning the space."

The Staining Effect of Iron (II) Sulfate on Nine Different Wooden Substrates

Leaving wooden façades uncoated has become popular in modern architecture, especially for large buildings like multi-story houses, in order to circumvent frequent maintenance, particularly repainting. To obtain a quick and even artificial graying of the entire façade that gradually turns into natural graying, a one-off treatment with iron (II) sulfate may be applied. Its mode of action is commonly ascribed to a reaction with phenolic wood extractives, especially hydrolyzable tannins. This does not however sufficiently explain iron (II) sulfate’s ability to color wood species containing only marginal amounts of phenolic extractives; moreover, little is known about the influence of the wooden substrate and light conditions on the color development of façades treated with iron (II) sulfate. In the present study, we investigated the influence of wood extractives, exposure conditions, and nine different wooden substrates on iron (II) sulfate’s staining effect. Spruce specimens with and without extractives were treated with a 4% iron (II) sulfate solution and exposed to sunlight behind window glass. Both wood types darkened slowly but significantly during 51 weeks of exposure. This shows that artificial graying with iron (II) sulfate (1) does not require precipitation unlike natural graying, (2) takes place without initial wood extractives, and (3) proceeds at a slow rate. Specimens protected from sunlight changed their color only slightly, suggesting that photo-induced phenoxyl and ketyl radicals from photolysis of lignin’s ether bonds oxidize iron (II) to iron (III). Specimens made of spruce, pine, larch, and western red cedar (WRC) and exposed outdoors decreased strongly in lightness during the first two months of exposure. In contrast, a staining effect of iron (II) sulfate in terms of artificial graying was not seen on acetylated radiata pine, possibly because iron ions are hindered from entering the cell wall. Specimens partly protected by a roof overhang showed an uneven color development; this is due to the protection from radiation and not from precipitation as is known for natural graying.

Long-Lasting Effects of the 2013 Yolanda Typhoon on Overall Health of Mothers and Children.

Three years after the 2013 Yolanda Typhoon, this study sought to determine the factors associated with the stress of the affected mothers and the health of the children on Leyte island, and the preparedness of the community to mitigate future potential disasters. Three hundred mothers with children from 0 to 7 years old were selected through convenience sampling, structured interviews conducted using the Hurricane-Related Traumatic Experiences questionnaire and the PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) Checklist 5 (PCL5), and the children's weights and heights were measured. The provisional PTSD prevalence was found to be 53.3% 3 y after Yolanda. The multiple regression analysis with multiple imputation for the missing values found that housing and childcare attitudes were significantly associated with preparedness. This study concluded that living in multistoried houses was useful for disaster mitigation and that the caregiving responsibility for their children could be a disaster preparedness motivation for mothers.

Adapting to informality: multistorey housing driven by a co-productive process and the People’s Plans in Metro Manila, Philippines

Adapting to informality: multistorey housing driven by a co-productive process and the People’s Plans in Metro Manila, Philippines

Analysis of Adding Elevator to Multi-storey Residential Buildings in Xining Based on Cost Benefit Analysis

Adding elevators to multi-story houses can improve the social problems brought about by the aging of the population and enhance the use of old buildings. At present, the provinces have actively promoted the “people’s livelihood project” of installing elevators in multi-story houses, issued Guiding Opinions and determined the cost sharing factor, and established a complete system of installing elevators. This article uses cost-benefit analysis to determine the cost items and revenue items in the retrofit elevator project, determines the direct costs, and calculates the apportionment factor and apportionment costs. Taking a residential area in Xining as an example, the number of effective floors is set to calculate the allocation coefficient. The allocation cost increases as the floor rises. Through this calculation, data can be provided for Xining to determine the cost-sharing coefficient for installing elevators. Further promote the project of installing elevators in old residences can greatly improve the quality of life and happiness of the elderly.

Spatial negotiations in domestic space of the home-based garment industry in Kampung Tambora, Jakarta

With a population of around 260.100 and covering an area of 5.4 km2, Kampung Tambora is one of the densest urban areas in Jakarta. The area is well known for its home-based garment industry, which supports the livelihood of the community. Typically, several houses in one alley run the garment industry business, where both men and women work and live under the same roof. The study aims to understand how all actors in the home-based garment industry negotiate with the limited space to fulfill domestic and working needs. Three houses were selected for observation to understand how all involved actors maximize the use of the limited space through spatial interruption in domestic space. The study found that the actors define the activities through the utilization of space, the allocation of spatial functions, and symbolizing objects. Multi-story houses were built to expand space and enable the owners to work without disrupting the privacy of domestic activities. Although the actors of the home-based enterprises found ways to cope with the issues of crowding, alternative ideas are needed to increase their well-being and improve the environmental quality of similar high-density urban settlements in many parts of Jakarta.

Traditional multi-story house (Tower House) in Sana’a City, Yemen. An example of sustainable architecture

Yemen characterized by its unique traditional architecture; it is evident that every region in the country has its architectural character, which influenced by the local context (natural and cultural environments), and has many heritage sites registered with UNESCO heritage areas.The study includes an overview of the different types of traditional houses in different regions in Yemen, and an analytical study for the traditional multi-story house (Tower House) in Sana'a City in Yemen as a case study with an emphasis on its components, building materials, construction systems, ornaments, opening's treatment (Qamariya and Mashrabiyyah), environment, and its spatial organization.The conclusion summarizes the Tower House components and its relationship to sustainable architecture and the lessons to be learned from this example.

Impact of development on Baghdad’s urban microclimate and human thermal comfort

Achieving sustainability by improving the urban microclimate is a key principle in mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. This study focuses on the reduction of the urban heat island phenomena in a combination of historical compacted areas with multi-storey housing projects in Baghdad’s Al-Karkh district to identify better urban solutions by examining human thermal satisfaction levels via certain urban alterations. Changes were simulated using ENVI-Met and RayMan-pro modelling programmes. Findings suggest that the UHI effect can be reduced by urban interventions and greenery and high-albedo construction materials to influence the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) factor while simultaneously respecting the height to width ratio of buildings. The urban geometry of a compacted traditional area is one solution to severe summers experienced in Baghdad. Despite the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) level declination reaching 32.2 °C at 3:00 pm, thermal stress levels in compact areas had halved, providing ideal comfort levels that remained constant most of the day. With the growing need for urban development, a concentration of modern high-rise structures can offer tolerable solutions by providing ample shade by casting shadows, in addition to considering wind speed and direction to enhance the urban microclimate and enabling human thermal comfort in arid areas.

FORMATION OF TWO-LEVEL FINANCIAL MODEL FOR A MULTI-STOREY HOUSING COMPLEX INVESTMENT PROJECT

FORMATION OF TWO-LEVEL FINANCIAL MODEL FOR A MULTI-STOREY HOUSING COMPLEX INVESTMENT PROJECT

Staircase evacuation for public multi-storey housing in Malaysia

There has been some concern about the evacuation safety aspects in public multi-storey housing in Malaysia. This paper aims to study the effects of increased occupancy towards evacuation duration in public multi-storey housing in Malaysia, to gain a better understanding of evacuation safety. The research methodology is through a simulation study. This paper focuses on the staircase availability and location, in relation to the increasing number of evacuees. The data analysed include the duration taken by occupants to reach safety and their movement patterns during evacuation through a simulation study. A 17-storey residential building is modelled and the effects of staircases with varied availability and locations on the evacuees are tested. Results show that higher number of occupancies and non-availability of the staircase could prolong the evacuation. Moreover, the location of staircases does not influence the evacuation time but contributes significant changes to the movement of the evacuees.

Staircase evacuation for public multi-storey housing in Malaysia

There has been some concern about the evacuation safety aspects in public multi-storey housing in Malaysia. This paper aims to study the effects of increased occupancy towards evacuation duration in public multi-storey housing in Malaysia, to gain a better understanding of evacuation safety. The research methodology is through a simulation study. This paper focuses on the staircase availability and location, in relation to the increasing number of evacuees. The data analysed include the duration taken by occupants to reach safety and their movement patterns during evacuation through a simulation study. A 17-storey residential building is modelled and the effects of staircases with varied availability and locations on the evacuees are tested. Results show that higher number of occupancies and non-availability of the staircase could prolong the evacuation. Moreover, the location of staircases does not influence the evacuation time but contributes significant changes to the movement of the evacuees.

Spatial pattern of housing construction in Moscow agglomeration: radial and sectoral differentiation

The task of this work is to reveal the forms of spatial transformation of the Moscow metropolitan area due to the sectoral and radial differentiation of housing construction. The research is based on the monitoring of all multi-story housing projects under construction and development. These projects are classified by size class, location relative to existing housing stock, housing prices, and distance from highways. The localization of housing projects relative to the main highways changes non-linearly as the distance from the Moscow Ring Road increases. The core of the Moscow metropolitan area is relatively evenly sprawling in the 10-km zone outside the Moscow Ring Road. The nearest suburban zone of Moscow Oblast is being developed not only along key highways, but a significant part of housing projects is implemented in inter-highway intervals. As the distance from the Moscow Ring Road exceeds 10 km, the urban sprawl is replaced by the strengthening of the axes of the settlement pattern along main transport corridors (highways and railways), and the distance of projects from the highways decreases. This trend is particularly evident in the northeastern, eastern and southeastern segments of the suburban zone. In the peripheral zone of the Moscow metropolitan area, projects are concentrated mainly on the outskirts of existing towns, and the distance from highways increases in comparison with the suburban zone.

Smart Current Monitoring System with Relay Breaker

Today, the high usage of electrical home appliances has increased the domestic energy consumption. To control the consumption of domestic energy, various techniques were developed to detect current flow and to measure current consumption. Usually, a current sensor was used as a detection device and then send the data wirelessly to a centre point in the house, which is placed near to the main entrance for monitoring and controlling purposes. Wireless technology can provide better connection and reducing the need for wired connection for all power sockets in a house. The usage of LCD is to display current usage for all electrical home appliances will be more useful especially for a multi-storey house. This smart current monitoring system, will help users to monitor and control their electrical home appliances current consumption. The system will monitor each power sockets and transmit the current usage data wirelessly to a centre point which helps in reducing the time to check all the appliances.

Increase of fire protection and strength of wooden structures by modification in a thin surface layer by nanodispersion composites

Currently, the industrial construction of multi-storey houses of wooden structures (DK) is increasing. In world practice, multi-storey buildings from a recreation center are being built in Austria, Great Britain, Norway, and Canada. In Russia, 9-13 storey buildings are being designed using a recreation center. High-rise construction using a recreation center for earthquake-prone areas is especially relevant. For modern multi-story building from a recreation center, effective surface fire protection should not increase the weight of structures. At the same time, their strength should increase. The solution of complex issues of DC fire protection in thin layers with a simultaneous increase in its strength is an unresolved problem.

Neighbour noise annoyance is associated with various mental and physical health symptoms: results from a nationwide study among individuals living in multi-storey housing

BackgroundNoise exposure is considered a stressor that may potentially exert negative health effects among the exposed individuals. On a population basis, the most prevalent and immediate response to noise is annoyance, which is an individually experienced phenomenon that may activate physiological stress-responses and result in both physical and mental symptoms. Health implications of traffic noise have been investigated thoroughly, but not of neighbour noise. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between neighbour noise annoyance and eight different physical and mental health symptoms.MethodsCross-sectional data from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey 2017 were used. The present study included a random sample of 3893 adults living in multi-storey housing. Information on neighbour noise annoyance and various health symptoms (e.g. pain in various body parts, headache, sleeping problems, depression, and anxiety) during the past two weeks was obtained by self-administered questionnaires. The question on neighbour noise annoyance and health symptoms, respectively, had three possible response options: ‘Yes, very annoyed/bothered’, ‘Yes, slightly annoyed/bothered’, ‘No’. The associations between neighbour noise annoyance and very bothering physical and mental health symptoms were investigated using multiple logistic regression models.ResultsBeing very annoyed by neighbour noise was significantly associated with higher odds of being very bothered by all eight health symptoms (adjusted OR = 1.73–3.32, all p-values < 0.05) compared to individuals not annoyed by noise from neighbours. Statistically significant interactions were observed between sex and two of the eight health symptoms. Among women, a strong association was observed between neighbour noise annoyance and being very bothered by pain or discomfort in the shoulder or neck, and in the arms, hands, legs, knees, hips or joints. Among men, no associations were observed.ConclusionsBased on the findings from this study, neighbour noise annoyance is strongly associated with eight different physical and mental health symptoms. Future studies are encouraged to 1) determine the direction of causality using a longitudinal design, 2) explore the biological mechanisms explaining the sex-specific impact of neighbour noise annoyance on symptoms of musculoskeletal pain or discomfort and the other outcomes as well.

ОНТОЛОГИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВ КРУПНОПАНЕЛЬНОГО И МОНОЛИТНОГО ЖЕЛЕЗОБЕТОННОГО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ЖИЛЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ

The article is devoted to the issues of ontology, research of the effectiveness and prospects of large-panel and monolithic reinforced concrete construction of residential objects. Increasing demands on the effectiveness of multi-story housing construction determine the relevance of this study. Methodological foundations of substantiation and a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of monolithic and large-panel reinforced concrete multi-story construction are considered; prospects for the development of these housing technologies are justified. The article presents an analysis of the pros and cons of monolithic and large-panel reinforced concrete multi-storey construction of residential buildings, a comparative analysis of the processes of organization and technology of construction works. The problems of large-panel and monolithic construction are ranked according to the level of their materiality, measures to improve construction technologies are proposed. The comparative analysis of cost indicators of monolithic and panel construction on the basis of the data presented in collections of standards of the price of construction is presented. The need to introduce and update the normative documentation having legal force for regulation of the basic provisions of the modern improved large-panel construction is proved. Attention is paid to the design conditions for the manufacture and installation of the monolithic and large-panel multi-storey construction of residential buildings used in the methodological approach. Cases of expediency of comparison on criterion "duration of construction" are analyzed. The article proposes an original methodological approach for evaluating the effectiveness of monolithic and large-panel construction, taking into account the conditions and nature of the uncertainty of the initial data, which will justify the choice of the most effective options for the construction of multi-storey housing construction.

Consideration of Wind Speed Changes in the Design of Ventilation Systems for High-rise Buildings

The average percentage of high-rise residential buildings in Russia is approximately 5% from the general volume of house construction. However, the demand for this type of buildings begins to increase. This factor relates to establishment of coherent multifunctional living environment with complex infrastructure. All of this facts cause the problem of high-rise building construction, including the design of engineering systems. Building air mode is influenced by external pressures applied to the centers of air-permeable openings, including wind pressure. Wind speed increases in the height of the building, but this change is often neglected in multi-storey houses, of course it is necessary to take this phenomenon into account designing high-rise buildings. The article presents various methods of accounting wind speed change in height, which were calculated for different cities in Russia. According to the of wind speed results obtained, the specific rate of infiltration air has been calculated, which significantly exceed the values in the case of a constant speed.

Effects of institutional practices on delays in construction – views of Finnish homebuilder families

For many consumers, buying a home is the most important purchasing decision they will ever make. Although consumer needs are well met in the detached house business, particularly compared to the multi-story house business, deficiencies still exist. These deficiencies are caused not only by companies’ strategies, but also by institutional factors discouraging the development and launch of innovative business solutions. The purpose of this study is to provide information on the role of institutional practices in the housing markets and construction sector that cause delays in detached house building processes. The analysis employed qualitative data gathered from homebuilder families by phone interviews in January 2015. According to the results, institutional practices pose many challenges in building projects (e.g. acquiring of building permits and financing). In the future, the project planning phase in particular should be developed (e.g. area construction business models and administrative services) to decrease delays caused by purchasers’ lack of decision-making power and administrative skills.

Planning Of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Analysis

Increasing population and household growth cause the need for housing to shift to urban areas and develop into multi-story housing such as condominiums, apartments and so on as a result of urbanization. Pasir Putih View Condominium Hotel - Situbondo (Condotel) is one of the real indicators of the economic, social and cultural progress of the people in a region. The construction of the Condominium Hotel (Condotel) project requires careful planning in terms of structure, architecture, and also mechanical electrical plumbing.&#x0D; Building planning, especially on mechanical electrical plumbing (MEP) must be adjusted to the number of guests or people who are in the condotel area. One of them is planning the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) which will be recycled and used for one of the condotel requirements. This WWTP plan starts with determining the total clean water requirements and the total flushing needs needed. The method of data analysis is done by calculating the total water discharge planning needed and the results from the dimensions of the WWTP space needed.&#x0D; The results obtained are in the form of the calculated discharge volume and WWTP space data which is accompanied by shop drawing images in which a comparison of the old design with the new WWTP design. The discharge volume of the total clean water requirement obtained from the calculation is 179.04 m3. The calculation for the dimensions of the WWTP space needed is 13.5mx5mx4m. From the type of WWTP, the time to treat wastewater into environmentally-friendly (non-consumption) water can be 50% faster. WWTP type planning is done to produce more efficient planning of the WWTP that had been planned by the previous consultant while not ignoring security factors

Spatial patterns of urban green infrastructure for equity: A novel exploration

Abstract Urbanization processes spur the need for urban green infrastructure (GI) to support the well-being of urban dwellers and underpin a sustainable planning strategy. It is a challenge for urban planning to make cities equitable in a socio-spatial way for which strategic planning are demanded based on measured gradients of spatial equity for GI. Strategically, urban GI planning should pay tribute to the inherent spatial patterns and foster a fair distribution of GI towards spatial equity. Our aim is hence to investigate the spatial patterns of urban GI and disclose how spatial patterns affect spatial equity of GI in typical residential areas. The sample sites are in a central European city, Leipzig, the fastest growing city in Germany at present, with high pressure on urban growth. To elaborate an innovative approach, this study draws up a cascade of three methodological stages: 1) deploy the approach of an urban Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) to compare urban GI patterns in three typical residential local districts, 2) use the GI-adapted Gini coefficient to measure spatial equity of GI distributions, and 3) explore the relationships between GI spatial patterns and spatial equity of GI for each residential type. In the context of three typical residential areas in Leipzig (i.e. (semi-)detached houses, linear multistorey housing estates, and perimeter blocks), a combination of the MSPA and a spatial equity measurement assists our novel exploration to disclose the relationships between the spatial patterns and the equity of GI distributions. Thus, we can prove strong similarities on the characteristics of spatial patterns in each residential type and observe a tendency of increasing equity from (semi-)detached houses to linear housing and further to perimeter blocks. As significant findings for the support of strategic urban GI planning, we discover that GI cores provide a restricted increase of spatial equity that limited to the lack of space. Furthermore, we suggest more GI bridges to enhance structural connectivity as well as spatial equity. This paper depicts the spatial equity of GI distributions in typical residential areas from morphological perspective, and thus further underpins urban GI planning for strategic networks as a key principle of the urban GI concept.