Multi-storey Buildings Research Articles

Towards model-driven heat pump control in a multi-story building

Domestic heating systems exhibit significant energy flexibility when integrated with heat pumps and hot-water buffer tanks, especially with fluctuating day-ahead energy prices. However, optimizing these systems in large buildings with shared resources poses crucial challenges. While most existing methods target single-room or single-family houses, this study delves into complexities within a three-story building housing six apartments. The building's heating system comprises a hot water buffer tank, mixing loop, floor heaters, and a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) controlled by a weather-compensated control strategy (WCS). Our approach aims to tackle challenges like integrating real sensor data, scalability, varying weather effects, and diverse resident heat use preferences. We employ CTSMR software to identify thermal behaviour and use reinforcement learning to design an intelligent Uppaal Stratego controller. Our results reveal a 43% reduction in energy costs while maintaining comfort levels compared to WCS. The temporal validity of estimated thermal models is also analyzed.

Thermal performance evaluation of phase changing materials in double glazing units for office buildings in Egypt

Nowadays glass curtain walls are used widely in modern buildings as they offer a significant aesthetic appearance and provide the building with natural lighting. However, their poor thermal resistance leads to excessive usage of mechanical systems to achieve thermal comfort which in turn increases the energy consumption in buildings. The proper integration of the unique properties of the PCM could effectively enhance the thermal performance of buildings therefore, the main objective of this research is to examine and validate the effect of using phase change material (PCM) on the building thermal performance especially when integrated with double glazing unit (DGU). The research examined comprehensively the effect of using PCM with DGU by undergoing a field experiment and comparing the results with a simulation model using Design Builder (DB) -energy plus simulation tool. After validating the simulation model, DB was used to examine the effect of using PCM double glazing unit with a multi-story office building in three different climatic regions in Egypt covering humid, mild, and hot arid regions. The results showed that using petroleum jelly as a PCM with DGUs will lead to a significant effect in reducing the usage of mechanical systems in cooling the building spaces by 8.91%, 8.62%, and 8.07% in Cairo, Alexandria, and Aswan consecutively from the total yearly cooling electric consumption.

Analisis Perhitungan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Berbasis Data 3D Menggunakan UAV dan LiDAR di Kecamatan Baso, Kabupaten Agam

Land and Building Tax (PBB) calculations using conventional methods often face obstacles in terms of accuracy and efficiency. This research implements UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology integrated with LiDAR sensors to optimize PBB calculations in Baso District, Agam Regency in 2024. The research method used is applied research with a quantitative approach, using DJI Terra and TerraSolid software for data acquisition and processing. The results showed that UAV-LiDAR technology is able to produce 3D spatial data that presents detailed information about the dimensions of tax objects, including area, volume, and height of buildings. Compared to conventional 2D methods, this technology shows significant advantages in assessing multi-storey buildings and complex structures. The resulting point cloud data supports precise object classification and more accountable tax assessment. Although its implementation requires high initial investment, the technology proves effective in improving the validity of tax object data and strengthening the PBB calculation base. This research contributes to the modernization of local taxation system through the utilization of the latest geospatial technology.

The link frame model (LFM), a tool for the seismic analysis of timber frame buildings considering system effects

Abstract This article proposes a model that makes possible the seismic analysis of timber frame multistory buildings in general-purpose software. The model is entitled link frame model (LFM) and shows the following advantages in comparison to previous models: (1) it can model shearwalls only with frame elements and links with errors close to 0% with respect to analytical code models such as e.g. the special design provisions for wind and seismic (SDPWS); (2) for seismic analysis, both the static analysis method and the modal spectral analysis method can be used, in addition to the gravitational analysis; (3) the computation of the natural period shows deviations close to 0% in comparison with eigenvalues and eigenvectors; (4) it can be implemented in general purpose structural analysis software such as e.g. ETABS or SAP2000; and (5) building system effects, i.e. interaction of shearwalls with other assemblies, can optionally be captured if assigning the proper diaphragm out-of-plane flexural stiffness. Given the great impact of this last aspect in practical design, and the lack of its research, this paper does not only present the model and validation itself, but also analyzes the consequences of considering system effects in a representative case study building. The analysis demonstrates that the average shearwall tension (uplift) of regular buildings can decrease by 80% if considering system effects, which could make timber buildings much more cost competitive in seismic countries.

Control System Design for 3 Storey Elevator Using PLC OPTA FINDER

Elevators are a crucial vertical transportation system in multi-story buildings, and the use of an appropriate control system can enhance operational efficiency, comfort, and safety. This study aims to design a control system for a 3-floor elevator using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) OPTA FINDER, which offers advantages in flexibility and ease of programming. The design process involved creating a control system schematic, programming with ladder diagrams, and testing on a small-scale elevator model. The test results demonstrated that the system could operate the elevator with fast and accurate response in detecting floor positions, controlling automatic doors, and responding to emergency conditions. Furthermore, the PLC OPTA FINDER proved reliable in managing elevator system components and facilitating program modifications without requiring hardware changes. This control system also contributes to energy efficiency through optimized motor speed regulation. Thus, the implementation of the PLC OPTA FINDER provides an effective and safe solution for modern elevator control systems.

Seismic Behavior of RC Multistorey Building Frame Structure with Different Plan Configuration

Today’s world facing some of the major problems causing by the nature. One of the major natural disasters is the Earthquake. We never know the Direction of the attack and magnitude of the Earthquake, so it will be the challenge the science and Technology. Past few years’ research done on the various issues of Earthquake. Now a Days people live in Multi-Story Buildings such case when Earthquake knockout the populated areas it will be cause massive loss of Damage. Hence Earthquake analysis get importance to Analysis the structure safe against the collapse and design the structure to safe against earthquake occur during the life time of the structure. In this study model a G+11 Structure with square plan configuration in Staad Pro and Analysis the Earthquake analysis of the Structure in seismic city Jabalpur which is located in seismic region III with Soft, Hard and Medium soil with different seismic and structural parameters are used as per Indian Standard code. The analysis is done by using STAAD Pro V8i software by Linear Static Analysis and compared the analysis of RC multistory building framed structure in the term of Maximum Bending MomentStory wise Displacement

Probabilistic assessment of factors influencing façade fire formation and extension

This study employs a probabilistic approach to rank factors influencing the formation and extension of façade fires in both single- and double-skin façades. In a total of 76 façade fire scenarios excluding repetitive ones, 53 scenarios are simulated using FDS. The study defines two criteria: façade fire formation possibility (FFFP) and façade fire extension possibility (FFEP). These criteria are controlled in a multi-story building. Many results are provided by the analyses performed. For instance, the results indicate that while double-skin façades can decrease FFFP, they can increase FFEP. Notably, the study reveals that the impact of windows' width on FFEP is significantly greater than that of windows' length. Additionally, when no fire stop is installed on the double-skin façade, the installation of sidewalls can markedly increase FFEP. The research here is particularly valuable for façade engineers and architects whose primary intention is often to propose eye-catching designs.

Investigation of ventilation performance in the multi-story building with various envelope features: Scaled outdoor experiments

Investigation of ventilation performance in the multi-story building with various envelope features: Scaled outdoor experiments

Design and Performance Analysis of Cold Rolled Steel Structures in A Two-Story House Based on SNI 7971:2013

This research aims to design cold-rolled steel (CFS) structures in two-story residential buildings by referring to the SNI 7971:2013 standard. The methodology used includes structural modeling using SAP 2000 software to analyze the strength and stability of the building. The data used includes technical parameters of cold rolled steel as well as relevant dead load, live load, wind load and earthquake load criteria. The results of this research show that the application of cold rolled steel to a two-story building structure produces strength and stability that meets standards. Analysis indicates that cold-rolled steel has significant advantages such as high strength, light weight, and design flexibility, so it can be applied to various structural components, including roof frames, walls, and floors. In addition, cold rolled steel has proven to be efficient in the construction process and is resistant to corrosion and fire, making it an economical and durable material. This research provides detailed guidance in modeling and analyzing building structures using SAP 2000, which is very useful for engineers and construction practitioners. It is hoped that the findings of this research will support better decision making regarding the optimal use of materials and construction methods for two-story buildings, as well as encourage further innovation in the application of cold-rolled steel in multi-storey building construction.

Modeling, Design, and Laboratory Testing of a Passive Friction Seismic Metamaterial Base Isolator (PFSMBI).

This paper focuses on the theoretical and analytical modeling of a novel seismic isolator termed the Passive Friction Mechanical Metamaterial Seismic Isolator (PFSMBI) system, which is designed for seismic hazard mitigation in multi-story buildings. The PFSMBI system consists of a lattice structure composed of a series of identical small cells interconnected by layers made of viscoelastic materials. The main function of the lattice is to shift the fundamental natural frequency of the building away from the dominant frequency of earthquake excitations by creating low-frequency bandgaps (FBGs) below 20 Hz. In this configuration, each unit cell contains an inner resonator that slides over a friction surface while it is tuned to vibrate at the fundamental natural frequency of the building. This resonance enhances the energy dissipation capacity of the PFSMBI system. After deriving the governing equations for four selected lattice configurations (i.e., Cases 1-4), a parametric study is performed to optimize the PFSMBI system for a wide range of harmonic ground motion frequencies. In this study, we examine how key parameters, such as the mass ratios of the cells and resonators, tuning frequency ratios, the number of cells, and the coefficient of friction, affect the system's performance. The PFSMBI system is then incorporated into the dynamic model of a six-story base-isolated building to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing the floor acceleration and inter-story drift under actual earthquake ground motion records. This dynamic model is used to investigate the effect of stick-slip motion (SSM) on the energy dissipation performance of a PFSMBI system by employing the LuGre friction model. The numerical results show that the optimized PFSMBI system, through its lattice structure and frictional resonators, effectively reduces floor acceleration and inter-story drift by leveraging FBGs and frictional energy dissipation, particularly when SSM effects are properly accounted for. Finally, a small-scale prototype of the PFSMBI system with two cells is developed to verify the effect of SSM. This experimental validation highlights that neglecting SSM can lead to an overestimation of the energy dissipation performance of PFSMBI systems.

Detecting and clustering structural damages using modal information and variational autoencoder with triple loss

Among vibration-based structural health monitoring (SHM), methods based on modal analysis are the most popular and efficient ones for assessing the inherent states of structures. The primary techniques involve tracking changes in modal parameters regularly during the monitoring period. Numerous studies have utilized both modal frequencies and mode shapes for damage detection, as mode shapes help identify damage locations, and the combination is more robust against environmental effects. Obviously, recent advances in machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized SHM based on modal analysis. This study aims to develop a clustering technique using variational autoencoder (VAE) for classifying structural damages. To fully expand the entangled spaces that may arise from lower-dimensional representation, the loss function incorporates triplet loss (known as triplet VAE or tVAE) while preserving all dimensions in the encoded space. The proposed approach is thoroughly developed and evaluated using both numerical simulations and experimental investigations of multistory building structures. The effectiveness of detecting changes via VAE-based and tVAE-based modal clustering has been demonstrated under the consideration of environmental variations and uncertainties. Additionally, a procedure is suggested for the field applications and the proposed approach’s capability for structural inspection during long-term monitoring is showcased using a practical scenario.

Empowering IoT: leveraging data sensor communication with LoRAWAN in diverse environments

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects countless devices, such as sensors and actuators, necessitating an efficient long-range communication technology. Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) solutions, such as LoRAWAN, SIGFOX, and NB-IoT, address this demand. LoRAWAN, known for its low power consumption, excels in Line of Sight (LOS) conditions, offering an effective long-range wireless communication. It’s ideal for monitoring open areas. In Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) scenarios, LoRAWAN provides wide coverage and energy efficiency, though the signal quality may slightly decline. This research tests LoRAWAN’s performance for sensor data communication both inside multi-story buildings (up to 8 storeys) and outside. The results show successful data transmission in both scenarios, including up to 2.60 km with a 35 dBi outdoor antenna.

Assessing the sustainability of repetitive floor plan using Building Information Modelling-DIGITAL TWINS framework

Various factors, including the nature of the utilized equipment, labour expertise, availability of resources, and meteorological circumstances, might impact the efficiency of work on construction sites. As a result, site and planning engineers must continuously monitor and assess construction progress considering site conditions and the performance of used construction resources. In multi-storey buildings, repetitive floor construction plan impacts enormously construction site sustainability. To identify an optimal set of construction resources, this paper presents Building Information Modelling-DIGITAL-TWINs (BIMDTs) framework, which planners and site engineers can use to easily monitor and control workflow progress of the repetitive floor. Using a digital model, DTs replicate the actual workflow process on a building site and guarantee a consistent information flow. To guarantee information flow between the building site and the digital model, several communication technology tools could be deployed and tested (High-definition site construction camera, regular site monitoring using drones, infrared smart sensors, etc.). The initial results of this research show an important improvement in the sustainability of construction sites. Reduced formworks oil consumption, improved human resource safety, and increased site resource profitability were observed in several treated real cases.

Design for shear at closely offset planted columns

Transfer slabs are commonly used in multi-storey buildings to accommodate changes in column position between floors. Despite this, the design of transfer slabs with closely offset columns for shear has received little attention from researchers. The paper summarises the results of an experimental campaign in which eight slabs were tested to investigate the punching resistance of transfer slabs with closely offset columns. The tested slabs were centrally supported and simultaneously loaded with a pair of point loads simulating closely offset planted columns and around their perimeter to simulate “field” shear from uniform loading on the transfer slab. The test results are shown to compare well with the predictions of a previously calibrated nonlinear finite element modelling procedure using 3D solid elements. The NLFEA modelling procedure is subsequently used to model a series of subassemblies extracted from a full scale five storey building with transfer slab at first floor level. The parametric study considers the influences on the upper column failure load of the gap between the planted and lower columns, the ratio between the upper column load and field shear, concrete strength, and shear reinforcement. A strut and tie model (STM) is developed for the calculation of planted column failure load. The STM is used to model the subassemblies previously analysed with NLFEA and the results of the two approaches are shown to compare well.

Prospects for Multi-Storey Buildings with Individual Parking Lots in Front of Apartment Entrances (for Low-Mobility Groups of the Population)

Prospects for Multi-Storey Buildings with Individual Parking Lots in Front of Apartment Entrances (for Low-Mobility Groups of the Population)

Peran Notaris terhadap Kepastian Hukum dalam Kepemilikan Satuan Rumah Susun oleh Warga Negara Asing

A flat unit (sarusun) is a multi-storey building built in an environment with parts arranged functionally both horizontally and vertically. Each unit in this building can be owned and used separately, especially as a residence, and is equipped with parts, objects and land that are owned together. Foreign citizens (WNA) in Indonesia can own an apartment unit with the status of Right to Use State Land, as proven by an Apartment Unit Certificate. Ownership of a flat can be done through buying and selling, renting or inheriting. The buying and selling process is carried out before a notary, and the notary plays an important role in ensuring that the property rights given to foreigners are in accordance with applicable regulations. Ownership of flats by foreigners is only permitted in Special Economic Zones (KEK).

Avaliação do Sistema Wood Frame em HIS plurifamiliar no Paraná

This article presents a study of multi-story buildings in the Wood Frame construction system, implemented in the state of Paraná. The objective is to evaluate the referred construction system from the point of view of the user in multifamily social interest housing. The study started from two methodological approaches: Literature review and the case study through post-occupancy evaluation – POE. The POE was applied in two buildings located in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, using the following tools: interviews with intervening agents and questionnaires applied to users, aiming to characterize the object, understand its operation and recognize the residents perception of quality and performance of their housing unit. The requirements were: luminous comfort, thermal comfort, acoustic comfort, maintenance and spatial analysis of the apartments. The results demonstrate that the performance in use of multifamily buildings in Wood Frame is satisfactory, although there are non-conformities recurring, reported by users, with regard to acoustic, thermal and maintenance performance.

Research Status and Development of Assembled Lightweight Steel Composite Structures

Prefabricated lightweight steel composite structures are characterized by efficient load-bearing, seismic energy-saving, and eco-friendly attributes, primarily used in low-rise and multi-story buildings, adapting to the development of modern architectural industrialization. This review covers the development process, system composition, and current research status of structural seismic performance for typical prefabricated lightweight steel composite structures, including prefabricated cold-formed thin-walled steel structures, prefabricated lightweight steel-lightweight concrete structures, and prefabricated lightweight steel composite frames - lightweight steel composite shear wall structures. The analysis includes the technical features, standard systems, and current environmental applications of the aforementioned structures, raises several issues in the research of prefabricated lightweight steel composite structures, and provides a research outlook for the future development direction of prefabricated lightweight steel composite structures.

Evaluation method of compression parallel to grain stiffness in wood and relationship between stiffness and shape of contact surface

The compressive behavior parallel to the grain is an essential parameter for the designing of multistoried and large timber buildings. However, the application of a compressive force parallel to the grain results in significant deformations near the end grain, which is referred to as the damage zone. Therefore, this study elucidates the mechanism of the damage zone and proposed a methodology to evaluate the properties of the damage zone. The cause of the damage zone was attributed to an uneven contact surface. As the contact surface shape remained non-flat even after reaching 28% of the predicted maximum load, the initial stiffness of compression parallel to the grain necessitated an assessment based on the influence of the damage zone. The Young’s modulus of the damage zone was approximately 2% of that of the middle zone and an evaluation method for the damage zone length was proposed using the strongest link model. The Young’s modulus and damage zone length evaluation methods were used to evaluate the stiffness of the specimens when compressed parallel to the grain. The proposed method could adequately evaluate the experimental values.

Lidija Ose (Osis) – Architect of Standard Residential Buildings and Furniture Designer

The article summarizes for the first time information about Lidija Ose (1922–1985), an architect of Soviet-era standard (typical) residential buildings and designer of built-in furniture, a graduate of the Faculty of Architecture of the Latvian State University (1952). It reflects the architect’s life and education, as well as her creative contribution during the period from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s when massive residential development took place and new standard multi-storey residential buildings were designed. The architect has contributed to the design, development, and construction of buildings of series M2, M3, 1-430, 1-316, 1-318, 103, 104, 119, and 467. L. Ose has also designed built-in kitchens, bathrooms, hallway furniture, building entrances, and interior and architectural elements (windows, balconies, doors, and their technical and structural details). Her work also includes cultural centres, clubs, cinemas, and a student dormitory. L. Ose has participated in several architectural design competitions, including for a sports centre on Lucavsala. Together with architects Marta Staņa (1913–1972), Imants Jākobsons (1934–1993), and Harolds Kanders (1927–2004), she participated in the design of the new building of the Daile Theatre at 75 Brīvības (then – Ļeņina) Street.