Multispectral Imaging Technique Research Articles

Reflectance spectrometry and multispectral data for mapping fractures and hydrothermal alterations in the northern edge of the eastern High Atlas, Morocco

The Marginal Folds, in the north-western axis of Moroccan eastern High Atlas, are mainly composed of the Infra-Cenomanian terrains. These latter contain continental detrital deposits (red beds) and are characterized by a network of fractures. These marginal folds host significant concentrations of metallic minerals, such as Cu, Pb, Ag, and Zn, particularly at the Merija (Cu) and Bou Sellam (Pb-Zn) sites.Several techniques were applied to the Landsat-8 Oli images to improve the clarity and visibility of the linear features. Radiometric and atmospheric corrections, color compositions, directional filters, and principal component analysis were adopted. The lineaments resulting from automatic extraction, as well as their statistical analysis were validated by visual interpretation and field investigations. Statistical analysis revealed three dominants fracture systems: N-S, NE-SW, and E-W; the first two systems show a high density in the study area.The mineral alteration of the outcropping rocks is well described by ASTER multispectral imaging techniques. In this work, the effectiveness of this techniques for mineral alteration mapping was demonstrated on the Merija area. Several occurrences of mineral alteration were highlighted, using a combination of false color and band ratios, the principal component analysis (PCA), and the band ratios. This research was completed by reflectance spectrometry, covering the visible, near-infrared (VNIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR) domains, to identify mineral alteration.Hydrothermal alteration in the Merija region includes clay, phyllite, carbonate, and phyllosilicate alteration, such as kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, palygorskite, and vermiculite. Regarding to oxidation, as evidenced by the presence of goethite, jarosite, and hematite, it is widespread in most of the analyzed samples, resulting from the alteration of pyrite, followed by jarosite and goethite.

Effect of the Bioprotective Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains on Quality and Safety of Feta Cheese Stored under Different Conditions.

Lately, the inclusion of additional lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains to cheeses is becoming more popular since they can affect cheese's nutritional, technological, and sensory properties, as well as increase the product's safety. This work studied the effect of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus L33 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L125 free cells and supernatants on feta cheese quality and Listeria monocytogenes fate. In addition, rapid and non-invasive techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and multispectral imaging (MSI) analysis were used to classify the cheese samples based on their sensory attributes. Slices of feta cheese were contaminated with 3 log CFU/g of L. monocytogenes, and then the cheese slices were sprayed with (i) free cells of the two strains of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in co-culture (F, ~5 log CFU/g), (ii) supernatant of the LAB co-culture (S) and control (C, UHT milk) or wrapped with Na-alginate edible films containing the pellet (cells, FF) or the supernatant (SF) of the LAB strains. Subsequently, samples were stored in air, in brine, or in vacuum at 4 and 10 °C. During storage, microbiological counts, pH, and water activity (aw) were monitored while sensory assessment was conducted. Also, in every sampling point, spectral data were acquired by means of FTIR and MSI techniques. Results showed that the initial microbial population of Feta was ca. 7.6 log CFU/g and consisted of LAB (>7 log CFU/g) and yeast molds in lower levels, while no Enterobacteriaceae were detected. During aerobic, brine, and vacuum storage for both temperatures, pathogen population was slightly postponed for S and F samples and reached lower levels compared to the C ones. The yeast mold population was slightly delayed in brine and vacuum packaging. For aerobic storage at 4 °C, an elongation in the shelf life of F samples by 4 days was observed compared to C and S samples. At 10 °C, the shelf life of both F and S samples was extended by 13 days compared to C samples. FTIR and MSI analyses provided reliable estimations of feta quality using the PLS-DA method, with total accuracy (%) ranging from 65.26 to 84.31 and 60.43 to 89.12, respectively. In conclusion, the application of bioprotective LAB strains can result in the extension of feta's shelf life and provide a mild antimicrobial action against L. monocytogenes and spoilage microbiota. Furthermore, the findings of this study validate the effectiveness of FTIR and MSI techniques, in tandem with data analytics, for the rapid assessment of the quality of feta samples.

Detecting starch-adulterated turmeric using Vis-NIR spectroscopy and multispectral imaging with machine learning

Chemicals are often added to turmeric to increase profits, posing significant health risks to consumers. At the same time, traditional methods for detecting contaminants in turmeric are complicated and time-consuming. This study aimed to develop a more practical approach using visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) and multispectral imaging (MSI) techniques to detect starch adulteration in turmeric. The turmeric powder was mixed with starch (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 100 % (w/w)) to create spectral and MSI datasets within the 400–1050 nm wavelength range. Spectra were corrected using spectral preprocessing techniques such as Savitzky-Golay (SG), Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC), and Standard Normal Variate (SNV). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) applied to reduce the dimensions and various machine learning (ML) models for prediction. The Random Forest Regressor (RFR) achieved a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.999, a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.391 mg (w/w), and a residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 92.3 % in regression analysis. For classification, the Random Forest Classifiers (RFC) achieved an F1 score of 96.0 % and a Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 94.6 %. In MSI analysis, the DenseNet201 model obtained an F1 score of 92.9 % and an MCC of 91.9 %. Moreover, the robustness of these models was cross-validated using leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) and K-fold methods. The significance of the study lies in several critical areas, such as public health, advancement in technology, etc. The study's findings reveal that Vis-NIR and MSI approaches are excellent in detecting starch adulteration in turmeric with reliability. It has important implications for public health and food safety by offering a reliable tool for verifying the purity of turmeric and other food items.

Imaging Based Techniques Combined with Color Measurements for the Enhancement of Medieval Wall Paintings in the Framework of EHEM Project.

(1) Background: This paper illustrates an innovative methodological approach chosen to study and map the colors of the medieval wall painting of Santa Maria Antiqua in the Roman Forum, one of the pilot sites of the EHEM project (Enhancement of Heritage Experiences: The Middle Ages). Digital Layered Models of Architecture and Mural Paintings over Time). (2) Methods: Two methods were employed to gather information about colors and mapping. Specifically, colorimetry was utilized for spot measurements, and hypercolorimetric multispectral imaging (HMI) was employed to map the same colors sampled through colorimetry. (3) Results: Chromatic data for all colors in the wall paintings were obtained in the CIELAB color space. Additionally, chromatic similarity maps were generated using the innovative HMI system, a multispectral imaging technique capable of obtaining color data information through advanced calibration software named SpectraPick® (Version 1.1). This comprehensive approach facilitates a thorough understanding of color characteristics and distribution. (4) Conclusions: The color measurements and mapping represent significant advancements in the interpretation of medieval wall paintings, which are often fragmentary and stratigraphically complex. This research sheds new light on the colors used and enhances our understanding of the original appearance of the iconographic patterns. Furthermore, it enables the reconstruction of colors that closely resemble the originals.

The Adoration of the Magi by Artemisia Gentileschi analyzed with multispectral imaging and XRF technique

The results of non-invasive diagnostic analyses of the painting Adoration of the Magi by Artemisia Gentileschi are presented. It was created in the 1630s to decorate the choir of the Cathedral of San Procolo in Pozzuoli (Naples, Italy).Multispectral imaging at different wavelengths (VIS, IR and UV) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used. The data were integrated and compared with the art historical literature on Artemisia’s activity, especially in Naples after 1630. The research aims to identify the artist’s palette, the materials used, including in the restoration, and the possible influence on the use of color by artists working in Naples at the time. This will enrich the scientific details of the painting and the literature on the famous painter.The UVF (ultraviolet induced visible fluorescence) images show darker areas on the surface, such as retouching, while the IR image highlights dark outlines that could be traces of brushstrokes and painterly changes.The XRF technique, together with IRFC (infrared false color) imaging, suggested the pigments and materials used for the paint and preparatory layers. Calcium, strontium, lead and iron were identified as the main characteristic elements of the ground layer. Smalt was suggested for the various shades of blue due to the presence of cobalt in combination with pigments based on ultramarine blue, copper or lead white. Traces of mercury were detected in the red areas, suggesting the use of vermilion with other red pigments. Antimony was found in the yellow areas, indicating the use of Naples yellow, a pigment known to have been used by Artemisia only when she worked in Naples.Macro-XRF showed that the finger of one hand was made twice. In the first version, lead was detected, while in the second, this element is present together with mercury. Titanium and zinc indicate that the area investigated was restored.

Advanced Imaging of Total Knee Arthroplasty.

The prevalence of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is increasing with the aging population. Although long-term results are satisfactory, suspected postoperative complications often require imaging with the implant in place. Advancements in computed tomography (CT), such as tin prefiltration, metal artifact reduction algorithms, dual-energy CT with virtual monoenergetic imaging postprocessing, and the application of cone-beam CT and photon-counting detector CT, allow a better depiction of the tissues adjacent to the metal. For magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high bandwidth (BW) optimization, the combination of view angle tilting and high BW, as well as multispectral imaging techniques with multiacquisition variable-resonance image combination or slice encoding metal artifact correction, have significantly improved imaging around metal implants, turning MRI into a useful clinical tool for patients with suspected TKA complications.

Clinical evaluation of isotropic MAVRIC-SL for symptomatic hip arthroplasties at 3 T MRI

Background3D multi-spectral imaging (MSI) of metal implants necessitates relatively long scan times. ObjectiveWe implemented a fast isotropic 3D MSI technique at 3 T and compared its image quality and clinical utility to non-isotropic MSI in the evaluation of hip implants. MethodsTwo musculoskeletal radiologists scored images from coronal proton density-weighted conventional MAVRIC-SL and an isotropic MAVRIC-SL sequence accelerated with robust-component-analysis on a 3-point scale (3: diagnostic, 2: moderately diagnostic, 1: non-diagnostic) for overall image quality, metal artifact, and visualization around femoral and acetabular components. Grades were compared using a signed Wilcoxon test. Images were evaluated for effusion, synovitis, osteolysis, loosening, pseudotumor, fracture, and gluteal tendon abnormalities. Reformatted axial and sagittal images for both sequences were subsequently generated and compared for image quality with the Wilcoxon test. Whether these reformats increased diagnostic confidence or revealed additional pathology, including findings unrelated to arthroplasty that may contribute to hip pain, was also compared using the McNemar test. Inter-rater agreement was measured by Cohen's kappa. Results39 symptomatic patients with a total of 59 hip prostheses were imaged (mean age, 70 years ±9, 14 males, 25 females). Comparison scores between coronal images showed no significant difference in image quality, metal artifact, or visualization of the femur and acetabulum. Except for loosening, reviewers identified more positive cases of pathology on the original coronally-acquired isotropic sequence. In comparison of reformatted axial and sagittal images, the isotropic sequence scored significantly (p < 0.01) higher for overall image quality (3.0 vs 2.0) and produced significantly (p < 0.01) more cases of increased diagnostic confidence (42.4% vs 7.6%) or additional diagnoses (50.8% vs 22.9%). Inter-rater agreement was substantial (k = 0.798) for image quality. Mean scan times were 4.2 mins (isotropic) and 7.1 mins (non-isotropic). ConclusionCompared to the non-isotropic sequence, isotropic 3D MSI was acquired in less time while maintaining diagnostically acceptable image quality. It identified more pathology, including postoperative complications and potential pain-generating pathology unrelated to arthroplasty. This fast isotropic 3D MSI sequence demonstrates promise for improving diagnostic evaluation of symptomatic hip prostheses at 3 T while simultaneously reducing scan time.

Abstract 2180: Modulation of immune infiltration patterns in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer through rice bran-based dietary strategies

Abstract The correlation between gut microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation-associated colorectal cancer (CRC) has generated considerable interest in dietary interventions targeting immune modulation. Our prior study demonstrated the colon cancer protective effects of rice bran (RB) and ex vivo Bifidobacterium longum fermented rice bran (FRB) diet intervention against azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)-induced CRC in gut microbiota-intact specific pathogen-free mice (SPF). RB showed higher levels of protection compared to FRB against CRC, as evidenced by diminished neoplastic lesion size and restored colonic epithelial integrity. The major objective of the present study was to leverage cutting-edge multispectral imaging technique for simultaneous detection of multiple immune cells markers and for a comprehensive analysis of distinct immune landscapes. We also performed spatial correlations within the tumor microenvironment of AOM/DSS-SPF mice undergoing RB and FRB dietary interventions. The primary focus was on T cell subtypes including cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, B cells and macrophages (MΦ) subtypes (M1 MΦ, and M2 MΦ) to uncover the intricacies of the immune landscape and the interplay for CRC prevention through dietary intervention. The results indicated that RB intervention for 15 weeks led to reductions in overall T cell subtypes in the colonic tissue, particularly Treg cells, which are associated with protecting tumors against immune surveillance in CRC. On the other hand, FRB intervention also resulted in reductions in overall T cell subtypes but exhibited higher infiltration of NK cells and proinflammatory M1 macrophages in the colonic tissue after 15 weeks. While an increased presence of NK cells might be beneficial in countering CRC, the infiltration of M1 macrophages could potentially lessen the impact of FRB compared to RB intervention in CRC protection. The outcomes suggest that the better protective efficacy of non-fermented RB diets is linked to the modulation of Treg cell infiltration, whereas the efficacy of the FRB diet is to some extent limited by the presence of M1 macrophages. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the complex immune landscape influenced by RB and FRB interventions in a murine model of inflammation-induced CRC, and a novel mechanism for the immunomodulatory effects of dietary RB interactions with gut microbiota. In the future, observing immune modulation throughout diet intervention would enhance our understanding of the role played by these immune cells. Citation Format: Robin Kumar, Lakshmi Sai Pratyusha Bugata, Md. Imtiazul Kabir, Rajesh Agarwal, Elizabeth P. Ryan, Komal Raina. Modulation of immune infiltration patterns in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer through rice bran-based dietary strategies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2180.

Os documentos do palimpsesto de Santa Sofia di Benevento (século XI) estudados através da técnica de “imagem multiespectral”

Although the palimpsests codes are not longer a rarity, the rescripti documents are still very rare. It was the practice of reusing parchments already written, then erased and subjected to a particular treatment, for the purpose of recycling for the preparation of a new document. The study in question examines the parchments of Santa Sofia di Benevento and the conspicuous dossier consisting of documents concerning the monastery of Sant’Angelo di Ariano. The membranes examined for this study are twenty-two (twenty-one have double palimpsests, while one is triple), for a total of forty-five documents, all relating to the eleventh century. The new multispectral imaging technique has allowed the identification of new occurrences relating to the sofiano parchment background, through the experimentation of multispectral digital photography and the digital manipulation of dissected images, able to bring out, in their clarity, the traces of the writings no longer visible either to the naked eye, or through the classic use of the Wood Lamp; this new photographic technique allows the isolation and separation of one or more levels of writing.

Association of Total Hip Arthroplasty Flexural Rigidity With Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histological Findings

BackgroundModular connections in total hip arthroplasty (THA) offer surgical advantages, but can contribute to implant fretting and corrosion due to micromotion at the head–stem interface. Previous studies implicated lower flexural rigidity as a key contributing factor to THA corrosion and fretting, but none associated flexural rigidity with direct histological evaluation or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine how implant flexural rigidity is associated with MRI imaging metrics and histopathological outcomes in patients who have a failed THA. MethodsPatients requiring revision THA surgery underwent preoperative MRIs with 3-dimensional multispectral imaging techniques to suppress metal artifacts. The MRI images were graded for adverse local tissue reactions. For each hip, trunnion flexural rigidity was measured from the retrieved femoral stem, and a periprosthetic tissue sample was retrieved and evaluated using semiquantitative histology. Generalized linear models and analyses of variance were used to assess associations between flexural rigidity and MRI and histology outcomes. ResultsA total of 106 THA stems were retrieved (46 women and 60 men, age: 68 years (range, 60 to 73 years). After adjustment for length of implantation, flexural rigidity was negatively correlated with histologic aseptic lymphocyte-dominant vasculitis-associated lesion severity (β = −26.27, P = .018), Fujishiro lymphocyte grading (β = −13.4, P = .039), perivascular lymphocyte layers (β = −17.8, P = .022), the grade of tissue organization (β = −22.5, P = .009), the presence of diffuse synovitis (β = −66.5, P = .003), and the presence of lymphoid aggregates (β = −75.9, P = .022). No association was found between MRI metrics and flexural rigidity. ConclusionsAmong these implants, decreased trunnion stiffness was associated with increased histologic features of adverse host-mediated soft tissue reactions.

“A Woman Clothed with the Sun”: The Diagnostic Study and Testing of Enzyme-Based Green Products for the Restoration of an Early 17th Century Wall Painting in the Palazzo Gallo in Bagnaia (Italy)

A 17th century wall painting, representing the Virgin between two Saints, in a noble Italian renaissance palace, the Palazzo Gallo in Bagnaia (Viterbo, Italy), was restored in 2021 in the context of a wider restoration campaign involving the main room of the palace built by cardinal Sansoni Riario. Diagnostic analyses performed using traditional characterization techniques (optical microscopy on micro-stratigraphic sections, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) provided the identification of both the original painting and its restoration materials, while imaging investigations using the ultraviolet fluorescence photography, false color images and multispectral mapping provided by the hypercolorimetric multispectral imaging (HMI) technique enabled the evaluation of the state of conservation, the location of restoration interventions and supported the monitoring of the cleaning procedure. An altered protective Paraloid®-based coating dating from the early 2000s had to be removed due to the unpleasant glossy finishing it had given to the painted surface, making the scene barely readable. To pursue a restoration protocol based on environmental sustainability and green chemistry, enzyme-based gels marketed by the Nasier-Brenta© and CTS© companies were tested in different protocols for the cleaning of the mixture (known as beverone) covering the painting. Although some interesting results were observed, the enzymatic cleaning had limited effectiveness, and was more timing-consuming than was reasonable. Traditional chemical solvents such as Dowanol PM (methoxy propanol) and benzyl alcohol were necessary to complete the cleaning of the painting surface.

1243P Ocular surface squamous neoplasia early diagnosis using an AI-empowered autofluorescence multispectral imaging technique

1243P Ocular surface squamous neoplasia early diagnosis using an AI-empowered autofluorescence multispectral imaging technique

Materials and Technique: The First Look at Saturnino Gatti

As part of the study project of the pictorial cycle, attributed to Saturnino Gatti, in the church of San Panfilo at Villagrande di Tornimparte (AQ), image analyses were performed in order to document the general conservation conditions of the surfaces, and to map the different painting materials to be subsequently examined using spectroscopic techniques. To acquire the images, radiation sources, ranging from ultraviolet to near infrared, were used; analyses of ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), infrared reflectography (IRR), infrared false colors (IRFC), and optical microscopy in visible light (OM) were carried out on all the panels of the mural painting of the apsidal conch. The Hypercolorimetric Multispectral Imaging (HMI) technique was also applied in selected areas of two panels. Due to the accurate calibration system, this technique is able to obtain high-precision colorimetric and reflectance measurements, which can be repeated for proper surface monitoring. The integrated analysis of the different wavelengths’ images—in particular, the ones processed in false colors—made it possible to distinguish the portions affected by retouching or repainting and to recover the legibility of some figures that showed chromatic alterations of the original pictorial layers. The IR reflectography, in addition to highlighting the portions that lost materials and were subject to non-original interventions, emphasized the presence of the underdrawing, which was detected using the spolvero technique. UVF photography led to a preliminary mapping of the organic and inorganic materials that exhibited characteristic induced fluorescence, such as a binder in correspondence with the original azurite painting or the wide use of white zinc in the retouched areas. The collected data made it possible to form a better iconographic interpretation. Moreover, it also enabled us to accurately select the areas to be investigated using spectroscopic analyses, both in situ and on micro-samples, in order to deepen our knowledge of the techniques used by the artist to create the original painting, and to detect subsequent interventions.

DIRECT2: A randomized phase III trial with a fasting mimicking diet program to improve chemotherapy in patients with hormone receptor positive, HER2-negative breast cancer—A Dutch Breast Cancer Research Group study (BOOG).

TPS630 Background: Preclinical research has shown that fasting and/or a fasting mimicking diet (FMD) in addition to chemotherapy can enhance cancer treatment effectivity and reduce side-effects. The previous DIRECT1 phase 2 study (de Groot S, Nat. Commun. 2020) indicated that FMD could increase effectivity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with HER2-negative breast cancer. Methods: DIRECT2 is a multicenter, randomized, open label phase 3 study that investigates whether FMD compared to a regular diet during neoadjuvant chemotherapy can improve the pathological and/or radiological response rate in patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+), HER2-negative, stage II/III breast cancer. Secondary endpoints include quality of life, cognition, toxicity ≥grade 3 and the immunomodulating effect of FMD. The FMD consists of a low-caloric diet of 600kcal/day starting 3 days prior to, and on the day of chemotherapy administration every 4 weeks, for a total of 5 FMD cycles during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (4 times dose dense Adriamycin plus cyclophosphamide followed by 12 times weekly paclitaxel). Patients will be supported and monitored by a centralized dietician during each FMD cycle. An additional MRI will be conducted after 4ddAC to evaluate efficacy mid-way through chemotherapy. Furthermore, an optional tumor biopsy will be done to determine the immunomodulatory effects of the FMD which will be determined using cutting-edge RNA sequencing and multispectral imaging techniques. Pathological response will be graded on the surgical specimen according to Miller &amp; Payne 4/5, indicating a 90-100% tumor cell loss. Radiological response will be determined by MRI (RECIST1.1). In total 240 patients are needed to detect an increase from 20% to 37.5% in pathological response rate in the FMD arm allowing for 15% dropout, using a two-sided Z test with pooled variance and 5% significance level with a power of 80%. Randomization will be performed in Castor EDC with variable block sizes and stratified by clinical stage (stadium II versus III) and BMI (&lt; 25kg/m2 versus ≥ 25kg/m2). Inclusion criteria are HR+, HER2- breast cancer stage II-III, BMI &gt; 18.5 kg/m2, WHO status 0-2, without a history of malignancy in the past 5 years, invasive or ipsilateral non-invasive breast cancer. Patients will be excluded in case of pregnancy, lactation or metabolic disease that affects gluconeogenesis and adaptability to FMD. The trial is supported by grants from the Dutch Cancer Society and WCRF. The study is open since February 2023 for inclusion for 4 years and plans to recruit 240 patients in total in 20 participating hospitals in the Netherlands. Clinical trial information: NCT05503108 .

Evaluating the integration of Thermal Quasi-Reflectography in manuscript imaging diagnostic protocols to improve non-invasive materials investigation

Multispectral imaging techniques applied to book heritage are useful to scholars to obtain information on the materials under investigation. The novel introduction of Thermal Quasi-Reflectography (TQR) technique, operating in the medium wave infrared (MWIR) spectral range, can flank conventional diagnostic techniques such as UV-based methods and IR imaging techniques in the 850–1700 nm range on manuscript acquisition. As proof of concept, this work investigates the application of TQR on the Ms. XL (38) palimpsest, known as Vergilius Veronensis, of the Biblioteca Capitolare of Verona. While investigating the manuscript with full-field imaging technique, this work focuses its application to improve the mapping of conservation materials. The manuscript contains several traces of reagents and conservation treatments applied during its conservation history. The study compared the manuscript materials response obtained with TQR with the response collected using UV-induced visible fluorescence (UVL), UV reflected imaging (UVR), and NIR imaging in the 850–1050 nm and 900–1700 nm bands. Being the TQR technique sensitive to surface materials with MWIR reflectance features, it may especially provide more accurate documentation of the restoration history of the object. TQR imaging discriminated non-homogeneities of products in the surface layer thanks to an enhanced MWIR contrast. The TQR image response on manuscript materials should be further investigated and compared to reflectance spectroscopic data. The results of this study demonstrate the added value of TQR imaging for manuscript diagnostics, for which integration of the TQR technique in the standard protocol is desirable.

Abstract P2-20-10: Prognostic impact of lymphocyte-Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) expression in triple negative breast cancer

Abstract Introduction Recent advances in breast cancer treatment strategies have improved survival outcomes in metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Targeting immune checkpoint, especially programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), has made a breakthrough in treating advanced malignancies including breast cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as pembrolizumab and atezolizumab, in combination with chemotherapy have prolonged survival outcomes in mBC with triple negative subtype. However, the low response rate and resistance of ICIs with anti-PD 1/PDL-1 antibodies is a major limitation and a challenge. Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG3; CD223) is a potential cancer immunotherapeutic target due to its negative regulatory role on T cells and cytokines, thereby ensuring immune homeostasis. Several studies suggested that combination immunotherapy of anti-LAG-3 and anti-PD-1 has shown promising efficacy in fighting PD-1 resistance. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic role of LAG3 in metastatic TNBC (mTNBC) treated with ICIs to figure out resistance mechanism of ICIs. Methods mTNBC patients with available archival tumor tissues, who has received ICIs in Samsung Medical Center, were enrolled in this study. For the evaluation of LAG3 expression in tumor microenvironment, Vectra Polaris Multispectral Imaging and Whole Slide Scanning technique (PerkinElmer, Inc. Hopkinton, MA) was used. Results In total, 64 mTNBC patients were treated with ICI’s with or without cytotoxic chemotherapy between 2019.02- 2021.11. Of 70 mTNBC patients, 41 patients had archival tissues and finally 40 patients were included in this study. Median age was 43.0 years of age (range: 24.5 ~ 64.5). Recurrent mTNBC was 92.5% and only 7.5% was de novo mTNBC. Geremline BRCA1 pathogenic variants were detected in 4 (10.0%) patients. Among 37 recurrent mTNBC patients, 72.5% were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with anthracycline (97.3%) and taxane(97.3%). Among ICI’s, 52.5% were treated with pembrolizumab and 47.5% of atezolizumab. LAG3 expression varies among mTNBC tissues (median cell density: 366, range: 48, 2861 cells/mm2). Among cells expressing LAG3, LAG3 was expressed more in CK+ cells compared with CK- cells (median:150 (20, 2503) cells/mm2 in CK+ cells, median: 88 (2, 806) cells/mm2 in CK- cells, p=0.005). Patients with high LAG3 expression in CK+ cells showed short progression free survival(PFS) compared to those with low LAG3 expression in CK+ cells (median PFS of high vs. low LAG3 expression [months]:1.9 vs. 4.2, p=0.01). On the contrary, patients with high LAG3 expression in CK- cells had 9.1 months of PFS compared to 3.1 months of PFS in patients with low LAG3 expression in CK- cells (p=0.10). In addition, patients with high LAG3 in CK- cells had longer overall survival(OS) compared to those with low LAG3 expression in CK- cells (median OS of high vs. low LAG3 expression [months]: not reached, 15.7, p=0.05). Conclusion LAG3 expression was associated with PFS in patients with mTNBC treated with ICI’s independent of PDL-1 expression. And the prognostic significance of LAG3 expression was different between CK+ cells and CK- cells. These findings need to be proved in large scale clinical trials. Citation Format: ji-Yeon Kim, Jeehyun Kim, Hae Hyun Jung, eun Yoon Cho, Yeon Hee Park, Jin Seok Ahn, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Young-Hyuck Im. Prognostic impact of lymphocyte-Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) expression in triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-20-10.

Scientific Investigation of Contemporary Pastel Painting by Roberto Sebastian Matta: Characterization of Original Materials through Multispectral Imaging and Spectroscopic Techniques

The conservation of contemporary art often offers unique occasions to study complex multi-material artworks and understand their creative process and esteem degradation distress. The recent diagnostic campaign on the surrealist artwork Perché le vittime vincano (For the victims to win) (1974–75) by the artist Roberto Sebastian Matta allowed us to characterize the original painting materials (pastels on spolvero paper), never investigated and completely unknown, in order to support the imminent restoration. Due to the great dimensions of the artwork and its conservative issues, non-invasive multispectral imaging (HMI) analyses were done to investigate the whole painted surface, mapping and differentiating original materials and possible degradation patterns. Imaging data supported analytical characterization analyses run through elemental (portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy) and molecular spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared and portable µ-Raman spectroscopy) to identify the original artist’s materials and to support the restoration operations. The analysis revealed that the painting materials used by Matta are pastels characterized by modern pigments and dyes, such as Cu-phthalocyanines, chrome orange, titanium and zinc whites, compacted with kaolin without any organic binder or with a possible minuscule amount of gum.

Multiband Photogrammetry and Hybrid Image Analysis for the Investigation of a Wall Painting by Paolo de San Leocadio and Francesco Pagano in the Cathedral of Valencia.

A workflow for the photogrammetric combination of non-invasive multispectral imaging techniques ranging from ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) to near infrared (NIR) for the investigation of wall paintings is presented. Hereby, different methods for image analysis and visualisation techniques are discussed. This includes the combination of spectral bands in hybrid false-colour images and image analysis by applying NDVI/NDPI and PCA. The aim of the research is to generate a high-resolution photogrammetric image set, providing information on underdrawings, material differences, damages, painting techniques and conservation measures. The image data are superimposed with pixel accuracy in a geographic information system (GIS) for further analysis, tracing of observations and findings and the annotation of further information. The research is carried out on the 'Adoration of the Shepherds', an early Spanish Renaissance wall painting created in 1472 by Paolo de San Leocadio and Francesco Pagano in the Cathedral of Valencia. The wall painting is preserved in an unfinished condition, and half of it is represented by the initial plaster and preparation layers. This gives the possibility to compare and evaluate the observations of the finished areas as well as carry out an in-depth study of the working techniques.

Cultivars identification of oat (Avena sativa L.) seed via multispectral imaging analysis.

Cultivar identification plays an important role in ensuring the quality of oat production and the interests of producers. However, the traditional methods for discrimination of oat cultivars are generally destructive, time-consuming and complex. In this study, the feasibility of a rapid and nondestructive determination of cultivars of oat seeds was examined by using multispectral imaging combined with multivariate analysis. The principal component analysis (PCA), linear discrimination analysis (LDA) and support vector machines (SVM) were applied to classify seeds of 16 oat cultivars according to their morphological features, spectral traits or a combination thereof. The results demonstrate that clear differences among cultivars of oat seeds could be easily visualized using the multispectral imaging technique and an excellent discrimination could be achieved by combining data of the morphological and spectral features. The average classification accuracy of the testing sets was 89.69% for LDA, and 92.71% for SVM model. Therefore, the potential of a new method for rapid and nondestructive identification of oat cultivars was provided by multispectral imaging combined with multivariate analysis.

The Clinical Relevance and Immune Correlation of SLC10 Family Genes in Liver Cancer.

This study was aimed to reveal the clinical relevance and immune correlation of the SLC10 family genes in liver cancer. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was utilized to determine the gene expression, genetic alterations, DNA methylation, clinical significance, survival association and immune correlation of seven SLC10 family genes in liver cancer. The multiplexed immunohistochemical technique was applied to determine the association between SLC10A3 protein expression and immune cells, and the correlation between SLC10A3 protein and immune checkpoints (PD1 and PD-L1) in a cohort of 32 individuals with liver cancer. The expression of SLC10 family genes was different between normal liver tissues and malignant liver tissues. SLC10A5 showed the highest alteration rate (8%), followed by SLC10A3 (2.8%). Low expression of SLC10A1 was indicative of poor tumor grade and advanced tumor stage in liver cancer. Scatter plots uncovered that expression of SLC10A3 was inversely associated with SLC10A1 and SLC10A5 expression in liver cancer. The expression of SLC10A1 and SLC10A5 was strongly associated with their DNA methylation. SLC10A1 expression was a reliable genetic biomarker for the prediction of survival outcomes in liver cancer population. Expression of SLC10 family genes was remarkably linked with the abundance of most immune infiltrating cells in liver cancer, and SLC10A3 was the most significant member. The multiplexed immunohistochemical technique confirmed that there existed the significant correlations between SLC10A3 protein expression and CD4 T cells, CD20 B cells and the close association with PD-1 in the stromal area from malignant tissues. The expressions of SLC10 family genes were different between normal liver tissues and malignant liver tissues, and they were correlated with each other in liver cancer. SLC10A1 possesses the most significant correlation with survival outcomes. SLC10A3 exhibited the most significant relationship with immune cells, as revealed by bioinformatics analysis and multispectral imaging technique.