MPLS Research Articles

The Use of Code-Switching in EFL Classroom Instruction and Interaction

This study investigates code-switching in an EFL online classroom interaction. The research data were gathered by using fieldnotes, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews on one hundred and twenty students and three English teachers. It demonstrates that both teachers and students code-switched during online English lessons. Tag switching and establishing continuity with the previous speaker were mostly used which reached 38.4%, inter-sentential switching15.5%, and intra-sentential 7.7%. respectively. In terms of the language, the findings show that classroom interaction was dominated by the use of Bahasa Indonesia 74.0%, English 52.8%, and Sundanese 16.5%. Code-switching was effective for teachers and students in EFL learning. It proved to 1) significantly influence students' activeness, 2) encourage and give better feedback to students through alternative reinforcement, and 3) encourage better teachers’ and students’ negotiation. With regard to efficiency, conveying meaning of the materials and bringing the project as well as assignment were essential. Nevertheless, some issues came up as a consequence of the Covid -19 outbreaks. Notably, some factors affecting the results were 1) the internet connection, 2) the students’ attendance, and 3) balance. Those results suggest that the potential next research is more likely to respond to students' need to campaign online learning to be better.
 Some issues come up as consequent of covid-19 outbreaks. Notably, some factors mentioned: (1) the stable or unstable internet connection, (2) the presence of students, and (3) balance. Those results suggest that the potential next research is more likely to respond students’ need to campaign online learning to be better. 
 
 Keywords: codeswitching, EFL, online learning interaction and instruction

Dynamic Flow Reduction Scheme Using Two Tags Multi protocol Label Switching (MPLS) in Software Define Network

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a technique that breaks the vertical integration of networks by separating the networks’ control logic from the underlying routers and switches that forward the traffic. The performance of SDN network nodes may be degraded due to flow entries that are frequently updated and stored in the network elements. The control plane is flooded by the configuration messages thereby resulting in a trade-off between the number of configuration messages and number of permanent flow entries in the network.The focus of the study is to develop a scheme that will reduce the number of flow entries of IPv6 packets using two multiprotocol label switching tags in Software Defined Networks. An experimental testbed was developed using openvswitch, Ryu controller, OpenFlow version 1.3, IPERF3 and Wireshark. A Mininet kernel was built on Ubuntu Linux 18.04.1 operating system. The IPv6 Hybrid Permanent Flow (HPF) scheme and Non-Permanent Flow (NPF) was used to reduce the number of permanent flow entries and the number of configuration messages from the controller to the Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) of the Openswitch.The Result shows that IPv6 HPF scheme had a reduction of 63% as against NPF in the network for the dependency of switch per region while 33% reduction in flow entries of the network for the dependency of host per switch. The result can be used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) for real-time network flow that will provide handling of an unpredictable surge of big-data transmission across network backbone.

Types and function of code switching found in the conversation of daniel mananta and raline shah on “daniel tetangga kamu” video youtube channel

This study has two purposes, those are (1) to find out the types of code-switching used in conversation between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah in “Daniel Tetangga Kamu” video YouTube channel and 2) to identify the functions of code-switching used in conversation between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah’s utterances. A qualitative method is used for this study for analyzing the data collected from five videos. The method is applied to give a clear description of the data according to the theory proposed by Poplack (1980) as cited in Romaine (1989: 122) about the three types of code switching. The result of this analysis showed that there was three types of code switching found in this conversation are; Tag switching, intra-sentential switching and inter-sentential switching. Type of code-switching which is intra-sentential switching is the most often used in conversation between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah utterances because they was more comfortable when using words, clauses, and phrases in one sentence to convey motivational messages. And the theory proposed by Appel and Muysken (1987) about the six functions of code switching. In this analysis showed that there was six function of code switching are; referential, directive, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic and poetic. Metalinguistic is the dominant function of code-switching in conversation between Daniel Mananta and Raline Shah’s utterances. It occurs because Daniel Mananta and Raline shah wanted to impress the other participants with a show of linguistic skill.

Analysis of the capabilities of MPLS technology for managing traffic in communication networks

To support a growing number of users and multiple classes of applications with different performance requirements and characteristics, service providers have been forced to adapt to new technologies. To improve traffic management and Internet service quality, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed MPLS technology to support several classes of latency-critical applications. Traditional IP networks use a hop-by-pop principle for transmitting traffic. This leads to aggregation of heterogeneous traffic on links in different parts of the network, which causes considerable possible growth of congestion and leaves the network with both unbalanced use of resources and link failure in congested parts. This raises the need for traffic engineering to ensure bandwidth guarantees and efficient use of network resources. To overcome these problems, the IETF has proposed a new data transmission mechanism, which is MPLS (Multi protocol label switching), in accordance with the current requirements. The application of MPLS (Multi protocol label switching) technology in modern communication networks is defined by the author as a research task. The report discusses the prospects of MPLS as a universal technology that supports several protocols. The features of construction of virtual private networks (VPN) on MPLS are considered, and how traffic engineering in MPLS takes into account the use of resources, which makes the development of routes based on separate streams or different streams between the same endpoints more effective.

МОДЕЛЬ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ МУЛЬТИСЕРВИСНОЙ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ СЕТИ СВЯЗИ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ ПРИ ОБСЛУЖИВАНИИ РАЗНОРОДНОГО ТРАФИКА

The article deals with the developing model of a special purpose multiservice transport network, which allows calculating the quality of service indicator (QoS) for heterogeneous traffic both in the direction of communication and at each site of these directions, taking into account the increasing load. A significant feature of such a transport network is an application of the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), which enables to control the distribution of streams among independent routes. The MPLS has a definite advantage over a standard IP routing. Hence, the study is important today due to the need of developing a mathematical model of operation that allows distributing flows to several independent routes and performing calculations of QoS. The article focuses on the description of the proposed model, which is based on the method of iterative calculation of quality indicators that depend on the initial data obtained on the branches of the model under consideration and calculated at each step, taking into account the values at the previous one. The iterative calculation method is based on the method of evaluation analysis with an adaptive route selection. The main point of it lies in the gradual loading of the network with incoming flows with an intensity less than the nominal one, and each subsequent state differs from the previous one by a quantized increment in the intensities of these flows. This approach makes it possible to calculate the values of QoS in individual routes and in communication directions based on estimated load value in communication channel.

Comparison in the Applicability of MPLS When Using Different Dynamic Routing Protocols

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) technology affects to the latency in an IP network when using different dynamic routing protocols. For the purposes of the study, a virtual IP network was created, in which was sequentially configured to work with Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). The studies were performed without configured and then with configured MPLS. Techniques, methods and tools used in the monitoring of IP networks were used during the study of the network.

QoS in FANET Business and Swarm Data

This article shows the quality of services in a wireless swarm of drones that form an ad hoc network between them Fly Ad Hoc Networks (FANET). Each drone has the ability to send and receive information (like a router); and can behave as a hierarchical node whit the intregration of three protocols: Multiprotocol Label Switch (MPLS), Fast Hierarchical AD Hoc Mobile (FHAM) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), in conclusion MPLS + FHAM + IPv6. The metrics analyzed in the FANET are: delay, jitter, throughput, lost and sent packets/received. Testing process was carried out with swarms composed of 10, 20, 30 and 40 units; In this work, the stage with 40 drones was analyzed showing registration processes, and sent messages sequences between different drones that were part of the same swarm. A special analysis about the traffic between drones (end-to-end) was carried out, as well as the possible security flaws in each drone and the current status and future trends in real services. Regarding future trends, in a real environment, we took as a starting point, metrics results obtained in the simulation (positive according to the obtained results). These results gave us a clear vision of how the network will behave in a real environment with the aim to carry out the experiment on a physical level in the near future. This work also shows the experience quality from the service quality metrics obtained through a mathematical model. This quality of experience model will allow us to use it objectively in the agricultural sector, which is a great interest area and is where we are working with drones. Finally in this article we show our advances for a business model applied to the aforementioned agricultural sector, as well as the data analysis and services available to the end customer. These services available to the end customer have been classified into a basic, medium, advanced and plus level.

PRIVATE WIRELESS MARKET

Label switching technoloIndustry 4.0 operations enable you to fuse physical and digital processes by connecting everything from vehicles to sensors and mobile workers in the most flexible, affordable, secure and reliable way. By digitalizing operations, enterprises can easily transform data into insights and become more agile and proactive. To meet the requirements of AI, machine learning and automation, industries need highly reliable, low latency and secure wireless connectivity with high bandwidth. 4.9G/LTE and 5G industrial-grade private wireless networks are the only wireless solutions available that have proven records to meet the demands of Industry 4.0 mission and business-critical applications. They provide robust, secure and reliable connectivity for everything that is critical to your operations, from people and machines to sensors and analytics. Radio access points provide coverage of your outdoor and indoor spaces, similar to Wi-Fi, but you will need far fewer. Unlike Wi-Fi, there is a core network, which is the key to enabling mobility, ensuring security and maintaining quality-of-service parameters. The backhaul network is no different than what you would use to connect Wi-Fi access points, whether cabled Ethernet, passive optical LAN and/or microwave depending on the application and the distances served.gy, MPLS, Multiprotocol label switching, MPLS TE, Routing problems, BGP “Blackhole”.

Research of transportation network management models

The research results of a mathematical model of the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) tunneling mechanism, which is a mass service network with sequential queues, are provided. The mathematical model of the tunneling mechanism in the MPLS network is considered. The effects of fragmentation and adhesion in packets of packages transmitted in the MPLS network tunnels are analyzed. It is proved that a package belonging to packet number k at the output of an arbitrary node n, n ≥ 2, has a service time less than or equal to the service time of the first package of this packet as well as any packet at the output of the node n = 2 and all subsequent nodes is stored, i.e. all packages in it remain rigidly bound to each other. The necessary and sufficient adhesion condition in node n of packets with numbers k and k + 1, which came out separately from node n – 1, has been determined. This is the abandonment of the first package of packet k + 1 of node n – 1 before packet k finishes being serviced by node n during an interval not exceeding the service time of the first package of the previous packet t(1). The length of packet k in the second node (n = 2), for which it is not possible to find the exact formula, but it is proved that it is in the range from 1 to 1 + 2 1–, is analyzed. The approximation formula for the average length of packet k in an arbitrary node n, expressed in the number of the packages Kn, has been obtained. The function of distribution of the total time of a package in a tunnel with N nodes is calculated. Further research should focus on a methodology to take into account the reduction of service time and restoration.

Code-Mixing and Code-Switching in Maths Online Classroom: The Language Function in Interaction of Junior High School Students

The research was conducted as a qualitative case study. The study's aims were to look into the types for codes and the reasons in the occurrence of code-mixing and code-switching. In this study, a teacher and 20 students of Junior High School students were the subjects. The information was gathered through observation, recording and interview. As the result of this research, the language function in code-mixing and code-switching found for interpersonal function in 42 cases in 56,75%. The least function of language found during the online interaction was personal function with 5 cases in 6,76%. Directive function found during the online interaction in Junior High School teacher-students in NGS is 17,57%. Meanwhile, referential function was highly used more than directive function in almost 19% detected. From the data, it was concluded that the speaker in the classroom tended to interact by using interjection in Bahasa Indonesia even though in the interaction of English Language. Based on the analysis, the types of code-mixing are elaborated into three categories, as follow: insertion (50%), alternation (28,57%) and congruent lexicalization (21,43%). On the other hand, there are three types of code-switching: tag switching (88,52%), inter sentential switching (9,84%) and intra sentential switching (1,67%). The reasons of using code-mixing and code-switching based on previous findings are talking about particular topic (21,43%), being emphatic (7,14%), intention for clarifying (35,71%) and lexical needed (35,71%). Meanwhile, based on the interview, the reasons of using code-mixing and code-switching is due to the environmental society impact which cause the language usage of the speakers.

Performance Evaluation of Bandwidth Allocating Algorithms in Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switched Optical Networks to Enhance Quality of Service

Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switched (GMPLS) optical networks increase the network capacity by allowing large number of parallel links between nodes in a network which is the basic requirement in optical communication where hundreds of parallel links may exist between a pair of nodes. It also facilitates switchovers to alternate channels, rapid fault detection, fault isolation and reducing network downtime. In this paper, GMPLS network is proposed with dynamic users. Then the different bandwidth allocating algorithms have been implemented on the proposed GMPLS optical networks. The various algorithms involve Minimum Execution Time (MET) algorithm, Minimum Completion Time (MCT) algorithm and Opportunistic Load Balancing (OLB) algorithm. The considered algorithms are very popular but have not been implemented on GMPLS optical networks in the literature which shows the novelty of the work. The network performance is evaluated for each algorithm and compared with each other. The results reveal that MET reduces the blocking probability < 0.1% and latency < 1ms. This shows that MET gives the best performance among the considered algorithms and enhance the quality of service in terms of blocking probability, latency, makespan and energy consumption in GMPLS optical networks.

The Analysis of Code Switching in Indonesian Popular Pop Songs in 2000's - 2010's

Songs can be a media to uses code switching, and there are a lot of this kind of songs in Indonesia. So to help in better understanding of code switching, the analysis of code switching and in Indonesian song must be done. The objective of this research was to describe the type of code switching that were found in some Indonesian popular pop songs from 2000’s – 2010’s and to explain the cause of code switching in Indonesian popular pop songs from 2000’s – 2010’s. The research used content analysis design. The main research instrument was the researcher herself. The object of the data was the song lyric of seven songs that represented pop songs in 2000's - 2010's. To collect the data, the researcher used content analysis technique. Based on the analysis there were 32 data of types of code switching and its causes. There are three types of code switching based on poplack’s theory that are found. The first types of code switching that were found was tag switching with one data. Second, inter-sentential switching with 26 data which is the types of code switching that is commonly found. The last is intra-sentential switching with 5 data. The cause of code switching found were 5 out of 7 causes of code switching based on hoffman’s theory with the most commonly found was talking about particular topic with 23 data. Quoting somebody else with 2 data, interjection only 1 data, repetition used for clarification with 2 data, and the last was intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor with 4 data. Since this research only investigate the types of code switching and the causes based on relevant theories. Therefore, the researcher suggests for other researcher who interested in this topic to also analyze code mixing or the impact of using code switching for listener. Keywords : Code Switching, The cause of code switching

Analisis Routing Protocol Is-Is Dengan MPLS Traffic Engineering Menggunakan GNS3

In the digital era is , the internet becomes a necessity . the increasing number of internet usage by various parties encourages ISPs to improve their service quality . To overcome the problem the IETF has introduced a service Multiprotcol . MPLS-TE allows for schemes TE where the tip router of the label switched path (LSP) can calculate the many routes efficiently through the network to the router tip of the tail of the LSP. TE consists of three steps principal that is the size , model, and control . MPLS-TE allows for schemes TE where the tip router of the label switched path (LSP) can calculate the many routes efficiently through the network to the router tip of the tail of the LSP. ISIS is one of the routing protocol that was created for the OSI mode, using the method of link state as a method of collecting the route , ISIS also will perform the collection of information and the status of all the links that exist in the network . Analysis of the IS-IS routing protocol with the Multiprotocol label switch Traffic Engineering based on the parameters of quality of service (QoS), namely throughput and packet loss where the simulation uses the GNS3 network emulator. The test results prove that the values of throughput and packet loss are not much different.

“If Not Us, Who?”: Preserving Javanese Language Through Code Switching Practice in Yowis Ben Movie

&lt;em&gt;The occurrence of Code switching phenomenon is relatively normal in bilingual and multilingual society. However, despite a large body of research on code switching, little attention has been given to code switching phenomenon in relation to language maintenance issue. This study investigates&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; the types of code switching that are used by main characters in Yowis Ben The Series Episode 6; the main characters’ reasons to use code switching in Yowis Ben The Series Episode 6; and the investigation concerning Javanese language maintenance indication depicted in the movie. This descriptive qualitative study probes into the ways in which Javanese language as a vernacular language is used along with the standard Bahasa Indonesia in a movie.In addition to examining the types of code switching, this study also tries to go further within the issue of Javanese language maintenance the movie wants to convey. The results showed that there are a total of 20 data indicating three types of code switching in Yowis Ben The Series Episode 6: Intra-sentential switching (11), inter-sentential switching (8), and tag switching (once).The reasons of using code switching are to expresscertain feelings and attitudes, to talk about a specific topic, to express solidarity between people from different or the same ethnic groups, and to attract attention and persuade audiences.&lt;/em&gt;

CODE SWITCHING BY THE TEACHER IN EFL ONLINE TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS AT SMAN 7 MEDAN

Abstract The aims of this study are to analyze the types of code switching by the teachers in EFL online teaching and learning process and to analyze the teachers’ reasons of the use code switching. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The sources of this data were the two EFL teachers at SMAN 7 Medan. To collect the data, the researcher used zoom video recording platform to record the EFL teaching and learning process. Then, Teachers were interviewed after the teaching and learning process. There were three ways of action to analyze the data, they were data condensation, data display and conclusion drawing/verification. After analyzing the data, the researcher found that there were three types of code switching used by the teacher while teaching, namely intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching and tag switching. Inter-sentential switching was dominantly used by the teachers, meanwhile tag switching was the lower frequently used by teachers. In line with that, the researcher also found that there were five reasons why the teacher switched their language in EFL teaching and learning process, namely: to translating unknown vocabulary, to manage the classroom, to explain grammar, to emphasize some points, and to give empathy and solidarity.Keywords: Code switching, EFL teacher, intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, tag-switching

CODE SWITCHING IN NOVEL ENTITLED “CHINA RICH GIRLFRIEND” BY KEVIN KWAN

Abstract The present paper is a descriptive qualitative research regarding the issue of code switching found in China Rich Girlfriend, a novel by Kevin Kwan. The analysis refers to Poplack‟s (1980) theory that consist three types of code-switching and Gumperz‟s (1982) theory that mentions six functions of code-switching. The result can be concluded as: the dominant types of code-switching by the characters is intra-sentential switching which represents 54 data (46,5%), tag switching is 51 data (44,0%) and inter-sentential switching is 11 data(9,5%). Most dominant functions expressed by the use of code switching found in the novel is interjections which consist 40 data (34,5%), and personalization 34 data (29,3%), addressee specification 19 data (16,3%), message qualification 19 data (16,3%), quotation 2 data (1,8%), and reiteration 2 data (1,8%). Keywords: Code Switching, Sociolinguistics, Novel, Types, Functions

AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING IN STUDENTS’ SPEAKING TEST AS ENGLISH FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNERS

This research aims at finding out types of code switching occurred in students’speaking test of EFL learner, the percentage of each type, and finding out the students’reasons in switching their language.Threetypes of code switching proposed by Poplack (1980); intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag switching were analyzed in this descriptive qualitative study. There was one class as the sample of this research. After gaining the data, the researcher categorized the data based on three types of code switching mentioned above. The result revealed that all three types of code switching appears in the students’ speaking. The first type, intra - sentential switching, it tends to be the main type of switching (69.49%), followed by intra-sentential switching (27.12%). Different from those two types, tag switching seems to occur the least frequent type of switching that appeared in the comments (3.39%). Then, the researcher also classified the data into seven reasons in doing code switching according to Hoffman (1991). There are still some other reasons found by the researcher in conducting the research.

CODE SWITCHING USED BY ENGLISH TEACHER IN TEACHING ENGLISH AT THE SECOND GRADE OF SMAN 1 AEK NATAS

The aims of this study were to find out the types of code switching used by English teacher and to investigate the reasons why the English teacher used code switching in Teaching English. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected through observing, interview, and recording. The analysis of code switching was based on Poplack’s theory to know the types of code switching and Hoffman’s theory to ivestigate the reasons why the teacher used code switching. Based on the analysis, it was found that there were 106 utterances that has been categorized as code swutching consisting of 46 intra-sentential, 28 inter-sentential, and 32 tag switching. The reasons why teacher used code switching in teaching English process were Quoting somebody else, Interjection and Repetition used for clarification, there were two reasons set by the teacher, there were to make the students understand about the explanation given by the teacher and to develop student’s English skill.Keywords: Code Switching, English Teacher, Teaching English

Analysis of Code Switching Used in Student-Lecturer Interactions in Online Learning Using Whatsapp

This study focuses on how code switchings (CS) are used in the student-lecturer interaction in WhatsApp-based online learning. It specifically aims at investigating the types, the functions, and the most dominant types of CS used in the so-called interaction. 233 code-switched utterances from the students’ and the lecturer’s chats were collected as the primary source data. The chats took place during the online learning of the Academic Vocabulary and Corpus course from March to November 2020. For data analysis, the types of CS proposed by Poplack and the functions of CS by Eldridge and Flyman-Mattsson/Burenhut were endorsed. The results show that the analyzed data contain 3 types of code-switching that included tag switching (21 uses, 9%), intra-sentential switching (197 uses, 85%), and inter-sentential switching (15 uses, 6%). Intra-sentential switching is the most dominant type found in the conversation. During the interaction, the lecturer applied 3 functions of CS that included topic switch (46%), affective function (23%), and repetitive function (31%). Meanwhile, the students applied 4 functions of CS that included equivalence (28%), floor-holding (2%), reiteration (52%), and conflict-control (18%).

Optical networks management and control: A review and recent challenges

In the last twenty years, optical networks have witnessed recurrent changes in their management and control architecture. In this paper, we present a historical timeline and a future perspective of the evolution of optical network management and control deployed for Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSON), Elastic Optical Networks (EON) and (multilayer) Data Center Networks.Early implementations of WSON envisaged a static and centralized provisioning approach supported by the Management Plane only. Gradually, the requirement of accommodating more network dynamicity in WSON, and later in EON, pushed the adoption of a distributed control, mostly supported by vendor-dependent implementations of the Generalized MultiProtocol Label Switching (GMPLS) protocol suite. The drawbacks of the fully distributed GMPLS-based control, such as resource contention, suboptimal resource usage, and complex computations (e.g., to account for physical layer constraints) showed the necessity to bring back some of the routing/provisioning functions to a centralized Path Computation Element (PCE) capable of accounting for e.g. physical impairments and interworking with GMPLS.The centralized control then gained its momentum and brought a radical change in network control, through the separation of data and control plane introduced by the paradigm of Software Defined Networking (SDN). Such an approach has been gradually extended to optical network control.The paper, eventually, presents the most advanced control techniques, namely the intent-based networking, the observe/decide/act state-based approach providing for autonomic optical network and the (closed-loop) zero-touch service management approach. Advanced traffic conditioning techniques are also detailed, namely the in-band telemetry and the exploitation of Programming Protocol-Independent Packet Processors (P4) language capabilities as well as solutions tailored for data center networks: all of them are still in a research stage and to be integrated within future optical network architectures.