MPLS Research Articles

AN ANALYSIS OF CODE-SWITCHING IN DANIEL MANANTA NETWORK YOUTUBE CHANNEL

This paper investigates code-switching based on the types and functions in Daniel Mananta Network YouTube Channel while interacting with each other in informal situations. A qualitative approach was applied to the descriptive study in this paper. The data were gathered through a qualitative method by observing and transcribing the selected YouTube videos. The researcher transcribed, coded, analyzed, and classified the gathered data as the main instrument to determine the classifications and functions of code-switching. The study focused on the classifications and functions of code-switching used within Indonesian-based conversation. The sample of the study involved 10 video playlists of Daniel Tetangga Kamu on the Daniel Mananta Network YouTube Channel. The duration of the 10 videos is 12 hours and 53 minutes. The findings indicate that the Daniel Mananta Network YouTube Channel’s participants frequently used intra-sentential code-switching rather than inter-sentential code-switching, tag switching, and intra-word code-switching. In addition, the researcher also found a new phenomenon of code-switching that emerged where intra-sentential code-switching occurred within inter-sentential code-switching. The findings of the study are not only code-switching but also code-mixing, which is a reduplication that occurred due to the common usage in Indonesian speech. Subsequently, the most frequent function of code-switching used by the participants in the Daniel Mananta Network YouTube Channel is lexical need. Furthermore, the participants in Daniel Mananta Network YouTube Channel code-switch are not only from Indonesian to English but also from English to Indonesian in the Indonesian-based conversation.

The used code mixing and code switching by students in classroom interaction

Despite several researches have been conducted to investigate the issue of code-switching and code mixing, the findings of this research are significant as they can assist both students and teachers to consider the use of code-switching and code mixing in classroom interaction, specifically in Indonesia. The aim of this research 1) to classify the type of code mixing and code switching that used by student in classroom interaction, 2) to interpret the function of code mixing and code switching that used by student in classroom interaction. This research employed descriptive qualitative method. Data collection instruments were the observation and interview. The data of type of code mixing were analyzed based on Hoffman’s theory, namely intra-sentential code mixing, intralexical code mixing and involving a change of pronunciation. The data of type of code switching were analyzed based on Poplack’s theory, namely inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching and tag switching. The most common used is inter-sentential switching and intra sential switching. The functions of code mixing and code switching were analyzed by Marsigan’s theory, namely, quotation, addressee specification, repetition, interjection, message qualification, personalization and objectivization, and facility of expression. The most usually function is facility of expression.

CODE-SWITCHING IN ENGLISH CLASSROOM

Code-switching is one of sociolinguitics phenomenon when a a speaker of bilingual or multilingual switch from a language to another one. The research aims to figure out types of teacher’ code-switching in the teaching and learning process in English class. The study applied a case study of qualitative descriptive research. The participant of the research was an English teacher at a state Islamic school in Sumedang. Observation and interview were used to collect the research data, and the data were analyzed based on code-switching theory proposed by Poplack (1980). The study revealed that (1) teacher applied three types of code switching, namely: intrasentential code switching, inter-sentential code switching, and tag switching; (2) the most frequently used types of code switching used was intrasentential code switching followed by inter sentential code switching and tag switching. Code switching is used by the teacher to reduce either students' misunderstanding of the lesson or their difficulty understanding the English lesson offered by the English teachers in the classroom

Code Switching Used by Judges and Models in Indonesia's Next Top Model in NET TV

This study aimed to analyze the types, social function, and the construction of speaker’s identity in code switching. This research used mixed (qualitative and quantitative) method by transcribing and analysing the videos to find out the types, social functions, and identity in code switching. The data were utterances uttered by participants in Indonesia’s Next Top Model cycle 2. The result of the study showed there were three types of code switching, intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag switching. The most dominant type was intra-sentential switching with 192 utterances, 41 utterances are inter-sentential switching, and 19 utterances for tag switching. Then five function of code switching found in this research, referential function with 3 utterances, directive function with 15 utterances, expressive function with 37 utterances, phatic function with 13 utterances, and metalinguistic function which most dominant function used by the speaker with 184 utterances. The construction of identity were divided into four categories, classification with 4 occurrences, relational identification with 15 occurrences, physical identification with 8 occurrences, and functionalization with 34 occurrences.

Cloud Based VPN Using IP Tunneling for Remote Site Interface

Abstract: A strong IP technology that builds a secure and encrypted connection tunnel over the less secure internet is required by the majority of enterprise organizations. Joint location and link connectivity issues must be resolved for distant users and branch offices to have secure access to corporate applications and other resources. This ensures security while data passes over encrypted tunnels. Despite the development of IP-based VPN, JLP and LCP for VPN customer edge devices and provider edge nodes have not yet been completely investigated. The purpose of this work is to apply cutting-edge viewpoints to VPN-IP design that may be used in IP multi-protocol label switching (MPLSVPN) infrastructure for cloud computing. The system architecture includes mathematical formulas. End-to-end delay, throughput, and resource consumption behavior for IP tunneling are seen to behave moderately for low scale workloads. While showcasing the benefits of an MPLS-based IP-based VPN architecture, the difficulties of VPN-IP tunneling are explored. This study suggests cloud-based MPLS-VPN as a workable substitute for traditional VPN-IP tunneling in order to get the best performance and service delivery

Code Switching Found in Daniel Mananta Network Podcast by Agnes Monica and Daniel Mananta

This study discusses the types and reasons of code-switching occurred during conversations between Agnes Monica and Daniel Mananta on the Daniel Mananta Network Podcast. This study aims to answer research problems, namely (1) What types of code switching are used by Agnes Monica and Daniel Mananta on the Daniel Mananta Network (2) What are the reasons behind the occurrence of code switching by Agnes Monica and Daniel Mananta on the Daniel Mananta Network. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method by classifying and describing the types of code switching based on the theory from Appel and Muysken (1987) and the reasons behind the occurrence of code switching based on Hoffman's theory (1991). The result shows that 90 data were found, 6 data of tag switching, 70 data of intra-sentential switching, and 13 data of inter-sentential switching. Intra-sentential switching is the most dominant types found in data source. Meanwhile, tag switching is the least. Moreover seven reasons motivating code switching were found in Podcast Daniel Mananta Network. Where talking about particular topic is the most dominant reasons found. It's because Agnes Monica and Daniel Mananta occasionally favor using one language over another while discussing a certain subject. In a language other than his native tongue, a speaker may occasionally feel more at ease and free to express his or her emotional feelings. The character can grab the audience's attention and add interest to the narrative by using code switching.

The Use Of Code-Switching By Teacher In Classroom Interaction At MAN 2 Model Medan

This research that has been conducted entitled "The Use of Code-Switching By Teacher In Classroom Interaction At MAN 2 Model Medan" which is motivated by the fact that there are differences in abilities between teachers and students in using and understanding English so make the teacher adjust the language gap so that code-switching occurs between students and teachers in classroom interaction. Code-switching is a communication between people use two or more language. The research methodology in this study use a qualitative method where the data collected by the researcher was by triangulation method that are observation, documentation and interview the teacher. The results obtained by the researcher are three types of code-switching used by teachers in classroom interaction, those are tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential switching. Based on those three types, the dominant types that are most often used by the teacher is inter-sentential switching. The teacher use code switching because of talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, showing empathy, interjection, repetition, expressing group identity, and to clarify about the content. Based on the finding of the research, it can be concluded that code-switching can be used by teacher in classroom interaction because code-switching as the solution of the language gap between teacher and student.

Возможности протокола резервирования ресурсов для повышения пропускной способности и надежности передачи трафика между системами коммутации

As a research task, the authors define the features of the use of the resource reservation protocol (RSVP) in modern networks of MPLS (Multi protocol label switching) technology, which provides an increase in the throughput of delay-sensitive voice and video traffic. The RSVP protocol allows you to transfer requirements for the level of Quality of Service (QoS) with reference to data flows. The article discusses the characteristics of the RSVP protocol. The use of RSVP of three reservation styles is considered, as well as an extension of RSVP that supports better QoS, the establishment of explicit routable paths (LSP) with or without reservation, the possibility of LSP redirection. The benefits of segment routing (SR) are discussed in giving the network operator more control over the network, simplifying the network, and supporting class of service. It also discusses the protection mechanisms for MPLS-TE tunnels to provide failover.

Evaluating Segment Routing Technology for MPLS-based Network

Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) has proved its strength for large network traffic since it emerged. However, due to increasing demands on network services and for a massive traffic that continually growing, Segment Routing was developed and introduced to overcome the limitation in load balancing and scalability of current MPLS. This paper examines the effectiveness of the SR technique for MPLS-based networks with Traffic Engineering (TE) via experimental work where an implementation of basic SR scenarios is emulated and tested for some comparison criteria. These criteria were based on packet analysis for both simple ICMP and flow in stable conditions and for network convergence in case of failure. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of SR in MPLS-TE-based networks in terms of convergence and reducing overhead traffic control.

A New Machine Learning-based Hybrid Intrusion Detection System and Intelligent Routing Algorithm for MPLS Network

Machine Learning (ML) is seen as a promising application that offers autonomous learning and provides optimized solutions to complex problems. The current Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)-based communication system is packed with exponentially increasing applications and different Quality-of-Services (QoS) requirements. As the network is getting complex and congested, it will become challenging to satisfy the QoS requirements in the MPLS network. This study proposes a hybrid ML-based intrusion detection system (ML-IDS) and ML-based intelligent routing algorithm (ML-RA) for MPLS network. The research is divided into three parts, which are (1) dataset development, (2) algorithm development, and (3) algorithm performance evaluation. The dataset development for both algorithms is carried out via simulations in Graphical Network Simulator 3 (GNS3). The datasets are then fed into MATLAB to train ML classifiers and regression models to classify the incoming traffic as normal or attack and predict traffic delays for all available routes, respectively. Only the normal traffic predicted by the ML-IDS algorithm will be allowed to enter the network domain, and the route with the fastest delay predicted by the ML-RA is assigned for routing. The ML-based routing algorithm is compared to the conventional routing algorithm, Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2). From the performance evaluations, the ML-RA shows 100 percent accuracy in predicting the fastest route in the network. During network congestion, the proposed ML outperforms the RIPv2 in terms of delay and throughput on average by 57.61 percent and 46.57 percent, respectively.

5G Communication Systems: Network Slicing and Virtual Private Network Architecture

5G communication systems are being rolled out with multiple technological solutions and applications being fielded on existing as well as enhanced infrastructure. The utilization of 5G systems and infrastructure by verticals over different platforms as well as industries is achieved with slicing. Slicing in 5G provides guaranteed resources for end users of vertical industries and applications over varied platforms, architecture, and infrastructure. Standards for network slicing in 5G have been formulated by 3GPP and further specifications are being released. Implementation of slicing at various layers are being researched. This Paper reviews the advancements in development of specifications for Layer 2 implementation of slicing and communication systems using virtual Private Network and Virtual Transport Network and its architecture. The enhancements to communication systems using existing Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and its exploitation based on slicing technology has been reviewed. The research challenges and way ahead on same have been discussed including end resource allocation.

Patterns of Code-switching in the Amharic Media

This study examines patterns of Amharic-English code-switching in the Amharic media language use. It employed a qualitative descriptive approach, which helped break down the recordings and transcripts into intelligible units that helped explain the various language use forms created by code-switching in the Amharic media. Thus, five Amharic media outlets focusing on sport, medical science, and science and technology were purposively selected to study language use in the Amharic media. Hence, 1090 examples which have both Amharic and English elements were selected. A generic step of data analysis was made so as to classify the different types and patterns of code-switching instances. The findings indicated that the three different types of code-switching, namely tag switching, inter-sentential code-switching, and intra-sentential code-switching, are found in the Amharic media language use. Moreover, it was found that there are different patterns of code-switching from English to Amharic. Thus, it is shown that Amharic is the matrix language and is quite resistant against any change of its basic word order. It can also be seen that the mixed constituents found in the Amharic media confirm that the matrix language frame (MLF) model can satisfactorily explain the patterns of Amharic-English code-switching.

CODE-SWTICHING IN LEGAL ENGLISH CLASSES: TEACHERS’ PRACTICES AND BELIEFS

Code-switching in foreign language classrooms is a common phenomenon that has captured interests of researchers worldwide over the past decades. The lack of studies about code-switching in legal English teaching and learning in Vietnam gives rise to this current research. The study aimed to investigate code-switching practices of teachers in legal English classes at a university in Vietnam and examine their perceptions of their own teaching practices. Three legal English lecturers at Hanoi Law University participated in the study. Teachers’ classroom observations and interviews were used as methods of data collection. The findings from classroom observations indicate that first language (L1), Vietnamese, was occasionally employed by teachers to serve different purposes: subject access, classroom management and interpersonal relationships. Inter-sentential code-switching predominates intra-sentential and tag switching. The results from teacher interviews shed light on various underlying reasons for teachers’ L1 use. The outcomes also reveal some mismatches between teachers’ actual practices and their beliefs regarding code-switching for elicitation, recapitulation, and interpersonal relationships. Several suggestions for implementing teacher training programs on the effective strategic use of L1 in L2 instructions, for teachers’ practices and for further research are addressed in the present study.

CODE CHOICE USED BY CHIYU TAMADE (CHU2) CHARACTER IN THE ANIME “BANG DREAM! SEASON 2 EP 3, 8, AND 9”

In the field of Sociolinguistics, phenomenons of language use such as code-switching and code-mixing are often found in our daily lives. BanG Dream is a multimedia project that focuses on music-themed media products that include manga, anime series, game, musical CD’s and live concerts. In the anime series, BanG Dream, a certain character named Chu2 has interesting background that allow her to have the tendency to perform use of code-switching and code-mixing. This paper aims to find out the types of code-switching and code-mixing found in the utterances of Chu2 in the BanG Dream anime series season 2 episode 3, 8, and 9 and analyze factors affecting doing code switching and code mixing. The research was conducted using a qualitative method through observation to find out the types and the reason for every code-switching and code-mixing found in Chu2’s utterances. The findings showed that there were a total of 23 data, including 13 data of code-switching and 10 data of code-mixing. Three types of code-switching used by Chu2 were tag switching, inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential switching. Meanwhile, there can only be found one type of code-mixing used by Chu2 in her utterances which was insertion. The findings showed that the reason Chu2 performs the phenomenon of code-switching and code-mixing was because of her preferred language to speak English instead of her mother language Japanese, and her social identity as an international high school student which acts as a background to her tendency to constantly switch and mix between Japanese and English because she used to speak English in her school.

Code-Switching in Lecturer-Students’ Interaction in Thesis Examination

Choosing a code when interacting is one of the opportunities that a bilingual has. Code-switching is usually used by bilinguals when interacting with the other person. This study tries to find the types of code-switching and the categories of reasons for using code-switching in lecturer- students’ interactions in thesis exams. This research used a qualitative method with a case study approach. The data was in the form of utterances obtained from recorded interactions of five thesis examination sessions in the English undergraduate program at Syiah Kuala University. The data was analyzed through several processes, including transcribing, data condensation, identifying, marking, grouping, displaying data, and making inferences. The data was analyzed using the theory proposed by Stockwell and Hoffman. From the analysis, it was found that there are three types of code-switching, namely tag switching, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential. Related to the categories of reasons for using code-switching, the researcher found 5 from 7 reasons to do code-switching in lecturer-students’ interaction in thesis examination. The researcher hoped that the next researcher will further analyze the code-switching that occurs in the thesis exam, not only analyzing the types of code-switching and the reasons for using code-switching, but also analyzing the other side of linguistics.

CODE SWITCHING USED BY THE STUDENTS IN EFL CLASSROOM INTERACTION

This research aims at finding out the types of code-switching used by the students in the English as a foreign language classroom interaction. The research employed descriptive qualitative research design. The subjects were the students of English language education program. All of them used Papuan Malay language in their daily life but in class they used Indonesian language as mother tongue and English language as target language. The researcher findings that there are five types of code-switching that used by the students in EFL classroom interaction. Those Inter – sentential, Intra – sentential, and tag switching. For each type, the switch frequently used was as a clause, then as a word, and the last was as a sentence. They used them to clarify what they said because they tended to repeat or tried to translate the words again, and another reason was switching the words into the daily language was one of the ways to use to continue speaking. The impact of code-switching on TEFL was extremely beneficial since it may be utilized as a method or tactic in teaching English content, pushing students to talk, evaluating problems, and encouraging students to keep speaking in EFL classroom.

CODE SWITCHING IN LONDON LOVE STORY FILM

Code switching is one of the topics that go into sociolinguistics study. This term refers to the phenomenon of language switching, either spoken or written, done by bilingual or multilingual people. In its development, code switching often appears in many literary works, one of them is in <em>London Love Story </em>film. <em>London Love Story </em>is an Indonesian movie released in 2016 by Screenplay Films house production. This movie contains code switching of two languages, Indonesian language and English. This research focused on analyzing the types of code switching which appears in this film which performed by the characters. The result in this research shows there are three types of code switching performed in London Love Story film, namely inter-sentential code switching, tag switching, and intra-sentential code switching refers to types of code switching proposed by Poplack (1980). Eleven utterances categorized into inter-sentential code switching, five utterances categorized into tag switching, and eight utterances categorized into intra-sentential code switching types. This phenomenon is influence by the reasons and social factors of code switching.

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDENTS’ USE OF INDONESIAN-ENGLISH CODE SWITCHING ON INSTAGRAM

Code switching often occurs in daily conversation of multilingual society, including on their use of social media. This study aims to describe the types, functions, and reasons of code switching made by university students of English Education Department in their Instagram accounts. The data in this study are in the form of caption and comments on the Instagram accounts and the responses from the interview and questionnaire with 61 participants. This study used three instruments, namely documentation, questionnaires, and interviews. The findings indicated that tag switching was the dominantly used type of code switching with directive, poetic, and expressive functions. While, to attract attention, to show habitual expression, to address different audience, and to show mood of the speaker were the functions and reasons of their code switching. Code switching with regards to the certain types, functions, and reasons is used naturally within informal context communication among the youth who know and learn English as a foreign language (EFL) formally.

Performance Evaluation of a Multidomain IMS/NGN Network Including Service and Transport Stratum

The Next Generation Network (NGN) architecture was proposed for delivering various multimedia services with guaranteed quality. For this reason, the elements of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) concept (an important part of 4G/5G/6G mobile networks) are used in its service stratum. This paper presents comprehensive research on how the parameters of an IMS/NGN network and traffic sources influence mean Call Set-up Delay (E(CSD)) and mean Call Disengagement Delay (E(CDD)), a subset of standardized call processing performance (CPP) parameters, which are significant for both network users and operators. The investigations were performed using our analytical traffic model of a multidomain IMS/NGN network with Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) technology applied in its transport stratum, which provides transport resources for the services requested by users. The performed experiments allow grouping network and traffic source parameters into three categories based on the strength of their effect on E(CSD) and E(CDD). These categories reflect the significance of particular parameters for the network operator and designer (most important, less important and insignificant).

Code Switching Found in “Maudy Ayunda Music” YouTube Channel

The use of two languages within a conversation has been known as code switching. This study analyzed the code switching phenomenon as found in Maudy Ayunda Music YouTube Channel. The goals are to analyze the types and functions of code switching. Poplack’s model (1980) is applied to identify the types of code switching; meanwhile, for the code switching function, it applied Appel & Muysken’s (1987) theory. The method of descriptive qualitative is used to identify the data. In collecting the data this study applied the observation method and note-taking techniques. Three chosen videos on Maudy Ayunda Music YouTube channel are used as the data source. Furthermore, the result of the study is presented in formal and informal method. All types of code switching were found; there were inter-sentential switching, tag switching and intra-sentential switching. And then, all functions of code switching also found; there were metalinguistic function, phatic function, directive function, poetic function, expressive function and referential function. Keywords: Code switching, YouTube, Maudy Ayunda