Multipath Routing Research Articles

Anycast Transmission in Routing Modulation Level Spectrum Assignment (RMLSA) Problem on Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) Elastic Optical Networks (EON)

With the rise of cloud computing in recent years, a large number of streaming media has yielded an exponential growth in network traffic. With the now present 5G and future 6G, the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), social networks, video on demand, and mobile multimedia platforms, the backbone network is bound to bear more traffic. The transmission capacity of Single Core Fiber (SCFs) may be limited in the future and Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) leveraging multi-core fibers promises to be one of the solutions for the future. Currently, Elastic optical networks (EONs) with multi-core fibers (MCFs) are a kind of SDM-enabled EONs (SDM-EON) used to enhance the capacity of transmission. The resource assignment in MCFs, however, will be subject to Inter-Core Crosstalk (IC-XT), hence, reducing the effectiveness of transmission. This research highlights the routing, modulation level, and spectrum assignment (RMLSA) problems with anycast traffic mode in SDM-EON. A multipath routing scheme is used to reduce the blocking rate of anycast traffic in SDM-EON with the limit of inter-core crosstalk. Hence, an integer linear programming (ILP) problem is formulated and a heuristic algorithm is proposed. Two core-assignment strategies: First-Fit (FF) and Random-Fit (RF) are used and their performance is evaluated through simulations. The simulation results show that the multipath routing method is better than the single-path routing method in terms of blocking ratio and spectrum utilization ratio. Moreover, the FF is better than the RF in low traffic load in terms of blocking ratio (BR), and the opposite in high traffic load. The FF is better than the RF in terms of a spectrum utilization ratio. In an anycast protection problem, the proposed algorithm has a lower BR than previous works.

ESMD-Flow: An intelligent flow forwarding scheme with endogenous security based on Mimic defense in space-air-ground integrated network

The Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network (SAGIN) realizes the integration of space, air, and ground networks, obtaining the global communication coverage. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) architecture in SAGIN has become a promising solution to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS). However, the current routing algorithms mainly focus on the QoS of the service, rarely considering the security requirement of flow. To realize the secure transmission of flows in SAGIN, we propose an intelligent flow forwarding scheme with endogenous security based on Mimic Defense (ESMD-Flow). In this scheme, SDN controller will evaluate the reliability of nodes and links, isolate malicious nodes based on the reliability evaluation value, and adapt multipath routing strategy to ensure that flows are always forwarded along the most reliable multiple paths. In addition, in order to meet the security requirement of flows, we introduce the programming data plane to design a multiprotocol forwarding strategy for realizing the multiprotocol dynamic forwarding of flows. ESMD-Flow can reduce the network attack surface and improve the secure transmission capability of flows by implementing multipath routing and multi-protocol hybrid forwarding mechanism. The extensive simulations demonstrate that ESMD-Flow can significantly improve the average path reliability for routing and increase the difficulty of network eavesdropping while improving the network throughput and reducing the average packet delay.

A Proposed Optimization Framework for the Routing Protocols in Adhoc networks

Because of recent advancements in wireless communication and networking, it is now much simpler for people to continue cultivating meaningful connections with one another. After the evolution of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and Mobile IPv6, which is described in IETF RFC 4068, there is a demand for the design of a routing protocol based on the new architecture of wireless networks that can facilitate efficient communication. This is because the design of a routing protocol that is based on the new architecture of wireless networks is required to meet this demand. This desire has surfaced as a direct result of the necessity to design a protocol that is suitable for usage with the recently developed architecture of wireless networks. Wireless sensor networks, abbreviated as WSN for convenience, are one kind of wireless network that might run into problems with its physical layout. Scalability, energy efficiency, and efficient routing throughout the network are the three problems that need to be addressed here. It changes the way sensing operations are performed from those that can only be done on a small scale, in a centralized location, and at a high cost into those that can be done on a large scale, in a dispersed location, and at a lower cost. This is accomplished by combining extremely small battery-powered sensors with wireless networks. There are literally hundreds of different applications for wireless sensor networks that may be utilized to make complex problems easier to handle. When it comes to the great majority of applications for wireless sensor nodes, the key concern of engineers is the conservation of energy in these nodes. This becomes very important because the amount of energy consumption in sensor nodes should be maintained to a minimum in order to maximize the amount of time that a network can continue to function normally. The creation of a routing algorithm that consumes the least amount of energy possible is the major challenge presented by WSN. Clustering techniques are necessary for the maintenance of the network's available energy, and the k means clustering strategy is used during the formation of clusters in wireless sensor networks (WSN). When there is growth in the network and the topology formation changes because of scalability in the network, a new routing technique has been proposed with a k-means clustering algorithm using IPv6. The goal of this technique is to minimize energy consumption among the nodes while also maintaining a balanced distribution of energy use across the network. This was carried out with the goal of using IPv6, which has already been accomplished. The method of routing that has been presented is suitable for implementation in settings that support not only unicast and multicast routing but also any cast and multicast routing as well as multipath routing. This is done so that load balancing may be implemented successfully inside the network. In addition, research has been done to investigate the problem of finding bottleneck nodes within a WSN in order to make the process of energy conservation easier.

Reinforcement Energy Efficient ant Colony Optimization of Mobile Ad Hoc Multipath Routing Performance Enhancement

The Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that operates without infrastructure and is self-administrative. It often changes the topology called dynamic network. The nodes are in the dynamic network spending more energy on path finding that resultant the node quickly draining and being inactive in the network. To overcome this issue, propose an Improve Energy Capability Backup Route ant colony optimization (IEC-BR) algorithm for reducing energy usage, enhancing network lifetime, improving packet delivery, and decreasing end-to-end delay. The algorithm uses a backup route for minimizing the route researching and node energy preservation. Stability factors and Quality of Services (QoS) parameters help to enhance the network lifetime and QoS. The stability factor uses the node residual energy and the link lifetime. Hop count and bandwidth are used for the QoS parameters. The simulation result has proved the proposed IEC-BR technique improves packet delivery, node lifetime by 31% and reduces the network delay compared to the traditional Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Multi Objective Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (MOAODV) routing protocols.

Secure dynamic wireless communication in MANET

Due to the mobility of the nodes, the topology often changes, causing the link to fail. Lack of infrastructure support and limited resources are the main causes of dishonest and uncooperative nodes, and in finding a route to a destination and opening new routes. As a result of the frequent discovery, there is large network congestion that occurs. Multipath routing protocols are designed to find multiple routes to a target, and switch to a backup secondary path if the primary route is violated to avoid this. These protocols also provide better routing performance and security. This paper examines two ondemand MANET protocols, a Trusted Secure Dynamic Source Routing (TS-DSR) and a Modified Trusted Secure Dynamic Source Routing (MTS-DSR), as well as a mechanism for gateway discovery on demand.

An Interactive Reliable Multipath Routing Derived From A Directed Acyclic Graphs

An Interactive Reliable Multipath Routing Derived From A Directed Acyclic Graphs

Mobility aware and reliable multipath routing protocol for MANETs

Mobility aware and reliable multipath routing protocol for MANETs

The Effect of Packet Loss Rate on Multipath Routing for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network

The Effect of Packet Loss Rate on Multipath Routing for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network

Quality and Energy Aware Multipath Routing in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

In Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), the sensor nodes are capable of acquiring the multimedia information like wildlife tracking, traffic accidents as well scalar data. Because of these factors, the WMSNs have a bright future in both academic and industry circles. Multimedia applications, on the other hand, generate a lot of network traffic, which causes a lot of delay and wastes a lot of energy. In WMSNs, both network duration and quality of service are critical, hence an effective routing algorithm that can manage more data while simultaneously extending network lifetime is necessary. Towards this objective, in this paper, we proposes a Quality Aware Multipath Routing (QAMR) that selects multiple paths based on three reference metrics; they are Expected Transmission Count, Energy and Delay. For a given source and sink node, the QAMR constructs a composite metric by combining these three metrics and selects node disjoint multiple paths. Since the multiple paths with common nodes has less efficiency in data forwarding, we opt for node disjoint paths in which no two paths have one common node. On the proposed system QAMR model, extensive simulation tests are performed, and the outcomes are evaluated using a variety of metrics such as energy consumption, throughput, delay, and packet delivery ratio.

Design and Analysis of an Energy-Efficient Load Balancing and Bandwidth Aware Adaptive Multipath N-Channel Routing Approach in MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of spontaneous nodes that form a dynamic network without any centralized administration. Routing decisions for mobile communication is a challenging task because the continuous movement of nodes increases the routing overhead and energy consumption. Numerous studies have been conducted in the field of MANET to reduce the routing decision overhead and energy consumption. Their concepts are good for improving efficiency in terms of load balancing, congestion control, and energy consumption. This article provides new concepts that are able to give better outcomes. This paper, proposes an adaptive Multipath Multichannel (N-channel) Energy Efficient (MMEE) routing approach in which route selection strategies are dependent on predictive energy consumption per packet (calculated accustomed data delivery), available bandwidth, queue length, and channel utilization. Multipath provides multiple routes and balances network load, whereas multichannel reduces network collisions via a channel ideal assignment mechanism. In the multichannel mechanism, link bandwidth is divided into multiple sub-channels. Multiple source nodes access the channel bandwidth in a simultaneous manner that minimizes the network collision. The collaborative multipath multichannel mechanism provides more than one path between a single source or multiple sources to the destination without collision and congestion. The path selection is based on the MMEE routing approach. In the proposed MMEE, a load and bandwidth aware routing method selects the path, based on node energy and predicts their lifetime, which increases the network reliability. The result shows the comparative analysis between various multichannel medium access techniques such as MMAC, Parallel Rendezvous Multi Channel Medium Access Protocol (PRMMAC), Quality of Service Ad hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (QoS-AOMDV), Q-learning based Multipath Routing (QMR), Topological Change Adaptive Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TA-AOMDV), and the proposed MMEE method. The outcome concludes that the MMEE method performs better than other schemes. The proposed MMEE protocol provides better performance in terms of percentage of data received, throughput, and minimum energy utilization.

Performance comparison of multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc network

Performance comparison of multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc network

BMRHTA: Balanced Multipath Routing and Hybrid Transmission Approach for Lifecycle Maximization in WSNs

In this article, a balanced multipath routing and hybrid transmission approach (BMRHTA) is proposed to effectively alleviate the imbalance of the forwarding load in a sink connection area (SCA) and prolong the network lifecycle for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To achieve the energy efficient and balanced WSNs, three design issues, including the multipath, multihop, and single-hop transmissions, are jointly optimized to maximize the overall network lifecycle. First, the path load aggregation phenomenon in the SCA, which makes the forwarding packet load unevenly distributed among hotspots, is examined. In order to achieve the load balance in SCA, multiple shortest balanced paths are generated in the BMRHTA model. In the first stage, two uncorrelated shortest paths are discovered from each node to the sink and the optimal path selection cycle can be determined to achieve the SCA load balance. Afterward, a network equilibrium policy is offered to resolve the optimal transmission period of energy balance via hybrid transmission. As a result, the balanced shortest paths, the path selection cycle and the transmission period can be determined in the network formation phase to avoid the excessive load concentration in the subsequent maintenance phase. Simulation results show that the joint two uncorrelated balanced routing and the proposed network equilibrium policy can nearly quadruple the network lifecycle extension, as compared to a conventional node power policy. Also, the proposed BMRHTA achieves better performance than the current state-of-the-art competitive approaches in terms of energy efficiency and lifecycle.

IoT based traffic congestion control for environmental applications

Recently, the demands of the Internet of Things (IoT) have been steadily growing .The main idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) is to revolutionize the current Internet by enriching it with a large number of intelligent objects that communicate with each other. Heterogeneous communication technologies are integrated into the Internet to achieve the IoT application. The function of these objects is to collect data from sensors, process it, and communicate it. Therefore, sensors are main features of IoT. The Heterogeneous Wireless sensor network (HWSN) is a key technology element of the Internet of Things (IoT), which is considered as the future evolution of the Internet. The integration of HWSNs into IoT makes communication with any type of object possible and opens the gates to a multitude of application areas. We have proposed: (Load-Balancing based Clustering Multipath routing protocol for Heterogeneous sensor networks). After having detailed the functioning of our protocol, we present the realization of the simulations by the NS3 simulator, whose objective is to allow us to evaluate the performances of the proposed (Load-Balancing based Clustering Multipath routing protocol for HWSN) by comparing the results with the two protocols: (Weight based clustering in wireless sensor networks) and (Distributed Energy efficient Adaptive Clustering Protocol). We thus take into account several metrics for the performance of evaluation. We also note that the proposed protocol is 47% better than DEACP with respect to fist node die, and 35% better than WBCHN with respect to last node die while maintaining the average data transmission delay. We were able to show through the simulation results obtained that the objectives have been reached.

An approach to detect black hole attack for congestion control utilizing mobile nodes in wireless sensor network

Mobile ad-hoc Network (MANET) is temporary and dynamic network topology, wherein nodes are mobile in nature with bandwidth and resource constraint. Applications of MANET’s are widely used in different areas. Provisioning of quality of service (QoS) for routing in MANET’s is a challenging issue. Packet drop occurs due to congestion related issues like limited bandwidth, link failure and interference also misbehaving node drops the packet to harm the network. Differentiating packet loss due to congestion or malicious node is a tedious job. Securing the mobile nodes from attacker has become one of the crucial aspects of providing QoS, since nodes are weak to different kinds of attacks and threats that impact network connectivity and functionality. The black-hole attack is examined to be epidemic and popular active attack that degrades overall reliability and network performance by dropping all the incoming packets. In Black-hole node pretends that it has a shortest route to destination and intent to deceive every node in the network. In this paper we differentiate packet loss due to congestion or by malicious node, our scheme utilises on-demand link and energy aware dynamic multipath (O-LEADM) routing scheme for MANET’s to detect black-hole node by integrating bait method, the behaviour of node is analysed using control messages destination-sequence (des-Seq) and reply-sequence (rep-Seq) while accessing the channel. During route discovery each intermediated node in the network sends the des-Seq message to all its neighbour nodes, and then neighbour nodes intern replies to intermediate node by sending rep-Seq message. If des-Seq and req-Seq from the neighbours does not match, then node is said to be malicious. Connection to the network layer is allowed to intermediate node if des-Seq and rep-Seq matches. Channel availability and link quality parameter estimates the link stability thus nodes select forwarding based on their behaviour and capable of achieving QoS parameters such as link quality, residual energy and higher packet delivery. Simulation under various network conditions is experimented using Network simulator tool (NS2) and using parameters the performance metric is in terms of delay, packet delivery ratio, overhead and energy are evaluated.

A new paradigm for multi-path routing protocol for data delivery in wireless sensor networks

There are mainly two techniques in routing protocols for wireless sensor networks, single-path, and multi-path routing. Single path routing suffers from many drawbacks and limitations facing the real-time constraints and fault-tolerant applications, especially regarding time delivery of sensed data (warnings), like road safety applications, for example. Therefore, we proposed a new multi-path routing protocol based on spanning trees and a new message routing paradigm that makes single and multi-path routing easy. Simulation results show that the protocol can develop a basic infrastructure for the deliverance of timely warning data and provides fault tolerance by constructing shortest disjoint-nodes paths.

Collision-Aware Routing Using Multi-Objective Seagull Optimization Algorithm for WSN-Based IoT.

In recent trends, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become popular because of their cost, simple structure, reliability, and developments in the communication field. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of everyday objects and sharing of information through the Internet. Congestion in networks leads to transmission delays and packet loss and causes wastage of time and energy on recovery. The routing protocols are adaptive to the congestion status of the network, which can greatly improve the network performance. In this research, collision-aware routing using the multi-objective seagull optimization algorithm (CAR-MOSOA) is designed to meet the efficiency of a scalable WSN. The proposed protocol exploits the clustering process to choose cluster heads to transfer the data from source to endpoint, thus forming a scalable network, and improves the performance of the CAR-MOSOA protocol. The proposed CAR-MOSOA is simulated and examined using the NS-2.34 simulator due to its modularity and inexpensiveness. The results of the CAR-MOSOA are comprehensively investigated with existing algorithms such as fully distributed energy-aware multi-level (FDEAM) routing, energy-efficient optimal multi-path routing protocol (EOMR), tunicate swarm grey wolf optimization (TSGWO), and CoAP simple congestion control/advanced (CoCoA). The simulation results of the proposed CAR-MOSOA for 400 nodes are as follows: energy consumption, 33 J; end-to-end delay, 29 s; packet delivery ratio, 95%; and network lifetime, 973 s, which are improved compared to the FDEAM, EOMR, TSGWO, and CoCoA.

Adaptive-Sunflower-Based Grey Wolf Algorithm for Multipath Routing in IoT Networks

This paper devises a routing method for providing multipath routing in an IoT network. Here the fractional artificial bee colony(FABC) algorithm is devised for initiating the clustering process. Moreover, the multipath routing is performed by the newly devised optimization technique, namely adaptive-sunflower-based grey wolf (adaptive-SFG) optimization technique, which is designed by incorporating adaptive idea in sunflower-based grey wolf technique. In addition, the fitness function is newly devised by considering certain factors that involve context awareness, link lifetime energy, trust, and delay. For the computation of the trust, additional trust factors like direct trust, indirect trust, recent trust, and forwarding rate factor are considered. Thus, the proposed adaptive-SFG algorithm selects the multipath for routing based on the fitness function. Finally, route maintenance is performed to ensure routing without link breakage. The proposed adaptive-SFG outperformed other methods with high energy of0.185J minimal delay of 0.765 sec maximum throughput of 47.690% and maximum network lifetime of 98.7%.

A Cross-layer Method for Identifying and Isolating the Blackhole Nodes in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

ABSTRACT Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a set of intelligent vehicles that communicate without a fixed infrastructure. The communication between each source/destination pair is done by using routing protocols. On-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) is one of the most known ad-hoc multipath routing protocols used in VANETs. The decentralized nature of VANET makes this type of network vulnerable to various attacks, such as blackhole attack. In such attack, the malicious vehicle aims to make the communication unavailable. To achieve this goal, the malicious vehicle persuades the source to send its data packets through it because it has the fresher route toward the destination. This is done by forging routing information. After receiving the data packets, the malicious vehicle deletes them instead of forwarding them to their intended destinations. This paper introduces a new Cross-Layer method (CRAOMDV) where information is shared between MAC and network layers to detect and ignore the malicious vehicles in VANETs. Our experiments used the simulator NS2 and SUMO for the generation and simulation of real mobility scenarios. The evaluation results demonstrate the efficiency of CRAOMDV compared to AOMDV under blackhole attack in terms of improving the packet delivery and reducing the average end-to-delay and the routing overhead.

Defense against DoS attacks by multipath routing using the ACO algorithm

Defense against DoS attacks by multipath routing using the ACO algorithm

Investigation of the Flow-Based Fast Reroute Model with Implementation of a Multimedia Quality Protection Scheme

Abstract In this paper, a tensor flow-based fast reroute model with multimedia quality protection is proposed. In the model, the conditions for implementing a multipath routing strategy and flow conservation are introduced taking into account possible packet loss at the network nodes and preventing overloading communication links both when using the primary and backup routes. At the same time, the novelty of the proposed solution is the formalization of the conditions of protection of the Quality of Experience level in terms of multimedia quality along the primary and backup routes. These conditions have been obtained during the tensor formalization of the network, which made it possible to calculate the quality of service indicators: packet loss probabilities, as well as the average end-to-end delay for audio and video flows transmitted in the multimedia session using the primary and backup routes, respectively. As a criterion for the optimality of the obtained solutions, a condition has been selected related to maximizing the overall performance of the infocommunication network. The results of the research of the proposed model confirm the adequacy of the numerical research results obtained for solving the problem of fast rerouting with link/node protection.