Multinational Society Research Articles

Этническая идентичность как фактор этнокультурной толерантности молодежи:научно-прикладной аспект

In the article the scientific and applied aspects of ethnic identity as a factor of ethnocultural tolerance of youthwere examined. Ethnic identity determines the peculiarities of human behavior in a multinational society, forms patterns of behavior, values and attitudes. Ethnic identity plays an important role in the formation of various social ties in society, the formation of groups on an ethnic basis. Defining oneself as a part of a large ethnic community becomes the basis of behavior and social actions. Thus, the study of the processes of ethnic identification and the factors of formation and manifestation of tolerance is actualized not only as a local event.The authorspresent the result of studying the issues of formation and development of ethnic identity and ethno-cultural tolerance through the study and discussion of scientific and theoretical studies of these processes in foreign and domestic sources. Against the background of the growth of globalization processes, increasing mobility, the relevance of the theoretical analysis of the processes of identity and ethno-cultural tolerance, the construction of analytical structures and the need forapplied research is growing. Trends in the modern development of scientific knowledge require confirmation of theoretical developments by practical research.Practical research on this topic allows us to identify the level of ethnocultural tolerance of young people. The study was conducted among the youth of the Karaganda region. As a result of the study, the pro-cesses that actually occuredin the youth environment werediagnosed, the peculiarities of ethnic identity, the influence of ethnic identity of youth on the practice of interethnic communication were revealed.

Проблемы трансформации парадигм обычного права в современной России

The article highlights the main vectors of transformation of approaches to the legal system at the present stage of the customary law of the peoples of Russia, their spiritual and moral values. Attention is drawn to the legal mechanisms for wider inclusion of the foundations of the national mentality in various spheres of life of the multinational society of the national state.

Немцы Калмыкии: к истории этнической группы в фокусе переписей населения

Introduction. The study deals with Russia Germans of Kalmykia and analyzes the state of the ethnic group (traditionally referred to as a minority across the designated territory) from 1897 to the late 1930s on the basis of census data (1897, 1926, 1939), archival documents, and published works. The relevance of the issue lies in its poor historiography: works examining census data as a historical source on Kalmyk Steppe are few enough, and they actually focus on the indigenous ethnic community (Kalmyks) with only fragmentary reviews of two-three other groups. Goals. The paper seeks to characterize the German ethnic group, which has been integral to Kalmyk Steppe’s population since the late nineteenth century, its demographic features, and social structure. Materials and methods. The study rest on the general scientific principles of historicism and objectivity, and employs the methods of historical reconstruction and system analysis that have proved instrumental in identifying certain demographic changes over time. Results. The German community in Kalmykia started taking its shape in the mid-1870s, and was closely connected with the history of local Estonians, the latter having arrived in Kalmyk Steppe almost simultaneously and founded a settlement next to the German one. The traced growth dynamics attests to the group was enjoying a constant increase since its foundation. Sound facilities and decent educational levels became key to the successful development of both farms (households) and villages joined by German settlers. On arrival in Bolshederbetovsky Ulus, the newcomers immediately built prayer houses in their villages and opened primary parish schools with teachers of their own. These would, on the one hand, facilitate the community’s consolidation in the new place and, on the other hand, ensure the younger generation be brought up in the spirit of ancestral values. Kalmykia’s ethnic Germans were part of the multinational society, but meanwhile tended to preserve some specifics of their culture. According to the Soviet Census of 1939, the size of this group increased 3.5 times compared to the early 1890s. The events witnessed by the following decade changed their history once and for all.

Развитие поликультурного образования в Татарстане и Казахстане

The research relevance can be explained by the fact that ethnic pedagogy with its rich traditions and experience in educating young people should serve as a tool in the context of globalization. Pedagogical science will be effective in addressing the values that lie in oral creativity and within customs and traditions of peoples. The study aims to reveal the mechanisms and tools of ethnic pedagogy in a multicultural educational environment. The leading research method is modeling. This method enables us to consider the development of multicultural education as a process of purposeful and conscious mastery of a certain type of multiethnic culture, the formation of which occurs through interethnic integration, social adaptation of the individual in a multinational society, through the knowledge of the cultural layer of the language reflecting the values. The author's developed model shows the process of formation and improvement of multicultural education in the elements of ethnic pedagogy and methodological provisions of the pedagogical process. The significance of the study lies in the combination of solutions to educational tasks for preservation of human cultural identity, development of tolerant behavior and respect for cultural differences of interethnic integration, development of common and unique traditions, lifestyle, values of nearby peoples.

Social-cultural features of the contemporary Tuvan society

The article is a review of the monograph Essays on the Contemporary Tuvan Culture by the famous Tuvinian scholar C.K. Lamazhaa (Saint Petersburg: Nestor-History, 2021. 192 p.). The reviewed book considers the latest social-cultural processes in the Tuvan society and trends in the development of the Tuvinian studies. Each of the nine sections focuses on a separate feature of the social and cultural life of the contemporary ethnic Tuvans - the indigenous people of the Republic of Tuva, and all sections are logically and meaningfully related. In general, the study is a comprehensive description of the mutual influence and coexistence, of a kind of intertwining past and present in the social-cultural life of the Tuvan people. As a collection, the essays show the author’s confidence in the need to study internal differentiations of any society to produce new knowledge relevant to the reality and providing an adequate understanding of the political and socialcultural life of the multinational society. Lamazhaa believes that to overcome some stagnation, inertia in the Tuvinian studies, we need to combine various research positions and to update the theoretical-methodological basis. Lamazhaa suggests an approach which is based on the principles of the thesaurus approach developed by Val.A. and Vl.A. Lukovs (correlates with the indigenous methodology) and actualizes the subjectivity of indigenous researchers.

The Impact of Afghanistan's Multinational Society on its Political Structure in the Past Two Decades

Afghanistan has been recognized as a multi-ethnic country where different ethnicities coexist. The political structures in Afghanistan have historically been influenced by ethnicity, although few countries in the world exhibit such a complex ethnic fabric. Today, ethnic diversity is not only considered a challenge but also a symbol of cultural pluralism. After 2001, when the political structure of Afghanistan was enshrined in the constitution based on modern values, it was an opportune moment for political elites to overcome historical mistakes and adhere to these values. However, ethnicity and ethnic values were regarded as superior and more entrenched than the new values. The main question is: How has the multi-ethnic society in Afghanistan influenced the political structure in the past two decades? Apparently, Afghanistan's multi-ethnic society has had a negative impact on the implementation of the country's political structure in recent decades. The research aims to investigate how the role of the multi-ethnic society has influenced Afghanistan's political structure in recent decades and how much the convergence and divergence of political elites have been affected by ethnic backgrounds. This article utilizes analytical-descriptive methods and relies on library resources, scientific journals, and reputable articles. The findings indicate that the multi-ethnic society has had a negative impact on the implementation of the political structure based on democratic values, and the ethnic attitudes towards politics failed to manifest a tangible and profound realization within the constitutional framework.

PEDAGOGICAL INNOVATIONS OF TRAINING IN THE EDUCATION SPHERE FOR NATIONAL MINORITIES (COMMUNITIES) IN UKRAINE AND THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

B a c k g r ou nd . The article is a study of pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities (communities) in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union. Relevance. At the current stage of Ukraine's development, the problem of providing adequate education to representatives of national minorities is becoming particularly urgent, since an effective approach to this problem is of great importance for main- taining harmony between different nationalities in a multinational society. The positive experience of implementing pedagogical innovations in educational institutions of EU countries aimed at the needs of national minorities is particularly important for its integration in our country. Purpose and objectives. The purpose of the study is to analyze pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities (communities) in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union. To fulfill the stated goal of the research, the following objectives were set: to characterize the definition of the term "innova- tion" in educational activity; to determine pedagogical technologies used in innovative pedagogical activities; to consider peda- gogical innovations in education for national minorities in Ukraine; to analyze the peculiarities of pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities in EU countries. The research methods used in the work are the following: search based on the available methodical and scientific literature with analysis of the found material, comparison, systematization. Re su lt s . In the context of the educational activity, the term "innovation" is used in a number of important meanings. The classification of pedagogical technologies, which are most often used in the educational environment, is given. It was empha- sized that innovative educational activity in Ukraine is carried out at three levels. The spectrum of technologies, which today functions in general educational institutions in which education is conducted in the language of national minorities, is multi- format, which is connected with the introduction of new educational standards. Analyzing pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities in EU countries, some features of such countries as Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and Lithuania are listed, since their views on the issue of education of national minorities are quite diverse. C onc lu si on s . Pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities (communities) in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union were analyzed. The definition of the term "innovation" in educational activity is characterized. Technologi- cal schemes and pedagogical technologies used in innovative pedagogical activities are also defined. Pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities in Ukraine are considered. Peculiarities of pedagogical innovations in education for national minorities in such EU countries as Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and Lithuania are analyzed.

International journalism by Bakhyt Rustemov

The article examines the area of Kazakh journalism, which is an important indicator that the country is sovereign and independent. This is a genre of international journalism, in the development of which the works of the Kazakh journalist and public figure B.T. Rustemov have certain significance. The purpose of our article: for the first time to consider the work of B.Rustemov; reveal its role in the development of international journalism; analyze the priority direction of his journalistic works; show how the skillfully used printed form of journalism in combination with journalism on the Internet reflects the position of the author and the individual world of a contemporary in the context of international reality; and also reveal the task of B.Rustemov, a journalist, to bring the culture of his people into direct contact with global culture. Discussion works of B. Rustemov, written in hot pursuit, arouse not only interest in the reader, but also polemics, make one think, since B. Rustemov operates with facts in them, taking responsibility for his judgments about the modern world and the role of Kazakhstan in a multinational society, reflecting the important and value guidelines of the Kazakh people. This direction of the author’s journalistic activity reveals an essential feature of his artistic and journalistic style. B.Rustemov’s international journalism is the connecting link of the new Kazakhstan and the whole world

ENHANCING STUDENTS’ ENGLISH SPEAKING ABILITY THROUGH VRCHAT GAME AS LEARNING MEDIA

Era 5.0 or Society 5.0 is a human-centered technology-based era that aims to create convenient and efficient living circumstances and provide further innovation in the life sustainability area. Era 5.0 is visualized as capable of creating a multinational society, whether in business, social, and educational environments. Thus, English should be noted as a crucial matter needed in communicating and takes part in living within era 5.0 in the future. The current research was conducted because of the limited exploration in the previous study that discusses online game VRChat as a learning medium to enhance students’ English speaking ability. Therefore, this paper aims to fill the gap by investigating and exposing the VRChat game’s value as a learning medium to improve students’ ability to speak English. Mixed method research was applied in the current study to analyze and ensure the VRChat game’s advantages for enhancing students’ speaking ability. Moreover, interviews and testing were used as the instrument in this research. A random sampling of four students who have done taking the FLSP (Foreign Learning for Specific Purposes) course as the current study’s subject. Additionally, the analysis was done using descriptive statistics and hierarchical charts using Nvivo 12 plus. This study showed the use of VRChat games as a learning medium increased students’ ability to speak English, specifically on their accuracy and fluency. This research implies that the VRChat game can support English teaching as the learning media, especially in speaking subjects.

Ethno-cultural component in the process of education in PRC Higher Education Institutions

In times of general turbulence in the economy, politics and international relations, the search for optimal ways of mutual understanding and respect for uniqueness in its various manifestations becomes one of the main tasks for any country. The largest population on the planet lives in China and this imposes a certain responsibility on the political leadership of the country in the process of maintaining a balance of interethnic interaction and building a harmonious society where different ethnic groups and peoples can freely develop. The paper analyzes the works of leading scholars in the field of ethnocultural training and their vision of intercultural interaction. The paper uses theoretical methods of collecting and processing information in the context of analyzing the provisions of the ethnocultural component of the training of future professionals.Reasonable politics proceeds from an understanding of the causes and consequences of any phenomena, and in China they approach this with all thoroughness in terms of developing ethno-cultural interaction and inculcating correct behavior patterns in a multinational society. The history of ethno-cultural interaction in China has several thousand years, and this provides a wide field for research in this matter. An important factor in the gramonization of society is the instillation and formation of the necessary meanings in society. The Chinese educational system pays great attention to the ethno-cultural training of future teachers, especially those who are connected with creative areas such as music, painting, choreography, etc. The highest manifestation of these processes is the formation of competencies that will help future professionals on their path of development and influence in society. The entire education system in the PRC is aimed at the comprehensive development of the student’s personality and his awareness of his place in future activities.

Communicative and Еthno-pedagogical Сompetence as a Basic Professionally Significant Characteristic of Future Teachers in the Process of Education in a Polyethnic Higher Education Institution

Education is given a special role in formation of socially responsible and spiritual and moral personality of a citizen of multi-ethnic country, who relies in his/her development on the spiritual traditionsof the ancestors, protecting the values developed in the centuries-old history of the life of the country’sethnic groups. At present, in a multi-ethnic space, the development of the communicative and ethnopedagogical competence of future teachers is of great importance, since it is the future teachers whowill teach the younger generation in a multinational society. The significance is also associated with thefeatures of the multinational and multi-ethnic society of Kazakhstan. The article highlights the issues ofidentifying the essential characteristics of communicative and ethnopedagogical competence, determining the role of the university in the system of training scientific and pedagogical staff. The article dealswith the principles of formation of communicative-ethnopedagogical competence of future teachers. Aculturological approach is considered, which allows us to consider ethnopedagogical phenomena as aset of cultural components on a broad sociocultural background and taking into account the local cultural situation, and the studied objects as phenomena of ethnoculture. The content of communicative ethnopedagogical competence is proposed. A practical study was carried out to diagnose the formationof communicative and ethnopedagogical competence of students as future teachers. Experimental work  was carried out on the basis of L. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (Nur-Sultan) and ToraigyrovUniversity (Pavlodar), 159 students took part in it. Classes for students on the formation of communicative-ethnopedagogical competence of students in the experimental group were conducted according toan interdisciplinary curriculum.Key words: communicative-ethnopedagogical competence, ethnopedagogics, communication,competence, higher education, future teachers.

ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫ ПОЛИЭТНИКАЛЫҚ ҚОҒАМ ТАРИХЫНЫҢ МӘСЕЛЕЛЕРІ: ТАРИХНАМАЛЫҚ ШОЛУ

The article is devoted to the issues of interethnic relations, which have not lost their relevance in the multiethnic Kazakhstani society. The study contains information on the history of the population, quantitative data, characteristics, language and culture of ethnic groups. In particular, special attention is paid to the historical stages of the settlement of ethnic groups in the Kazakh land and the level of ethnocultural development. The article provides a comparative analysis of studies and data on demographic changes, ethnic history and culture of ethnic groups, their location in the country. In addition, are provided on the activities of ethnocultural centers and public associations operating in the country. Thus, the role of public associations and national-cultural centers in maintaining interethnic unity and harmony is clarified. The results of the study of this topic allows us to trace the unity in our multi-ethnic society and clarify the historical socio-political, socio-cultural life of ethnic groups.Thus, the results of studying this topic will make it possible in the future to create prerequisites for establishing unity in the multinational society of Kazakhstan via language policy and to clarify the historical socio-political, socio-cultural life of ethnic groups.

Ethnicity-Specific Features of COVID-19 Among Arabs, Africans, South Asians, East Asians, and Caucasians in the United Arab Emirates.

BackgroundDubai (United Arab Emirates; UAE) has a multi-national population which makes it exceptionally interesting study sample because of its unique demographic factors.ObjectiveTo stratify the risk factors for the multinational society of the UAE.MethodsA retrospective chart review of 560 patients sequentially admitted to inpatient care with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 was conducted. We studied patients’ demographics, clinical features, laboratory results, disease severity, and outcomes. The parameters were compared across different ethnic groups using tree-based estimators to rank the ethnicity-specific disease features. We trained ML classification algorithms to build a model of ethnic specificity of COVID-19 based on clinical presentation and laboratory findings on admission.ResultsOut of 560 patients, 43.6% were South Asians, 26.4% Middle Easterns, 16.8% East Asians, 10.7% Caucasians, and 2.5% are under others. UAE nationals represented half of the Middle Eastern patients, and 13% of the entire cohort. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity in COVID-19 patients. Subjective complaint of fever and cough were the chief presenting symptoms. Two-thirds of the patients had either a mild disease or were asymptomatic. Only 20% of the entire cohort needed oxygen therapy, and 12% needed ICU admission. Forty patients (~7%) needed invasive ventilation and fifteen patients died (2.7%). We observed differences in disease severity among different ethnic groups. Caucasian or East-Asian COVID-19 patients tended to have a more severe disease despite a lower risk profile. In contrast to this, Middle Eastern COVID-19 patients had a higher risk factor profile, but they did not differ markedly in disease severity from the other ethnic groups. There was no noticeable difference between the Middle Eastern subethnicities—Arabs and Africans—in disease severity (p = 0.81). However, there were disparities in the SOFA score, D-dimer (p = 0.015), fibrinogen (p = 0.007), and background diseases (hypertension, p = 0.003; diabetes and smoking, p = 0.045) between the subethnicities.ConclusionWe observed variations in disease severity among different ethnic groups. The high accuracy (average AUC = 0.9586) of the ethnicity classification model based on the laboratory and clinical findings suggests the presence of ethnic-specific disease features. Larger studies are needed to explore the role of ethnicity in COVID-19 disease features.

Межнациональная коммуникация в городском пространстве Дагестана: состояние и тенденции

There is the problem of interethnic interaction. It is particular importance in a multi-ethnic society due to a number of very different factors. In addition, interethnic communication is an indicator of measuring the state in the interethnic sphere, because stability and the positive development of modern multinational society depend on it. Empirical data show that there is a positive attitude towards interethnic interaction, an orientation toward maintaining ethnic contacts in the mass consciousness of the urban population of Dagestan although at the same time it clearly outlines the social spheres within which they are ready to engage in interethnic dialogue.

SUSTAINBLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EDUCATION TO COMBAT EPIDEMIC IN ‎"L'ANNÉE DU LION" OF DEON MEYER

Several years ago, before the emergence of the Corona virus that continues to ‎sweep the world. A south African writer Deon Meyer predicts the coming of a virus ‎that will kill 95% of the world's population.‎ This virus is a mixture of a human virus and a bat virus. It is almost the same thing ‎we are experiencing right now.‎ Our work is based on a study of the story " L'Année Du Lion".‎ We focus on the friend ship son father. The education of gaining freedom and ‎courage in the challenge of disease, defending the rights of others for the birth of a ‎multinational society. Our research is divided into two parts.‎ The first part will be about the concept of education in this story and the second part ‎about sustainable development that analyse Deon Meyer‎. Keywords: Sustainble Development, Education, Epidemic.

Modeling the dynamical ethnic processes in multinational society

PurposeThe problem of ethnic conflicts and unrest is at the forefront in a diverse world today. This paper aims to identify ways of resolving social conflicts and establishing a balanced way of taking into account the diverse interests of a multinational society.Design/methodology/approachModeling of dynamical ethnic processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan was based on the Parson's sociological scheme and the Nash equilibrium theory. The model consists of differential equations describing the development of four ethnic subsystems: political system, economic system, societal community and Institute of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. This model allows investigating how the interests of various ethnic groups change over time and identifying the states of equilibrium in which the interests of all groups are satisfied.FindingsThe results of computer simulation showed that one of the solutions to the problem of social stability is establishing social equilibrium. For this, the Institute of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan (APK Institute) must take changes that occur within ethnic groups into account. The proposed model can reveal states of equilibrium with respect to positive and negative dynamic processes that exist between different ethnic groups.Originality/valueThe proposed model can be used to predict changes in social behavior and find balance between ethnic subsystems in the research on ethnic processes in multinational countries to early detect conflicts of interest and crisis situations. Future studies will benefit from expanding the range of subsystems that can affect alterations in the ethnic community.

BILINGUAL INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION AS AN IMPORTANT PRECONDITION OF PROVIDING THE EFFECTIVE INTERCULTURAL INTERACTION IN THE AMERICAN MULTINATIONAL SOCIETY

American scientists see the introduction of multicultural education, in particular bilingual intercultural education, as one of the promising ways of ensuring the effective intercultural interaction. The purpose of the paper is to analyse and summarise the ideas of the American experience of bilingual education as a means of ensuring the effective intercultural interaction in a multinational state. Methods of the research used: analysis and systematization of pedagogical works, which made it possible to identify conceptual considerations on the bilingual intercultural education as an important precondition of effective intercultural interaction; observations and practice of author’s teaching experience used to reveal the main aspects of the issue under consideration. Scientific novelty lies in the substantiation of essential characteristics of bilingual intercultural education and its role in ensuring of intercultural interaction in a multinational society. Bilingial intercultural education is a deliberate process of engaging in the world culture by means of native and foreign languages, when a foreign language acts as a means of knowing the world, acquiring of special knowledge, mastering the cultural, historical and social experience of different countries and peoples. For domestic science and practice, it is advisable to use the ideas of foreign experience of bilingual intercultural education. We consider bilingual intercultural education as such an education organisation when it becomes possible to use more than one language as a language of teaching. The second language is thus not only an object of study, but also a means of communication and a language of teaching. The main difference between bilingual intercultural education and traditional education is that the language of teaching itself is not only a tool for teaching and learning, but also its purpose.

La Joven Moderna in Interwar Argentina: Gender, Nation, and Popular Culture

La Joven Moderna in Interwar Argentina: Gender, Nation, and Popular Culture

Large variations in disease severity, death and ICU admission of 2993 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: The potential impact of genetic vulnerability

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has had an immeasurable impact, affecting healthcare systems, the global economy, and society. Exploration of trends within the existing COVID-19 data may guide directions for further study and novel treatment development. As the world faces COVID-19 disease, it is essential to study its epidemiological and clinical characteristics further to better understand and aid in its detection and containment. MethodsWe aimed to study the clinical characteristics of patients infected with COVID-19 in Dubai, a multi-national Society. ResultsOur findings demonstrate that during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic, age, gender, and country of origin were associated with more severe cases of COVID-19, higher risk for hospitalization and death. Male individuals between 41 and 60 years of age from India had the most significant hospitalization and death predictor (p=.0001). The predictors for COVID-19 related deaths were slightly less than UAE Nationals by individuals from GCC (p=.02) that were followed closely behind by Pilipino (p=.02) and Arabs (p=.001). ConclusionThe vulnerability of individuals to infection and in the spectrum of COVID-19 symptoms remains to be understood. There are large variations in disease severity, one component of which may be genetic variability in responding to the virus. Genomics of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and the wide variation in clinical response to COVID-19 in patients should become active investigation areas.

СТАНОВИЩЕ ЄВРЕЙСЬКОЇ МЕНШИНИ ПІД ЧАС РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ОКУПАЦІЇ СХІДНОЇ ГАЛИЧИНИ В 1914 – 1915 рр.

Анотація. Мета роботи – проаналізувати становище єврейського населення Східної Галичини в період Першої світової війни з серпня 1914 по червень 1915 рр. Методологія дослідження: дотримання принципів об’єктивності та історизму сприяло розкриттю передумов, сутності та наслідків діяльності російської адміністрації протягом усього окупаційного періоду щодо єврейської спільноти Східної Галичини. Наукова новизна полягає у комплексному висвітленні проблеми ставлення цивільної адміністрації та військового командування до місцевого населення та національних меншин аналізі суспільно-політичних та економічних процесів напередодні та в роки російської окупаційної адміністрації, що донині не було предметом спеціального історичного дослідження. Зроблено спробу відтворити картину політичних змін у структурі галицького багатонаціонального суспільства, де з’явилася соціальна категорія – біженці. Введено до наукового обігу нові архівні матеріали, що дозволили узагальнити становище єврейської спільноти Галичини у роки Першої світової війни. Висновки. Захоплення галицького краю російськими військами супроводжувалося насильницькою політикою до місцевого населення й національних меншин краю. Бездіяльність влади призводила до масових грабунків та проявів насильства з боку військових щодо євреїв. Антиєврейська політика Росії на Південно-Західному фронті негативно позначилася на міжнародному іміджі держави, що створювало додаткові перешкоди для отримання країною зовнішніх кредитів. Політика переслідування юдейського населення з боку держави призвела до конфронтації в суспільстві, породження стереотипів які закріпилися в суспільній свідомості, де євреї виступають як вороги, зрадники, лихварі, спекулянти, яких звинувачували у всіх внутрішньодержавних та військових прорахунках імперії. 
 Ключові слова: єврейська меншина, окупація, Східна Галичина, Російська імперія, Перша Світова війна.