Multi-layer Switching Research Articles

Electroforming Atmospheric Temperature and Annealing Effects on Pt/HfO2/TiO2/HfO2/Pt Resistive Random Access Memory Cell

This work focused on the effects of electroforming ambient temperature and annealing process on the metal oxide multilayer switching resistive random access memory (RRAM) device. We developed Pt/HfO2/TiO2/HfO2/Pt RRAM cells with annealing and without annealing process. Annealed devices are electroformed at a high ambient temperature 80 °C (A-80). Non-annealed devices are electroformed at low atmosphere temperature 25 °C (NA-25). We investigate the outcomes of NA-25 and A-80 devices. Results confirmed that annealed and high ambient temperature formed devices (A-80) contribute to the low operating voltage, improved uniformity, and reliability compared to NA-25 device.

Use of the “Via-In-Pad” Method to Ensure the High-Density Layout of the Conductive Pattern when Designing Multilayer Switching Structures

The application features of the Via-in-Pad method when implementing a high-density conductive pattern of multilayer switching structures in electronics is considered herein. The composition method for vias and contact pads for the tracing ability improvement is proposed, and the assessment methodology for the effective area utilization for BGA components is presented. The experimental study of the pressure sensor housing was carried out, which showed that the application of this method made it possible to reduce the number of vias by 40% and place more contact pads per unit area, which frees up the gaps for BGA tracing, reduces the pattern density and microwave signal paths. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of reduction of the usable space by 25%, which makes it possible to arrange more pads per unit area, to free up the gaps for BGA tracing, to reduce the time for drilling the workpieces, to reduce the number of used drills, and also provides the best heat removal from the components. The disadvantage is the large internal resistance of the transitions created by the Via-in-Pad method, in contrast to the standard ones, which can negatively affect the flow of critical signals. By comparing the resistances from the metallization layer of the via in the MPCB with a flexible flat cable and in the MPCB designed using the Via-in-Pad method, it was found that the Via-in-Pad method made it possible to increase the layout efficiency of multilayer printed circuit boards.

Unveiling the influence of surrounding materials and realization of multi-level storage in resistive switching memory.

Considerable efforts have been made to obtain better control of the switching behavior of resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices, such as using modified or multilayer switching materials. Although considerable progress has been made, the reliability and stability of the devices greatly deteriorate due to dispersed electric field caused by low permittivity surrounding materials. By introducing surrounding materials with a relatively higher dielectric constant, the RRAM devices become promising for cost-effective applications by achieving multilevel storage functionality and improved scalability. A device designed by this principle exhibits multiple distinct and non-volatile conductance states. Moreover, the issue of the increasing forming voltage during device scaling is also solved, improving the capacity of the chips and reducing the power dissipation in the process of the device miniaturization. The COMSOL simulation helps to reveal that the enhanced performance is correlated with a more concentrated electric field around the conductive filament, which is favorable for controlling the connection and rupture of the resistive filament.

Comparing all-optical switching in synthetic-ferrimagnetic multilayers and alloys

We present an experimental and theoretical investigation of all-optical switching by single femtosecond laser pulses. Our experimental results demonstrate that, unlike rare-earth transition-metal ferrimagnetic alloys, $\mathrm{Pt}/\mathrm{Co}/{[\mathrm{Ni}/\mathrm{Co}]}_{N}/\mathrm{Gd}$ can be switched in the absence of a magnetization compensation temperature, indicative for strikingly different switching conditions. In order to understand the underlying mechanism, we model the laser-induced magnetization dynamics in Co/Gd bilayers and GdCo alloys on an equal footing, using an extension of the microscopic three-temperature model to multiple magnetic sublattices and including exchange scattering. In agreement with our experimental observations, the model shows that Co/Gd bilayers can be switched for a thickness of the Co layer far away from compensating the total Co and Gd magnetic moment. We identify the switching mechanism in Co/Gd bilayers as a front of reversed Co magnetization that nucleates near the Co/Gd interface and propagates through the Co layer driven by exchange scattering.

The role of intermixing in all-optical switching of synthetic-ferrimagnetic multilayers

We present a theoretical study of single-pulse all-optical switching (AOS) in synthetic-ferrimagnetic multilayers. Specifically, we investigate the role of interface intermixing in switching Co/Gd bilayers. We model the laser-induced magnetization dynamics in Co/Gd bilayers using the microscopic three-temperature model for layered magnetic systems. Exchange scattering is included, which mediates angular momentum transfer between the magnetic sublattices. In this work, each layer is represented by one atomic monolayer of a GdCo alloy with an arbitrary Co concentration, allowing Co/Gd bilayers with an intermixed interface to be modelled. Our results indicate that within the model intermixing of the Co/Gd interface reduces the threshold fluence for AOS significantly. We show that intermixing does not qualitatively affect the switching mechanism and leads to an increase of the propagation speed of the switching front.

A work load prediction strategy for power optimization on cloud based data centre using deep machine learning

The application development industry has moved into cloud computing for stratifying the need of the customer for higher availability and higher scalability. The cloud computing environment provides the infrastructure off the premises for the application owner, which reduces the need for cost and security aspects. The primary intension of the cloud-based data centres is to virtualize the infrastructure for the applications and present it as Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS). The deployment of the applications from the application owner is done on the data centres and must be allocated to any of the pre-configured instances. The instances are again configured with virtual machines for virtualizing the computing capabilities, memory capabilities, network bandwidth capabilities and finally the storage capabilities. The deployed applications on the virtual machines must be accessible by the application consumers or the clients of the application owners. Load balancing typically includes committed programming or equipment, for example, a multilayer switch or a Domain Name System server process. Once the load is balanced, then the application performances can be justified. Great number of research endeavors have endeavored to build the presentation of the applications during load balancing by sending different calculations for distinguishing proof of the loaded virtual machines and less loaded cases for determination of the goal servers. Nevertheless, the performances of these strategies for load balancing is always criticized by various research attempts for being highly time complex and directly effecting the overall performances. Extraordinary number of research tries have attempted to construct the introduction of the applications during load balancing by sending various estimations for recognizing verification of the loaded virtual machines and less loaded cases for assurance of the objective servers. The outcome from this research is highly satisfactory and demonstrates nearly 98% accuracy on the load prediction and nearly 85% reduction on the time complexity with 88% reduction on the SLA violation.

A New Architecture for Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention

This paper presents an investigation, involving experiments, which shows that current network intrusion, detection, and prevention systems (NIDPSs) have several shortcomings in detecting or preventing rising unwanted traffic and have several threats in high-speed environments. It shows that the NIDPS performance can be weak in the face of high-speed and high-load malicious traffic in terms of packet drops, outstanding packets without analysis, and failing to detect/prevent unwanted traffic. A novel quality of service (QoS) architecture has been designed to increase the intrusion detection and prevention performance. Our research has proposed and evaluated a solution using a novel QoS configuration in a multi-layer switch to organize packets/traffic and parallel techniques to increase the packet processing speed. The new architecture was tested under different traffic speeds, types, and tasks. The experimental results show that the architecture improves the network and security performance which is can cover up to 8 Gb/s with 0 packets dropped. This paper also shows that this number (8Gb/s) can be improved, but it depends on the system capacity which is always limited.

THE EFFECT OF MULTI LAYER SWITCHING FOR DATA TRANSFER SPEEDS ON COMPUTER NETWORK

The need for efficient, stable, fast and reliable network access is influenced by network quality, one of the factors influencing network quality is the management of network devices, while the network devices that are enforced are the Lancard, cable, Switch, Router, Wifi Access Point and Compuitary System . In this study researchers will focus on the influence of Multilayer Switch network devices for data transfer speeds on computer networks. Data transfer speed at layer 2 text data, image data, video data faster 0,85 % than for speed tranfers on layer 3 text data, image data, video data.Keyword: Network, Switch Multilayer, Data Tranfer, Osi Layer

THE ADVANCED DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS OF ULTRALIGHT DETECTOR MODULES FOR PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTS

One of the main tasks of improving the informative value of the experiments of high energy physics is to reduce the mass of matter in the detection volume to ensure reducing a probable impact on the parameters of particles under study. At the same time, the informative value of a research is planned to be increased, namely, the solvability of such studies, which, in turn, leads to a significant increase in information flows and the speed of data transmission and processing. The above-mentioned main tasks of improving available experiments and creating new ones in the sphere of physics can be solved due to the development of new design and technological solutions for detector modules, which are the basic cell of modern detection systems of international physics experiments. The constructive and technological approaches to creating detector modules mainly determine the fact whether the mass of the material and the speed of the entire detector system meet the set requirements. The above requirements while creating detector modules can be met if advanced semiconductor sensitive elements (sensors) and multi-layer switching elements with aluminium conductive layers are used. The subject matter of this study is the technology of creating detector modules with the low level of material mass in the detection volume using the advanced thin semiconductor element base. The goal of this work is to create and study ultra-light detector modules and their prototypes at high data transmission rates (over 1 Gbit/s). In order to achieve the goal, the following tasks are to be solved: the advanced HV-MAPS semiconductor sensors should be studied; the material of switching elements should be selected and this selection should be justified; the structure and technology for the detector modules assembly should be chosen. According to the results of the selection of the optimal method for the electrical interconnection of the module components, namely the assembly technology, the constructive and technological requirements for detector modules for the Mu3e experiment should be analyzed; the analysis will determine the structure and composition of the module. Taking into account the above design features, selected materials and technologies for selecting good materials and verifying this selection as well as the assembly technology, the mechanical experimental model of the detector module for Mu3e experiment and the prototype of an ultra-light multi-layer flexible board should be developed and made for studying the impact of signal transmission at speeds over 1 Gbit/s. Conclusions: when performing the work, the experimental models of detector modules and test multi-layer boards were developed, manufactured and studied; these models proved the expected results. The obtained results of studying the manufactured models make further work possible for using these approaches while creating innovative detector modules not only for Mu3e experiment but also for experiments with similar strict requirements for minimizing material mass in the detection volume and high speed of signal transmission, for example, upgrading/improving ATLAS experiment at Large Hadron Collider at CERN.

Quantitative analysis of multilayer switching networks providing multiple internal routes

SummaryConstructing capable and scalable parallel computers or connecting contemporary networks efficiently makes multistage switching networks essential and significant devices. This is why they remain an interesting field of research and are being continually improved. This paper introduces a new idea—a new architecture—to ameliorate the behaviour of the networks' connection points. The proposed novel construction accommodates multiple internal paths and a fan‐out at the end. Via this study, basic features of this introduced fabric (such as cost, reliability, and performance measures) are presented in a quantitative manner. Moreover, some comparisons—especially in terms of complexity, cost, and reliability—with other similar modern constructions that also enclose multiple internal routes are shown. This study reveals that the proposed multistage system improves performance metrics, fault tolerance, and reliability and indicates that due to its properties, this innovative device can be used in the commercial sector.

Overview Between Clustering and Load Balancing

This paper show the strength of cluster and load balancing. It is important to technical people to choose between cluster and load balancing. The cluster computing is becoming more and more popular. The state-of-the-art technological developments and research innovations are pushing clusters into mainstream computing. The high performance cluster provides an approach to parallel processing that yields super computer level performance. This trend makes it very promising to build high performance computing environments by clusters, with various performance measures from which high availability need to be address. However Network Load Balancing provides improved performance, the ability to add additional servers as necessary, and the ability to perform maintenance on any of the servers without any user impact or hardware configuration changes. By using the combination of Load Balancing and multiple, redundant clusters can add and remove clusters with minimal user impact. It is usually involves dedicated software or hardware, such as a multilayer switch or a Domain Name System server to mitigate some added layer for clustering weakness. The focus of this paper to get High availability 24 x 7 which is a characteristic of a system, which aims to ensure an agreed level of operational performance for a higher than normal period.

Engineering magnetic anisotropy and magnetization switching in multilayers by strain.

The effect of the strain on the magnetic properties of metallic multilayers has been investigated by ab initio studies. Our results indicate that the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of an Fe(001) surface can be drastically enhanced by capping with 5d elements. By choosing Ir-Fe multilayers as a model system, we demonstrate that the MAE which depends on the composition and the structure of the multilayers can be tuned in a large range by strain. Furthermore, our results show that not only the amplitude of the MAE but also the easy axis of Pt-Fe multilayers can be engineered by strain. Magnetization switching by strain is also investigated.

Vulnerability Bandwidth Depletion Attack on Distributed Cloud Computing Network: A QoS Perspective

A previous work on Airport Information Resource Management System (AIRMS) established that sophisticated attacks in the form of Denial of Service (DoS), Distributed DoS (DDoS), and related attacks are becoming the most effective schemes used by cyber terrorists on such enterprise systems. Similarly, a novel Smart Green Energy Management Distributed Cloud Computing Network (SGEM-DCCN) was developed as an extension to the work. Interestingly, the DCCN could be shut down by malicious attackers while running its renewable energy management cloud service. Consequently, this work presents a security model designed to improve the security architecture in a mission-critical DCCN running Enterprise Energy Tracking Analytic Cloud Portal (EETACP). As a result of the EETACP DCCN vulnerability to DoS attacks, this work employed a core OpenFlow gateway firewall to pre-empt DDoS attacks and subsequently mitigate such destructive vulnerabilities in the network. In this case, Vulnerability Bandwidth Depletion DDoS Attack (VBDDA) was detected using Cisco Nexus 9000 firewall as an embedded network device with support for Virtual DDoS protection in the DCCN threat mitigation design. Also, security Quality of Service (QoS) profiling was employed to ascertain the network behavior in terms of resource utilization and query response times. For DDoS traffic flows, the network metrics were compared under simulated firewall scenarios involving Cisco Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (Cisco APIC), Cisco Nexus 9000 Series multilayer Switches and Cisco Application Virtual Switch (AVS). It was concluded that with a robust firewall in place, VBDDA will be mitigated in DCCN infrastructure. This offers protection and reliability in the Smart Green Energy Management System architecture.

Field induced spin chirality and chirality switching in magnetic multilayers

Abstract The physical origin of the field-induced spin chirality experimentally observed in rare earth multilayers is determined. It is shown that the effect is possible due to the interplay between solid-state exchange interactions (the Ruderman – Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida and the Dsyaloshinsky–Moriya interactions), the external magnetic field and a special confinement of magnetic constituents. The presented model describes a certain temperature dependence of the chirality factor in agreement with experimental data and opens a new way to design nanostructured objects with predicted handedness.

High-performance routers with multi-stage multi-layer switching and single-stage shared buffering

High-performance routers for next generation networks are required to scale with the increasing ‘port number’ due to developments of various network access technologies. It has been common practice to build scalable multi-stage multi-layer switches in circuit switching. For packet switches, however, researchers have so far had no consensus on how to employ the multi-stage multi-layer architecture. The underlying reason is that packet switching performance is much affected by their buffering strategies. In single-stage crossbar routers, the well-understood combined-input-output-queuing (CIOQ, at one extreme is input queuing, at the other is output queuing) has rich and growing theories about its performance analysis. In multi-stage multi-layer switches, however, researchers were not much clear about how or whether it is necessary to introduce buffers into the middle stages. In this study, the authors investigate this problem and propose to buffer all packets in the central stage instead of the input side. By making all buffers fully shared (in a distributed way), we show that routers with multi-stage multi-layer switching and single-stage shared buffering (MMS-SSB) are ‘scalable’ in terms of not only the hardware cost, but the efficient scheduling algorithms as well. In addition, both analysis and simulations show that performance of the MMS-SSB switch with our proposed scheduling algorithms is ‘independent’ of outside traffic.

Effect of Fe alloying on the structural, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of spray-deposited CuO thin films

Pure CuO and CuO:Fe (10%) thin films were spray deposited on glass, silicon and quartz substrates at 500 °C. XRD patterns confirmed a monoclinic structure with cubic CuFe2O4 impurities. Surface morphology smoothed out on doping with Fe. The direct and the indirect band gaps of pure CuO and CuO:Fe (10%) films estimated from the spectral transmittance data indicated blue and red shifts respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the charge states of the elements. The activation energy for conduction was reduced on doping with Fe as estimated from an Arrhenius plot of the temperature-dependent resistivity. The magnetization of the CuO:Fe (10%) films at 300 K showed a hysteresis behavior with large coercivity. The large variation in the coercivity of the films due to pinned-type magnetic behavior may be useful for multilayer switching device applications.

SOFTWARE ENABLED LOAD BALANCER BY INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF SUB SERVERS

In computer networking, load balancing is a technique to spread work between two or more computers, network links, CPUs, hard drives, or other resources, in order to get optimal resource utilization, maximize throughput, and minimize response time. Using multiple components with load balancing, instead of a single component, may increase reliability through redundancy. The balancing service is usually provided by a dedicated program or hardware device (such as a multilayer switch). One of the most common applications of load balancing is to provide a single Internet service from multiple servers, sometimes known as a server farm. Commonly loadbalanced systems include popular web sites, large Internet Relay Chat networks, high-bandwidth File Transfer Protocol sites, NNTP servers and DNS servers. In this paper we proposes a software enabled load balancing model by introducing the concept of sub servers for regional services to overcome the overhead of the main server.

Polarization switching and nonreciprocity in symmetric and asymmetric magnetophotonic multilayers with nonlinear defect

A one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystal with a nonlinear defect placed either symmetrically or asymmetrically inside the structure is considered. Simultaneous effects of time-reversal nonreciprocity and nonlinear spatial asymmetry in the structure are studied. Bistable response is demonstrated in a such system, accompanied by abrupt polarization switching between two circular or elliptical polarizations for transmitted and reflected waves. The effect is explained in terms of field localization at defect-mode spectral resonances and can be used in the design of thin-film optical isolators and polarization transformation devices.

Room temperature magnetoelectric memory cell using stress-mediated magnetoelastic switching in nanostructured multilayers

We present here the demonstration of magnetoelectric switching of magnetization between two stable positions defined by a combination of anisotropy and magnetic field. A magnetoelastic nanostructured multilayer with the required uni-axial characteristic was deposited onto a commercial piezoelectric actuator. Thanks to the inverse magnetostrictive effect, the effective anisotropy of the magnetic element is controlled by the applied voltage and used to switch magnetization from one state to the other. Both vibrating sample magnetometer and magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements have been performed and demonstrate the magnetoelectric switching.

Out-of-Plane Torque Influence on Magnetization Switching and Susceptibility in Magnetic Multilayers

Based on both the spin diffusion equation and the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert (LLG) equation, we demonstrate the influence of out-of-plane spin torque on magnetization switching and susceptibility in a magnetic multilayer system. The variation of spin accumulation and local magnetization with respect to time are studied in the magnetization reversal induced by spin torque. We also research the susceptibility subject to a microwave magnetic field, which is compared with the results obtained without out-of-plane torque.