Multi-Layer MAC Research Articles

SMLMAC-HEAP: Slotted Multi-Layer MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting

Objectives: To study the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) as well as to propose and simulate a suitable approach so that the Quality-of-Service (QoS) of the network in terms of throughput improved when compared with the previous methods. Methods: The lifetime of WSN depends on the MAC layer because energy consumption is more due to the sharing access of media. Our approach is designed not only to adopt the division of the MAC layer into a number of slots by keeping both listen and sleep mode but also using the solar harvested energy; hence, the network’s lifetime is improved with the compared protocol. Our approach with compared protocol is simulated through MATLAB simulator on EZ430-RF2500-SHE” (Datasheet of Texas Instruments’). Findings: In WSN, we found that energy consumption is more at the MAC layer, so network performance degrades in terms of lifetime. To solve the issue of energy consumption in WSN, researchers focused on and designed several techniques to improve the MAC layer. To bring out the practicality of the proposed protocol, we present a case study on the variation of layers with slots in terms of throughput metrics. Finally, the simulation result shows that the proposed protocol performs better than MLMAC-HEAP, Probabilistic Polling and Optimal Polling from layer 7 with slot 7. Novelty: The proposed approach merges the two concepts; one is by using the ambient solar energy, and the other, by adopting slot concepts for each layer of MAC. Keywords: MAC; MLMAC; MLMAC-HEAP; WSN

MLMAC-HEAP: A Multi-Layer MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting

Limited availability of energy is the most crucial constraint of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Most power consuming part of WSN node is transreceiver and operation of transreciever to access medium is controlled by the medium access control (MAC) sublayer of the open systems interconnection (OSI) model. In WSN, till now, most of the present MAC protocols have addressed issues related to power saving. Because of energy constraints, performance is often not a focused design parameter in these MAC protocols. However, recent advances in energy harvesting technology have made it possible to obtain energy from the environment to solve energy limitations. So in this paper, a new multi layer based MAC protocol, MLMAC-HEAP is designed for solar energy harvesting criterion considering performance as the mainly focused parameter. Performance is illustrated in terms of throughput. This paper evaluates the performance of MLMAC-HEAP as a function of energy harvesting rate and number of nodes in network and results are compared and shown to outperform well known MAC protocols. Then, the paper analyses the protocol for various traffic models. Based on application-level requirements, optimization is also done for number of layers.

Improved time synchronization in ML-MAC for WSN using relay nodes

Time synchronization among nodes is an essential requirement in many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. In unsynchronized network the local time in the subnet varies due to clock drift resulting in skew in the network that causes more energy consumption, packet loss and message delay. For synchronization of network we have deployed relay nodes (RNs) in a set of candidate locations in the network to satisfy specific requirements, such as connectivity, coverage.We validate the effectiveness of our relay nodes placement strategy through numerical results to show that the RNs placed by our algorithms harvest more energy on average than those placed by the algorithms unaware of energy harvesting. Simulation results show that improved time synchronized multi-layer MAC (ML-MAC) using relay nodes outperforms the existing unsynchronized as well as ML-MAC scheme for network lifetime, packets dropped, reduced message delay and improving the synchronization accuracy at individual nodes.

Delay Analysis of ML-MAC Algorithm For Wireless Sensor Networks

The present work is to evaluate energy consumption in wireless sensor networks for multi-layer medium access control (ML-MAC) scheme where the delay times, i.e., packet transmission delay, maximum response time delay, clock-drift delay, sleep delay and queuing delay are considered. Sensor nodes in ML-MAC algorithm have very short listening time than sensor-MAC (S-MAC) which would minimize the energy. The number of collisions where two or more nodes try to send at the same time is reduced in ML-MAC. Simulation results of performance of ML-MAC compared with ML-MAC considering the delay time and S-MAC.

Optimization of Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks using Particle Swarm Optimization

ABSTRACT The present work is to optimize energy consumption in wireless sensor networks for multi-layer medium access control (ML-MAC) scheme where the delay times, i.e., maximum response time delay, packet transmission delay, clock-drift delay, sleep delay and queuing delay are considered. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a popular multidimensional optimization procedure which is used in this paper to achieve less power consumption in wireless sensor networks. Keywords Energy consumption, Medium access control, Wireless sensor networks, Particle swarm optimization. 1. INTRODUCTION A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of large number of sensor nodes that are deployed in an ad-hoc manner and communicate using a short-range radio channel. Sensor nodes are battery operated and normally they cannot be recharged due to its deployment in harsh and remote environment. Therefore, energy efficiency is a very critical issue to enhance the network lifetime [1,2,3]. ML-MAC is a distributed contention-based MAC algorithm where nodes discover their neighbors based on their radio signal level Step 2:[4-8]. Also, ML-MAC is a self-organizing MAC algorithm that does not require a central node to control the operation of the nodes. ML-MAC saves energy to re-send the falsified packets. ML-MAC is a contention based algorithms, which use an active/sleep routine in frame to save energy consumption. There are four major sources of energy waste [1]: collision, overhearing, control packet overhead and idle listening. The frame length T

Network Lifetime Evaluation for Grid ML-MAC Protocol

The major problem for wireless sensor networks (WSN) is the limited energy supply so that we can save energy for future purpose. Most common techniques for prolonging the life time of the network is Routing algorithms etc. In this paper a multi-layer MAC (ML-MAC) concept is suggested for energy efficient Grid ML-MAC Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). In Grid Topology sensors are placed manually in an array configuration. Another topology we can place it in is hexagonal lattice. The efficiency of the proposed multi-layer MAC is validated using QualNet 6.1. Additionally we also analyze the performance of various parameters like Residual Battery Capacity (mAhr), Average End-to-End Delay (sec.), Throughput (bits/sec.), and Jitter (s) is evaluated over IEEE 802.15.4 AODV (Ad-hoc on demand distance Vector Routing Protocol) by applying Grid Topology using ML-MAC concept. The simulation results demonstrate that our solution significantly improves the overall network lifetime.

QoS evaluation of energy-efficient ML-MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

Power management is an important issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) because wireless sensor nodes are usually battery powered, and an efficient use of the available battery power becomes an important concern specially for those applications where the system is expected to operate for long durations. This necessity for energy efficient operation of a WSN has prompted the development of new protocols in all layers of the communication stack. If the radio transceiver is the most power consuming component of a typical sensor node, large gains can be achieved at the link layer where the medium access control (MAC) protocol controls the usage of the radio transceiver unit.This paper presents an energy-efficient multi-layer MAC (ML-MAC) protocol simulated in QualNet 5.2. This protocol is designed to achieve low duty cycle, prolonged network lifetime and low number of collisions. Sensor nodes in ML-MAC have a very short listening/active time that would reduce the energy consumption during communication. In addition, number of collisions is minimized which saves the energy required to re-transmit corrupted data packets.

무선센서네트워크에서 QoS 지원을 위한 다중계층 MAC 프로토콜

본 논문에서는 무선센서 네트워크에서 전송될 데이터의 QoS를 인지하여 이를 지원하는 다중 계층 QAML-MAC(QoS Aware Multi-layer MAC) 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안된 프로토콜은 노드들의 에너지를 효율적으로 사용함으로 전체 네트워크의 수명을 늘이는 방법 중의 하나인 sleep-awake 구조를 기반으로 한다. 이를 위하여 노드에 입력되는 데이터를 전송 응급성에 따라 우선순위 클래스로 나누어 저장한다. 또한 cross-layer 개념을 도입하여 동일한 목적지로 향하는 데이터를 재정돈한다. 제안된 MAC 프로토콜은 기존 관련 프로토콜의 문제점인 지연(delay)을 줄이는 동시에 실시간의 멀티미디어 트래픽 혹은 미리 정해진 필드 모니터링과 같은 응용에서 임계값을 초과하는 데이터와 같은 우선순위가 높은 데이터를 빠르게 전송함으로써 전송에 응급한 데이터를 먼저 전송할 수 있는 장점을 가진다. 뿐만 아니라 각 노드에서 전송할 우선순위 데이터가 존재하지 않을 경우 idle listen에 있어서 다중의 계층을 사용함으로 데이터전송에서의 충돌을 줄임으로 노드에서 소모하는 에너지를 줄이며, 결국 전체 네트워크 수명을 늘일 수 있는 장점을 가진다. In this paper, we propose an QoS aware multi-layer MAC(QAML-MAC) protocol in a wireless sensor networks. Since the proposed protocol is based on the sleep-awake architecture, which save node's energy to prolong the entire network lifetime. For this purpose the QAML-MAC first classifies incoming data according to their transmission urgency and then saves them. The protocol also adapts the cross-layer concept to re-arrange the order of transmission with the same destination. So the delay can be decreased, which can not be obtained with the previous related protocols. And high priority data such as real-time multimedia or critical value in the field monitoring applications can be transmitted quickly, Furthermore the proposed protocol has advantage of decreasing transmitted data collisions using multiple layers of idle listening when there is no high-priority data. So energy consumptions of sensor nodes can be saved and the network lifetime can be prolonged.

An energy-efficient multi-layer MAC (ML-MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks

The efficient use of energy is an important performance target to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). As the idle listening of sensor nodes result in primary energy waste, many typical MAC protocols are designed to save power by placing the radio in the low-power sleep mode. In this paper a new energy-efficient multi-layer MAC (ML-MAC) protocol is proposed for wireless sensor networks. It is designed with two main features: low duty cycle and low number of collisions. Sensor nodes in ML-MAC have a very short listening time which would reduce the energy required to communicate with other nodes. Also, the number of collisions in cases where two or more nodes try to send at the same time is minimized in ML-MAC. This saves the energy required to re-send the corrupted packets. Simulation results show much better performance of the energy consumption compared with the existing MAC protocols.