Multi-hop Mechanisms Research Articles

Studying and improving the performance of ETSI ITS contention-based forwarding (CBF) in urban and highway scenarios: S-FoT+

This paper evaluates the performance of ETSI ITS Contention-Based Forwarding (CBF) and ETSI Simple GeoBroadcast forwarding while disseminating warning messages over a Geographical Area in highway and urban scenarios. Our experimental evaluation considers the complete ETSI ITS architecture including the Decentralized Congestion Control (DCC) mechanism. We propose an enhanced CBF mechanism, named S-FOT+, which combines several improvements to the ETSI CBF algorithm. S-FoT+ has a similar or better performance than the ETSI forwarding algorithms regarding both reliability and end-to-end delay while requiring much fewer transmissions. The improvements are equally effective and efficient in both urban and highway scenarios with large Destination Areas. Finally, we evaluate the trade-offs that stem from using multi-hop broadcast mechanisms in urban settings with smaller Destination Areas when compared to single-hop broadcast. Results show that multi-hop mechanisms significantly improve coverage at the cost of an increased number of transmissions.

IMPLEMENTASI KOMUNIKASI DATA MENGGUNAKAN PROTOKOL RF24NETWORK PADA SISTEM PEMANTAUAN KONDISI RUANGAN BERBASIS JARINGAN SENSOR NIRKABEL

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure consisting of a number of sensor nodes that are distributed in certain environments and coordinated using a wireless network. WSN can be implemented using the nRF24L01 module. One protocol that supports the nRF24L01 module is the RF24 protocol. But for the implementation of monitoring the vast room conditions this protocol has the disadvantage of using a single-hop mechanism. So that for a large area range, multi-hop mechanism is needed. The RF24Network protocol is a protocol designed to meet the needs of RF24-based multi-hop mechanisms, users simply build a header that contains the correct destination address and the network will forward it to the destination node. In accordance with the above problems, the authors implement sensor nodes using Arduino Nano as Microcontroller, nRF24L01 for communication media and DHT11 to acquire sensor data. From the implementation results obtained network performance for monitoring the condition of the room with the level of accuracy of data transmission and delay as follows. Single-hop data transmission mechanism without barrier distance 3-12 meters 100% accuracy, 15 meters 70%, 18 meters 40%, 21 meters 0% with a total average delay of 145 ms, with a distance barrier of 3-9 meters 100% accuracy , 12 meters 60%, 15 meters 30%, 18 meters 0% with a total average delay of 276 ms. The multi-hop mechanism of data transmission accuracy reaches 100% with average delay (1 hop without barrier 110 ms with a total distance of 24 meters, with a barrier of 270 ms with a total distance of 18 meters. 2 hops without barrier 270 ms with a total distance of 36 meters , with a 350 ms barrier with a total distance of 27 meters, 3 hops without a 280 ms barrier with a total distance of 48 meters, with a barrier of 260 ms with a total distance of 36 meters)..

Designing quantum repeater networks

Quantum networks generate distributed entangled state or relocate quantum state, uniquely ensuring eavesdropper detection or reaching agreement more quickly than their classical counterparts. These capabilities rely on the composition of link and multihop mechanisms into a coherent system, with particular attention to managing errors in and loss of delicate quantum states. This article explores quantum networking in terms of fundamental network architecture principles, and explains where and how it diverges from its classical counterparts. It discusses engineering principles that ensure robust and interoperable communication by introducing new protocol layers to support quantum sessions, and considers how these layers interact with quantum link mechanisms to support user-level quantum-enabled applications.