Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis Research Articles

Psychometric Properties of the Hungarian Passion Scale-8 (PS-8-HU) in Physically Active and Inactive Adults.

The 8-item Passion Scale (PS-8) is a unidimensional instrument used in dual versus single passion research. The PS-8 was validated in Icelandic, Persian, and Turkish student samples. In this study, we translated the PS-8 and validated it with physically active and inactive adults from Hungary. We also evaluated measurement invariance (across gender, physical activity, exercise frequency, and age groups) of the Hungarian version of the Passion scale (PS-8-HU). Data were collected online between fall 2023 and winter 2024, including a test and retest phase. The sample comprised 729 Hungarian physically active and inactive adults (68% females, 32% males; ages 18-78 years), of whom 196 participated in the retest. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), item analysis, correlations, t-test and ANOVA in checking the scale's validity and reliability, and we used a multigroup CFA to test the measurement invariance.The results supperted a univariate structure of the PS-8-HU. The instrument was invariant for gender (at the strict level), exercise frequency (metric), physical activity (metric), and age (scalar). The internal reliability of the PS-8-HU was .93 and test-retest reliability was .77. The PS-8-HU also exhibited good concurrent and construct validities, high homogeneity, and adequate discriminant validity.

Regional variations in digital transformation: the impact of industry 5.0 on business quality performance

After criticism of the technological orientation of Industry 4.0, many authors began to highlight the importance of Industry 5.0, which considers human-oriented values. This opened space for a lot of research on how people perceive new technologies in this environment and their relationship with the new paradigm – Industry 5.0. The paper aims to examine the relationship between familiarity with Industry 5.0 and business quality performance in SMEs through the workers’ perception of digitalisation (attitudes toward digitalisation, digitalisation usage behaviour, and digitalisation behavioural intentions). The results were obtained through a questionnaire conducted in six European countries divided into two groups according to familiarity with Industry 5.0 employing Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA). The findings implied the existence of significant relationships between familiarity with Industry 5.0 and quality performances through certain mediating variables. Additionally, a difference was established between the two groups of countries: High Familiarity Level and Low Familiarity Level. These conclusions benefit SMEs by facilitating change and technology adaptation. Positive perceptions drive the gradual adoption of digitalisation, boosting competitiveness through agility, innovation, and efficiency. The research offers insights for practitioners and policymakers to enhance SMEs’ competitiveness in Industry 5.0.

Assessing the Reversed Gender Gap in the Swedish Crime Survey: Reasons Why Young Women Report Higher Victimization Rates Than Young Men During the Period 2009 to 2016

Self-reported victimization among young women in the Swedish Crime Survey increased during the early- to mid-2010s, resulting in a gender gap, with young women reporting 10% to 15% higher victimization rates than young men. In this study, we use multi-group confirmatory factor analysis to assess whether the increase in victimization rates is due to declines in measurement equivalence across different cohorts of young women during the period 2009 to 2016. The results show cohort differences in how young women interpret the victimization items in the Swedish Crime Survey, especially with regard to the item about sexual victimization. The results show that the increasing victimization rates are likely the result of changes in perceptions about sexual offences, rather than an actual increase.

A tutorial on Bayesian structural equation modelling: Principles and applications.

This paper explores the utilisation of Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM) in psychology, highlighting its advantages over frequentist methods for handling complex models and small sample sizes. Basic concepts and fundamental issues relevant to BSEM are introduced, such as prior setting, model convergence, and model fit evaluation and so on. The paper also provides illustrative examples of commonly employed BSEMs, including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models, mediation models and multigroup CFA models, accompanied by empirical data and computer codes to facilitate implementation. Our goal is to provide researchers with novel ideas for empirical research and equip them to overcome challenges inherent to traditional methods. As BSEM continues to gain traction in various fields, we anticipate its development will feature improved methods, techniques and reporting standards.

Do People Answer Honestly When Asked About a No Honest Behavior?

Abstract: Recently assessment of bullshitting has gained considerable interest. However, self-report measures of bullshitting are at risk of socially desirability (SD) responding because people are questioned about a sensitive and personal topic (i.e., their tendency to embellish or modify the truth to portray themselves positively). This study aims to identify the impact of SD on the Bullshitting Frequency Scale (BSF) to ensure that the scale can provide sound measures. Italian ( N = 298, 69.80% female) and English participants ( N = 301, 72.76% female) were recruited. To overcome some limitations of the classical procedures used to deal with SD, factor analysis was employed to identify and control this response bias. At the same time, the validation of the Italian version of the BSF (BSF-I) was conducted to provide evidence that the scale maintains its psychometric properties once translated into Italian. Factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of the scale and factor loadings indicated a minimal impact of SD. Multidimensional IRT showed moderate to excellent MDISC values and strong conditional reliability. Multigroup CFA indicated strict invariance across genders and metric invariance across Italian and English versions. The BSF-I showed sound psychometric properties and these findings suggest that people answer honestly when asked about bullshitting.

Are Danes really happier than Swedes and Australians? A comparative analysis of subjective well-being measurement issues in Denmark, Sweden, and Australia

This study examines the reliability of cross-national subjective well-being (SWB) survey data, by corroborating the persistently high SWB-rankings of Denmark through a comparison to Sweden and Australia, two countries with similar or superior social, economic, and health indicators. Our research focuses on both the affective and the cognitive component of SWB, with a special emphasis on the affective component. We investigate four potential measurement issues that could contribute to Denmark’s elevated SWB scores: linguistic inconsistencies in survey translations, variations in answering scale usage, recall bias of affect, and positivity bias in life satisfaction judgments. To address these concerns, we utilize multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, analyse emotion-focused anchoring vignettes, examine affect items across varying time frames, and contrast overall life satisfaction assessments with those of domain-specific satisfaction. Despite accounting for various potential measurement issues, our results reveal that Danes consistently report higher SWB than their Swedish and Australian counterparts, although the differences are small for several of the measures. This finding implies that the SWB survey-data is reliable in this case, and that Denmark's high SWB rankings are not attributable to measurement biases but may indeed signify genuinely high levels of SWB. This paper adds to the growing body of literature on cross-national SWB comparisons and might provide insights for researchers aiming to compare well-being across countries.

Measuring adjustment of siblings of children with disabilities: psychometric properties across translations, age groups and informants

Objectives The Negative Adjustment Scale (NAS) is used to measure adjustment to having a sibling with a disability. However, several adaptations to the scale have been made, and implementation varies across studies and countries. This study examined the psychometric properties across different versions and provides directions for future use and development of the NAS. Methods The sample comprised 400 siblings aged 6–16 years old from Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium. Measurement invariance was assessed across age groups (8–11 vs. 12–16 years) and translations (Norwegian vs. Dutch), using a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. The psychometric properties of the parent version were assessed among 102 parents from the Dutch sample. Results The internal consistency of the NAS was acceptable to good in all versions. A single factor model held across age groups and translations, although higher order invariance was not supported. The child and parent report versions of the NAS did not significantly correlate. Conclusions The NAS generally has sufficient psychometric properties. However, these vary across age groups, translations, and informants, causing the NAS to be less appropriate for comparisons between groups. Further adaptation of the NAS or developing a new scale for siblings of children with disabilities, is advised.

Validation and measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the academic self-efficacy scale for university students.

The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES-C) and confirm its measurement invariance across gender identities. In this study, 502 university students (29.68% male, 70.32% female) with a mean age of 19.93 years (SD = 1.64) voluntarily participated. The Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASE) was utilized as a unidimensional measure of students' learning efficacy. The English version of ASES was translated into Chinese using a forward-backward translation procedure. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and invariance testing were conducted with the single-factor model of ASES. Composite reliability (CR) and internal consistency were calculated based on Cronbach's alpha. Upon re-specification of the model, CFA results for the hypothesized single-factor model with eight items indicated an acceptable fit (CFI = 0.959, TLI = 0.943, SRMR = 0.036, RMSEA = 0.065). Cronbach's alpha and CR values were 0.785 and 0.880, respectively. Multi-group CFA results demonstrated measurement equivalence for the Chinese version of ASES across gender identities. The findings supported the measurement invariance of ASES-C for both male and female participants. The ASES-C, consisting of one factor and eight items, is a reliable instrument for assessing Chinese university students' self-efficacy in learning. Furthermore, it is suitable for making meaningful comparisons across gender identities.

Online prosocial behavior during adolescence in Belgium, Japan, Peru, and Spain: Cross-national and gender invariance and differences in four countries

ABSTRACT The role of the digital context in the development and expression of prosocial behaviors during adolescence has not yet been addressed using validated instruments in different languages. This study examines the factorial validity of the Online Prosocial Behavior Scale (OPBS) in adolescents from four different countries (Belgium N = 1714, Japan N = 1207, Peru N = 1478, Spain N = 1299) and assesses the factorial and gender invariance and differences in them. A multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) sequence was performed to test the factorial and gender invariance. The results indicate that the two-factor structure of the OPBS fits well across the full sample in each country and in the gender groups. Cross-national and gender measurement invariance was established for this instrument. Peruvian adolescents showed the highest frequency of online prosocial behaviors, both performed and received, while Japanese adolescents showed the lowest frequency. In all the countries studied, girls showed a higher frequency of online prosocial behaviors than boys. The limitations of this instrument and future lines of research in this field are discussed.

Gender-related measurement invariance on the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) for global mental distress with older adults in Puerto Rico

BackgroundCommon mental disorders (CMD) vary by age, gender, and culture. This study: (1) examined the factor structure of the 20-item Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and (2) explored gender-related measurement invariance in the SRQ’s performance with older adults in Puerto Rico, a U.S. island territory and associate member of the UN Regional Commissions.MethodsWe merged data from two cross-sectional studies on mental health status and needs of older adults in Puerto Rico (N = 367). The first study was conducted in 2019, two years after Hurricane María devastated the island (N = 154); the second study, in 2021, assessed knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) concerning COVID-19 (N = 213). We used chi-square and t-tests to examine gender differences in each SRQ item and assessed internal consistency reliability with Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega (values > 0.70). We ran two CFA models, then multigroup CFA to test for gender-related measurement invariance. We used weighted least square mean and variance adjusted (WLSMV) estimation to account for the binary response options in the SRQ-20 and Mplus version 8.4 for analyses. There were no missing data for any SRQ-20 items.ResultsThe SRQ-20 had strong internal consistency reliability (α = 0.89; omega = 0.89). Female scores were higher than males scores (t = -2.159, p = .031). Both unidimensional and two-factor models fit the data well. We selected the more parsimonious unidimensional model, which is most widely used in practice. Standardized factor loadings were 0.548 to 0.823 and all were statistically significant (p < .001). We tested gender invariance with the one-factor model. Our findings did not support invariance.ConclusionWe favored the unidimensional model. First, the SRQ-20 was designed to assess global distress. Also, physical symptoms have both somatic and psychological components, so their co-occurrence makes a single-factor model more meaningful. Finally, since older adults experience more physical health problems, instruments that emphasize both types of distress may provide a more accurate measure than those that exclude somatic symptoms. Using the unidimensional model, the SRQ-20 was not invariant, meaning that it performed differently for male and female participants. Future studies of common mental disorders with older adults in Puerto Rico should consider using the SRQ-20 for research and practice and should determine appropriate threshold scores for men and women.

Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups

Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negligible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally.

The psychometric properties of the Swahili version of the Primary Care Post Traumatic Stress Disorder screen for DSM-5 among adults in Kenya.

The psychometric properties of the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) are undocumented in Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) at large. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swahili version of the tool, S-PC-PTSD-5, in a community sample of adults 18 years and older drawn from Nairobi, Mombasa and Kwale counties in Kenya. Analysis of cross-sectional data from 1431 adults from the community was conducted, examining the reliability, factorial structure, measurement invariance, and convergent and divergent validity of the interviewer-administered S-PC-PTSD-5. Out of 1431 adults who completed the S-PC-PTSD-5, 666 (46.5%) reported experiencing at least one traumatic event. Internal consistency of the S-PC-PTSD-5 was good overall, with alpha and omega values above 0.7. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results indicated a one-factor structure of the S-PC-PTSD-5 for the overall sample. Multigroup CFA also demonstrated factorial invariance for sex for the one-factor structure of S-PC-PTSD-5. Scores for S-PC-PTSD-5 significantly correlated (positively) with those of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD7) and depressive symptoms (PHQ9), indicating convergent validity. S-PC-PTSD-5 scores also significantly correlated (negatively) with the WHO-5 wellbeing index, supporting divergent validity. The S-PC-PTSD-5 is a reliable and valid unidimensional measure. It appears to be a valuable screening measure for probable PTSD in both urban and rural community settings in Kenya. Nonetheless, to confidently identify those who may need treatment/additional support, further research on the reliability and validity of S-PC-PTSD-5 is required, especially its diagnostic accuracy at different cutoff scores.

A cross‐linguistic approach to investigating metacognitive regulation in writing among Chinese EFL learners: Insights for its trait/state distinction

AbstractMetacognitive regulation refers to learners’ ability to use a repertoire of metacognitive strategies to guide, observe, and manage thoughts, actions, and emotions in learning activities. It has been widely acknowledged as a significant predictor of language learning success, including writing. However, this line of research has been conducted in a single language context, and the interactions across L1 and L2 contexts have received insufficient scholarly attention. Situated in mainland China, we raise an innovative attempt to investigate metacognitive strategies in writing with a cross‐linguistic approach, thus illuminating the conceptualization of metacognitive regulation by testing its trait/state distinction. A group of 502 university students from different disciplinary majors were recruited to report their metacognitive strategy use in L1 and L2 task‐situated writing by filling in the assigned post‐task questionnaires. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) on the two questionnaire datasets provided empirical evidence for the cross‐language generalizability of metacognitive regulation in writing with the identified measurement invariance of the factor structure between L1 and L2 contexts, indicating its trait facet. However, the latent mean comparison results revealed that the actual usage frequency of metacognitive strategies scored significantly higher in L1 writing than in L2 writing, suggesting the state facet. These results are discussed extensively in this study to inform relevant theories and pedagogical activities.

Validation and Measurement Invariance of the Tendency to Avoid Physical Activity and Sport Scale (TAPAS) Among Thai Young Adults.

Examining ways of reducing physical inactivity has been at the forefront of public health research. Moreover, valid and reliable scales are needed to objectively assess physical activity (PA) avoidance. Previous research has shown that experiencing weight stigma and physical appearance-related concerns are associated with physical inactivity. However, there is currently no Thai instrument that assesses physical inactivity in relation to weight stigma. Therefore, the present study examined the psychometric properties of the Thai version of the Tendency to Avoid Physical Activity and Sport Scale (TAPAS). Thai university students (N = 612) recruited via convenience sampling completed an online survey using SurveyMonkey between September 2022 and January 2023. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multigroup CFA, and Pearson correlations (between TAPAS scores, age, body mass index, and time spent exercising) were used to analyze the data. The CFA showed robust psychometric properties for the Thai version of TAPAS regarding its unidimensional structure. The TAPAS was measurement invariant across sex, weight status, and daily hours of exercise. However, no significant Pearson correlations were found. In general, the results showed that the TAPAS is a good scale for assessing PA avoidance among Thai young adults across different sexes, weight status, and daily hours of exercise.

Measurement invariance of the Facebook intrusion questionnaire across 25 countries.

Facebook is one of the most popular social networking sites. However, Facebook intrusion or addiction is a growing concern as it involves an excessive attachment to Facebook, which disrupts daily functioning. To date, few studies have examined whether cross-cultural differences in the measurement of Facebook addiction exist. The aim of this study was to investigate the cross-cultural validity and measurement invariance of the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire (FIQ), one of the most widely used measures of Facebook addiction, across 25 countries (N = 12,204, 62.3% female; mean age = 25 years). Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) assessed cross-cultural validity as well as invariance. Additionally, individual confirmatory factor analyses evaluated the factorial structure and measurement invariance across genders in each country. The FIQ demonstrated partial metric invariance across countries and metric (13 countries), scalar (11 countries) or residual (10 countries) invariance across genders within individual countries. A one-factor model indicated a good fit in 18 countries. Cronbach's alpha for the entire sample was .85. Our findings suggest that the FIQ may provide an adequate assessment of Facebook addiction that is psychometrically equivalent across cultures. Moreover, the questionnaire seems to be universal and suitable for studying different social media in distinct cultural environments. Consequently, this robust tool can be used to explore behaviours related to specific media that are particularly popular in any given country.

Examination of Measures of Perfectionism for Structural and Measurement Invariance in an Italian and a Canadian Sample

Perfectionism measures developed in English-speaking populations have become frequently used in many non-English contexts, including in Italy. Establishing structural and measurement equivalence of instruments between Canadian and Italian samples is therefore important in establishing the validity of these concepts and instruments in Italian contexts, and to allow for direct cross-cultural comparisons. The current study investigated the measurement equivalence between a Canadian and an Italian sample for the commonly used measures of perfectionism constructs based on the Comprehensive Model of Perfectionistic Behavior. The Hewitt &amp; Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, and the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory were examined for configural, metric, and scalar invariance via equivalence testing of multigroup confirmatory factor analysis models. The results showed some evidence for configural and metric equivalence for the three measures, thus facilitating cross-cultural interpretation of pattern of associations. However, there was no consistent evidence for scalar invariance, thus suggesting that direct comparisons of perfectionism levels between the two contexts cannot be meaningfully interpreted. This highlights the need for research in both Canadian and Italian contexts to understand cross-cultural differences and similarities in perfectionism.

The Impact of “Negligible” Cross-Loadings in Investigations of Measurement Invariance with MGCFA and MGESEM

Measurement invariance (MI) is an essential part of validity evidence concerned with ensuring that tests function similarly across groups, contexts, and time. Most evaluations of MI involve multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) that assume simple structure. However, recent research has shown that constraining non-target indicators to zero when cross-loadings are present results in biased estimates of latent variable associations. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we investigate the behavior of fit statistics for identifying non-invariance when the target measurement model is the same for both groups, and the source of non-invariance is the presence and magnitude of non-zero cross-loadings in one group, but not in another. We consider differences between MGCFA and multigroup ESEM (MGESEM), and combined and separate group tests of configural invariance. Implications for applied researchers are provided.

Measuring sexual behavior stigma among cisgender men who have sex with men: an assessment of cross-country measurement invariance.

Globally, cisgender men who have sex with men experience sexual stigma, but limited investigation of cross-population scale performance hinder comparisons. As measurement invariance is a necessary but seldom-established criterion of valid cross-cultural comparisons, we assessed invariance in scales of stigma related to sexual behavior across 9 countries. This secondary analysis used data collected from adult (mean age=29.6, standard deviation=12.5) cisgender men who have sex with men (n=8,669) in studies from 6 West African, 2 Southern African, and 1 North American country from 2012-2016. A common item set assessed 2 sexual behavior stigma domains. A sequential process was used to test the factor structure and measurement invariance, which included multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Individual countries, items, living with HIV, and disclosure were explored as possible sources of noninvariance. Goodness-of-fit statistics indicated adequate fit of the same 2-factor model in 7 of the 9 countries. The chi2 difference test comparing a constrained and unconstrained 7-country model in which loadings and thresholds were freely estimated was significant (p<0.001), indicating metric and scalar noninvariance, but removing the US provided evidence of invariance and freeing certain items led to a finding of partial invariance. Sexuality disclosure exhibited a direct relationship with select stigma items in several countries. Our findings point to the utility of the two stigma scale dimensions in making cross-country comparisons, but also to the necessity of assessing invariance with explicit attention to several factors including differential disclosure of sexuality across contexts to ensure valid comparisons.

Measurement invariance of the PROMIS emotional distress and subjective well-being domains among autistic and General Population adolescents.

Quality of life (QoL) is identified as a clinical and research priority by the autistic community. Researchers have the responsibility to ensure that instruments used to measure QoL do so reliably and accurately among autistic participants. Our study evaluated measurement invariance of Emotional Distress (Depression, Anxiety, Anger, Psychological Stress) and Subjective Well-Being (Life Satisfaction, Positive Affect, and Meaning & Purpose) scales of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) among groups of autistic (N=140, n per scale=132-140) and general population (N=1,224, n per scale=406-411) teenagers (14-17 years). These scales were included in the PROMIS Autism Battery-Lifespan, which uses PROMIS scales to measure QoL domains most relevant for autistic people. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses using permutation tests demonstrated that Depression and Positive Affect scales exhibited scalar invariance between groups, indicating that scores can be meaningfully compared across autistic and general population teens. Anger and Psychological Stress scales demonstrated metric invariance between groups, indicating that these scales measure the same latent trait in both groups, but group comparisons are not supported. We provide guidance as to how these scales can be used in psychometrically supported ways to capture constructs relevant for understanding QoL among autistic teens.

Turkish version of a short nutrition literacy scale for young adults: cultural adaptation and validation.

Recent changes in nutrition trends may lead to health issues. In particular, the unhealthy eating habits of young adults suggest that future generations may be at risk. Therefore, the importance and necessity of nutrition literacy is becoming increasingly apparent. The purpose of this study was to create a Turkish version of a short nutrition literacy (S-NutLit-Tr) scale for young adults developed by Vrinten et al (2023). This research involved 115 young adults from Istanbul Gelişim University, who were selected through convenience sampling, a non-probability sampling method. After the original S-NutLit scale was translated into Turkish, the validity and reliability of the determined factor structure were tested on 115 young adults. Internal consistency was examined with the Cronbach Alpha coefficient. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to validate the two sub-scale structures. Finally, measurement invariance was tested concerning participants' gender, aiming to ascertain whether the scale captured equivalent characteristics across different groups. As a result of the reliability analysis conducted with the scale of S-NutLit-Tr, the Cronbach Alpha coefficient was obtained as 0.86 for the scale of S-NutLit-Tr. Additionally, it was found to be 0.84 and 0.77 for the "information skills" and "expert skills" sub-scales, respectively. Accordingly, the scale of S-NutLit-Tr was found to be reliable. To examine the two sub-scale factor structures of the S-NutLit-Tr scale, fit indices were examined: χ2/df (1.246), GFI (0.923), IFI (0.975), TLI (0.967), CFI (0.974), RMSEA (0.046), and SRMR (0.055) and it was observed that the indices were within acceptable limits. In the analysis results obtained through the multi-group confirmatory factor analysis for measurement invariance, it was observed that the ∆CFI and ∆TLI values across all indices were less than or equal to 0.01. Consequently, it was observed that the item-factor structure, factor loadings, variances, covariances, and error variances of the scale were equivalent for both male and female young adults. The study found that the scale of S-NutLit-Tr for young adults was a valid and reliable measurement tool in Turkish culture.