Multi-ethnic Area Research Articles

The Media Image of the Multinational Transcarpathia: The Problems of the Search for Ethnic and Civil Identities

The article is concerned with the media image of Transcarpathia in the light of the formation of ethnic and civil identities of the auditory of Ukraine's westernmost region. The peculiarity of this region as a part of the national information space, lies within the fact that the local mass media satisfy the information needs not only in Ukrainian, but also in Hungarian, Romanian, Russian, Romani, German, Slovak, and other languages. At the same time while residing in the borderland area and speaking several languages, the Transcarpathian audience has free access to any media product of the four neighboring EU countries. The broad palette of national and non-national media is called to facilitate the formation of the Transcarpathians' affiliation not only to their ethnic group, but also to the civil (national) identity. To the author's mind, however, an intentional separatist image of the region is emerging due to the destructive materials, the spreading of information myths both in Ukrainian and foreign mass media. The resolution of these problems is seen by the author in the creation of a distinct media system and development of a national information strategy in Ukraine and in the multi-ethnic borderland areas among others.

The Intersections of Ethnicity, Nativity Status and Socioeconomic Position in Relation to Periodontal Status: A Cross-Sectional Study in London, England.

The role of migration as a social determinant of periodontitis has been overlooked. Intersectionality theory could help understand how immigration status interacts with other social determinants of health to engender inequalities in periodontitis. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether ethnicity, nativity status and socioeconomic position intersect to structure social inequalities in periodontal status. Data from 1936 adults in a deprived and multi-ethnic area of London were analysed. The numbers of teeth with probing depth and clinical attachment loss were determined from clinical examinations. A matrix with 51 intersectional strata, defined according to ethnicity, nativity status and education, was created. A cross-classified multilevel analysis, with participants clustered within intersectional social strata, was performed to assess the extent to which individual differences in periodontal measures were at the intersectional strata level. A complex pattern of social inequalities in periodontal status was found, which was characterised by high heterogeneity between strata and outcome-specificity. The variance partition coefficient of the simple intersectional model, which conflated additive and interaction effects, indicated that 3–5% of the observed variation in periodontal measures was due to between-stratum differences. Moreover, the percentual change in variance from the simple intersectional to the intersectional interaction model indicated that 73–74% of the stratum-level variance in periodontal measures was attributed to the additive effects of ethnicity, nativity status and education. This study found modest evidence of intersectionality among ethnicity, nativity status and education in relation to periodontal status.

The Making and Unmaking of Nationalist Literature from the National Margin

Abstract This article reconsiders the established modern Chinese writer Duanmu Hongliang and his first and most influential work, The Korchin Banner Plains (completed in 1933 and published in 1939), from a borderland perspective. The novel is set in western Manchuria, a multiethnic area of northeastern China that borders Inner Mongolia and was occupied by Japan in the early 1930s. The novel has been read by many as a realistic portrait of the natural and social landscape of the grassland and as an autobiographical account of the author's family history. This article disagrees, and treats the novel as a performative form of “territory-making” that purposefully recreates a Han-centered modern nation from its geographical margin by carefully reorganizing a web of intricate and competing multiethnic and multinational relations in the grassland. In particular, as a self-identified Manchu, Duanmu makes unconventional choices of both themes and literary styles to imply a calculated embrace of a modern nation by an ethnic other. Through a close examination of the spatial-textual negotiations in the novel, the article delineates how a classic work of nationalist literature was produced from the borderland and how this work exposes the precariousness and contradictions inherent in the grand narrative of modern nationhood.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and gene polymorphisms of ABCB1 and SLCO1B1 in Han, Uygur, Kazak, Hui, Tatar, Kirgiz, and Sibe populations with coronary heart disease in Xinjiang, China

BackgroundDyslipidemia is a predisposing factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). High-intensity statin therapy is recommended as secondary prevention. ABCB1 and SLCO1B1 genes influence the efficacy and safety of statins. Xinjiang is a multi-ethnic area; however, little is known about the prevalence of dyslipidemia and gene polymorphisms of ABCB1 and SLCO1B1 in minority groups with CHD.ObjectiveTo measure levels of lipid and apolipoprotein and the prevalence of dyslipidemia and gene polymorphisms of ABCB1, SLCO1B1 in Han, Uygur, Kazak, Hui, Tatar, Kirgiz, and Sibe populations with CHD in Xinjiang.MethodsThis descriptive retrospective study compares lipid levels in ethnic groups using Kruskal-Wallis test or analysis of variance. The study compared gene polymorphisms and the prevalence of dyslipidemia among different ethnic groups using the chi-square test. The lipid profiles in plasma were measured before lipid-lowering therapy using commercially available kits. Genotyping of SLCO1B1 and ABCB1 variants was performed using sequencing by hybridization.ResultsA total of 2218 patients were successfully screened, including 1044 Han, 828 Uygur, 113 Kazak, 138 Hui, 39 Tatar, 36 Kirgiz, and 20 Sibe patients. The overall mean age was 61.8 ± 10.8 years, and 72.5% of participants were male. Dyslipidemia prevalence in these ethnic groups was 42.1, 49.8, 52.2, 40.6, 48.7, 41.7, and 45.0%, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia, high total cholesterol (TC), high triglycerides (TG), and high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) differed significantly among the groups (P = 0.024; P < 0.001; P < 0.001; P < 0.001, respectively). For the Han group, high LDL-C, high TC, and high TG prevalence differed significantly by gender (P = 0.001, P = 0.022, P = 0.037, respectively). The prevalence of high TC, high TG, and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) differed significantly by gender in the Uygur group (P = 0.006, P = 0.004, P < 0.001, respectively). The prevalence of high TC in Hui patients significantly differed by gender (P = 0.043). These findings suggest that polymorphisms in ABCB1 and C3435T differ significantly across ethnicities (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe prevalences of dyslipidemia, high TC, high TG, and high LDL-C in Han, Uygur, Kazak, Hui, Tatar, Kirgiz, and Sibe CHD patients in Xinjiang differed concerning ethnicity. Ethnic, gender, and lifestyle were the key factors that affected the lipid levels of the population. The prevalence of polymorphisms of ABCB1 and C3435T significantly differed across ethnicities. These findings will aid the selection of precision lipid-lowering medications and prevention and treatment of CHD according to ethnicity in Xinjiang.

A culture of whiteness: How integration failed in cities, suburbs, and small towns

AbstractAs America's neighborhoods have become more racially diverse in the last half century, are these shared spaces fulfilling the “promise of integration”? In this study, I review the literature on desegregation as it occurs in urban, suburban, and rural places, illuminating how a culture of whiteness works in each of these types of places to reproduce racial domination. The literature on multiethnic urban areas demonstrates how a culture of whiteness reframes gentrification as ‘revitalization’ and nostalgia, which result in social control and cultural displacement of non‐white residents. In suburban places, I draw out the ways a culture of whiteness is expressed as ‘niceness’ and ‘governmentality’, resulting in symbolic exclusion and forced assimilation of people of color. Finally, in rural places, a culture of whiteness uses narratives of ‘pollution’ and ‘parasitism’ to understand often low‐income migrants of color, which renders them invisible and reproduces their structural disadvantage in the community. Revealing the subtle and obscure mechanisms through which a culture of whiteness reproduces racial domination in diverse places ultimately provides the key to their undoing and opens the door to the promise of integration.

Applying resolved and remission codes reduced prevalence of multimorbidity in an urban multi-ethnic population

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and determinants of multimorbidity in an urban, multi-ethnic area over 15-years and investigate the effect of applying resolved/remission codes on prevalence estimates. Study design and settingThis is a population-based retrospective cross-sectional study using electronic health records of adults registered between 2005 –2020 in general practices in one inner London borough (n = 826,936). Classification of resolved/remission was based on clinical coding defined by the patient's general practitioner. ResultsThe crude and age-adjusted prevalence of multimorbidity over the study period were 21.2% (95% CI: 21.1 –21.3) and 30.8% (30.6 –31.0), respectively. Applying resolved/remission codes decreased the crude and age-adjusted prevalence estimates to 18.0% (95% CI: 17.9 –18.1) and 27.5% (27.4 –27.7). Asthma (53.2%) and depression (20.2%) were responsible for most resolved and remission codes. Substance use (Adjusted Odds Ratio 10.62 [95% CI: 10.30 –10.95]), high cholesterol (2.48 [2.44 –2.53]), and moderate obesity (2.19 [2.15 –2.23]) were the strongest risk factor determinants of multimorbidity outside of advanced age. ConclusionOur study highlights the importance of applying resolved/remission codes to obtain an accurate prevalence and the increased burden of multimorbidity in a young, urban, and multi-ethnic population. Understanding modifiable risk factors for multimorbidity can assist policymakers in designing effective interventions to reduce progression to multimorbidity.

Post-suburban arrival spaces and the frame of ‘welfare offloading’: notes from an Italian suburban neighborhood

ABSTRACT Drawing upon the debates on ‘suburbanisms’ and ‘arrival space’, this article explores the complexities for welfare governance in multiethnic peripheries. The paper bridges two themes of the contemporary ‘suburban century’: the intensified global migration flows and the peripheral condition of suburbs worldwide; the work refers to the Municipality of Pioltello, a multiethnic suburban area in Milan’s region. This double-sided perspective reveals governance dynamics, here discussed through the concept of ‘welfare offloading’. In the observed neighborhood, governmental complexities disclose profound interdependencies with the region’s urban core and across municipalities; welfare tensions are ‘offloaded’ from the central core to peripheral regions.

Taking a deep breath: a qualitative study exploring acceptability and perceived unintended consequences of charging clean air zones and air quality improvement initiatives amongst low-income, multi-ethnic communities in Bradford, UK

BackgroundPoor air quality is the one of the biggest causes of early death and illness across the lifespan. In the UK, 28 local authorities with illegal pollution levels have been mandated by the Government to develop plans to rapidly reduce pollution to legal limits. These plans include consideration of implementing one of four of charging 'Clean Air Zone’ (CAZ) classes in areas of high pollution which would charge older polluting vehicles a daily charge to enter. While this offers a potential to improve air quality, the extent to which CAZ might impact (for example, economically) on socio-economically deprived groups and local businesses is unclear.AimsTo explore the acceptability and perceived unintended consequences of a CAZ and other initiatives to improve air quality with seldom-heard communities living in deprived, multi-ethnic areas within the city of Bradford, UK.MethodsTen semi-structured focus groups were conducted with people who live in areas of high pollution and deprivation. A total of 87 people participated from a diverse range of ethnic backgrounds with the majority of Pakistani origin. Recorded data were transcribed, coded and analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsAs poor air quality was not always visible it was seen as a hidden issue by many, and not prioritised over other more visible environmental issues (e.g. fly-tipping, littering). There was resistance to proposals which included charging private vehicles. Many felt that low-income families did not have the resources to purchase compliant vehicles or pay daily charges, placing a disproportionate burden on them. It was also felt that low-income taxi drivers would be disproportionately affected financially by proposals. Public transport infrastructure was felt to be inadequate. Other traffic management or emission reduction activities were also explored. Views towards these initiatives were more positive if they did not directly affect individuals financially.ConclusionAir quality initiatives such as CAZs were felt to be likely to financially disadvantage communities already living in socio-economic and environmental poverty. Policy makers need to carefully consider appropriate mitigation strategies to ensure that health and economic inequalities are not increased by implementation of CAZ. Given air quality is low priority for some groups, careful engagement and communication will be required to increase acceptance interventions such as CAZs.

Study on the Relationship between First-Time Complementary Feeding Practice and the Nutritional Status of Infants and Young Children in the Multi-Ethnic Rural Areas of Sichuan Province

To evaluate the current status of first food supplement and the nutrition of infants and young children in rural areas inhabited by people of Han, Tibetan, and Yi ethnicities in Sichuan Province, and to explore the relationship between the first ever feeding of food supplement and the nutritional status. Using a multi-stage randomized cluster sampling method, we selected 2 Han counties, 2 Tibetan counties and 2 Yi counties in rural areas of Sichuan Province. These counties were previously defined as economically poor counties, but had since been lifted out of poverty. They were selected for this study before they came out of poverty. Infants and young children of 12-24 months old and their main caregivers from these counties were the subjects of the study. Structured questionnaires were used to collect information concerning the sociodemographic characteristics of infants and young children and their caregivers, and the first complementary feeding for infants and young children. Infant and young children weight scales and length/height tapes were used to collect the weight and length/height data of infants and young children. Unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between the behavior of giving supplementary food for the first time to infants and young children and their nutritional status. A total of 1117 pairs of infants and children and their caregivers were investigated. Regarding the time of first supplementary food addition, nearly half of the caregivers in Han areas started adding supplementary food when the infants were 6 months old, accounting for 43.07% (171/397). Most of the caregivers in Yi and Tibetan areas started giving infants and young children supplementary food when they were less than 6 months old, accounting for 77.18% (301/390) and 47.58% (157/330), respectively. In terms of the types of supplementary food added for the first time, caregivers in Han areas mainly used homemade rice cereal, accounting for 41.56% (165/397), caregivers in Tibetan areas mainly used meat, vegetables or fruits and other complementary foods, accounting for 42.12% (139/330), and caregivers in Yi areas mainly used homemade rice cereal, accounting for 46.41% (181/390). The overall malnutrition rate of infants and young children was 28.83% (322/1117) and the malnutrition rate of infants and young children in Han, Tibetan, and Yi areas were 10.58% (42/397), 24.85 (82/330), and 50.77 (198/390), respectively. The regression analysis results show that after controlling for confounding factors, compared with Han areas, it is more likely for infants and young children in Yi areas to be malnourished ( OR=9.49, 95% CI 6.00-15.00). Compared with adding other types of complementary foods for the first time, infants and young children given iron-fortified rice cereal had a lower risk of malnutrition ( OR=0.54, 95% CI0.29-0.99). The multi-ethnic rural areas of Sichuan Province had problems that supplementary foods are added too early, and that the types of supplementary foods added for the first time were not appropriate. In addition, the nutritional status of local infants and young children in these areas was causing concerns. The malnutrition problem of infants and young children was especially prominent in the Yi ethnic areas. Adding iron-fortified rice cereal for the first time could reduce the possibility of malnutrition in infants and young children to a certain extent. It is recommended that attention should be given to the health education intervention of the first supplementary food for infants and young children to effectively improve the nutritional status of infants and young children in these areas.

Overview of a new eHealth intervention to promote healthy eating and exercise in pregnancy: Initial user responses and acceptability

PurposeThe purpose of this project was to develop and evaluate an eHealth intervention to promote healthy lifestyle for pregnant women. The setting was a low socio-economic and multi-ethnic area in Melbourne, Australia. MethodsThis paper briefly describes the development of the eHealth intervention, which was aimed at a low level of literacy, and the evaluation of the intervention by pregnant women. A basic descriptive survey was undertaken to evaluate user friendliness, usefulness and acceptability of the intervention. ResultsThe intervention was developed by a team of experts and forty pregnant women participated in the evaluation. Results indicated that participants found the intervention informative, useful and easy to navigate. They also identified some minor areas for improvement which will be addressed prior to proceeding to a formal controlled evaluation. ConclusionResults from this evaluation are encouraging and suggest that women found the intervention convenient, trustworthy and engaging. Most enjoyed navigating the website information. As such, it is likely to prove a useful support for delivering dietary and exercise information to pregnant women in the local low socio-economic area. Further formal evaluation will test the efficacy of the website in improving diet and exercise outcomes during pregnancy.

Отражение социально-экономического положения городского населения Дагестана на состоянии межнациональной сферы

Problems of interethnic tolerance and interethnic climate, factors of deformation of positive interethnic interaction and communication are actualized in modern Russian society. These problems are mostlyactualized in multiethnic and poly-confessional area of Daghestan. The role of socio-economic component in maintaining interethnic stability and solidarity in the republic as well as its influence on condition of interethnic situation were researched as part of the study ethnic processes in city area of Daghestan. The hypothesis of the author about the role of wealth and its reflection on the character of interethnic communica- &nbsp; &nbsp; tion, frequency of personal interaction, formation of interethnic tolerance has confirmed in the research. As a result of our research it was found out that there was dominant position among respondents in the cities characterizing well-being level of family as “it is sufficient quality of money but for purchasing expensive things it is not sufficient money”, moreover the proportion of those with high education level is higher among mentioned respondents. In other words respondents negatively estimate their well-being and they signify difficulty of supporting family with necessary products. Low level of payment is obstacle for the growth of socio-economic activity; moreover respondents with high level of qualification share this opinion. Deficiency of productive and nonproductive infrastructure plays significant role in these processes, as well as low level and quality of life, unemployment and problems of employment of youths. There is maintaining basic principles of social justice in mass consciousness of city population of Daghestan and they understand these principles as equality before the law, equal level of well-being, ensuring order and justice in the society, ensuring wealth of population, ensuring interethnic and poly-confessional stability in the society, introduction of progressive taxation, support for the poor and lonely people. In the same time the survey has showed that there is opinion in the mass consciousness that social equality is out of reach and had never been in the past.

Child Maltreatment in Western China: Ethnic Disparities, Poverty-related Adversity and Policy Deficiency

This study explores ethnic disparities in the prevalence, severity, and risk factors of child maltreatment in the home setting. Through multistage cluster sampling, we conducted an empirical survey of 2474 girls in Western China. The effective response rate was 93.7%. There are three major findings from this study. First, Chinese ethnic minority children face a higher risk of more prevalent or more severe child maltreatment than Han children. Second, ethnic desegregation appears to have a positive impact on reducing ethnic heterogeneity in child maltreatment. Third, ethnic disparities exist in the risk factors of child maltreatment, and ethnic desegregation can partly mitigate the ethnic differences in the risk factors of maltreatment. The results of this study indicate that there are visible ethnic disparities in child maltreatment in Western China. Ethnic heterogeneity is mainly caused by poverty-related adversity and residual child welfare policies in China. Ethnic desegregation may partly mitigate ethnic disparities, but it can effectively work only if similar life styles are shared among different ethnic groups. Multiethnic developing countries, such as China, should investigate the positive role of ethnic desegregation in countering child maltreatment, reduce the impact of poverty-related adversity on ethnic minority families, and popularize high-quality child welfare services in multiethnic areas.

Status and influencing factors of breastfeeding behavior in rural areas of Han, Tibetan and Yi nationalities in Sichuan Province

To evaluate the status of breastfeeding among infants aged 0-18 months in rural areas of Han, Tibetan and Yi ethnic in Sichuan Province, and to explore the relevant impact factors. Using multistage sampling method, choose two Han county, two Tibetan county and two Yi county rural 0-18 months infants and young children with their mother as the subjects in Sichuan Province, to collect mothers and infants and young children&apos;s demography, family status, the information such as breastfeeding knowledge and behavior through questionnaires. Unconditional Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of breastfeeding. Among the 1087 infants, early initiation of breastfeeding rate was 22. 45%, among the 985 infants aged 6 months and above, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months was 35. 94%, among the 658 infants aged 12 months and above, the rate of continued breastfeeding at 1 year was 34. 50%. The favorable factors for early initiation of breastfeeding were that normal delivery(OR=2. 80, 95% CI 1. 82-4. 30) and mothers with knowledge of early initiation of breastfeeding behavior(OR=2. 48, 95% CI 1. 69-3. 64). Tibetan mother(OR=1. 56, 95% CI 1. 02-2. 39), very good family economic status(OR=2. 70, 95% CI 1. 47-4. 98), mother&apos;s knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months(OR=1. 47, 95% CI 1. 07-2. 02) were favorable factors for exclusive breastfeeding behavior under 6 months. Second birth and above(OR=1. 67, 95% CI 1. 11-2. 52) and mothers&apos; knowledge of weaning(OR=3. 96, 95% CI 2. 65-5. 93) were favorable factors for continued breastfeeding at 1 year. The status of breastfeeding in the multi-ethnic rural areas of Sichuan Province is poor. The mother&apos;s ethnicity, delivery method, and whether they have relevant knowledge, parity and family economic status will affect the breastfeeding behavior of infant mothers.

P37.04 EGFR Mutations in US Hispanics with Lung Adenocarcinoma are Common and Portend a Worse Prognosis

Activating mutations in Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) occur in approximately 15% White, 40-50% of Asian and 15% of Black patients with lung adenocarcinoma. However, its prevalence in the nearly 60 million U.S. Hispanics has not been well characterized. Herein we evaluate EGFR mutation frequency in U.S. Hispanic patients with lung adenocarcinoma at an academic institute serving a large multi-ethnic area. We queried our prospective database (2015-19) for lung adenocarcinoma patients who underwent resection and had routine mutational analysis by a targeted gene panel. We identified 768 patients and were able to stratify 668 patients by self-identified race/ethnicity. We compared demographics (chi-square) and survival (Kaplan-Meier). 668 patients representing White, Hispanic, Asian and Black patients were identified. 200/668 patients had an activating EGFR mutation. Hispanic patients displayed a higher frequency of EGFR mutations than Whites (35% vs. 20%, p=0.013) Table 1. Hispanic patients were less likely to be smokers than White patients (60% vs. 82%, p=0.015). Hispanic EGFR mutant patients had worse 3-year overall survival than White and Asian patients (3 year OS: 62% vs. 96% & 90%, respectively p= 0.021 & 0.075; median f/u = 24.4 months) Figure 1A. Hispanic EGFR wild-type patients had a similar 3 year OS to other racial/ethnic groups and had improved 3 year DFS compared to Asian patients (3 year OS: 92% vs 85% and 92%, p= ns; and DFS 85% vs 76% and 63%, p=0.048) Figure 1B. EGFR mutations were similar across groups Figure 1C. Approximately one-third of U.S. Hispanics with lung adenocarcinoma displayed EGFR mutations which were associated with decreased survival compared to White and Asian patients. Increasing mutational analysis and investigation of biological differences of this growing ethnic group is essential for optimal neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatments as well as in the design of future clinical trials.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

Research on the Strategy of Multi Ethnic Culture Blending in School Field Based on Internet of Things

In the tide of globalization, the communication between different national cultures is becoming more and more frequent. Therefore, higher education should undertake the important task of imparting scientific and cultural knowledge to minority students, which needs to promote the prosperity and development of national culture. In multi-ethnic areas, different ethnic cultures need to collide, communicate, integrate and develop with each other. Based on the perspective of school field, we must integrate multi-ethnic cultures, which will meet the requirements of the development of the times. Cultural blending is the process of communication and integration of different national cultures, which is a dynamic process. In the process of integration, we need to distinguish the influence factors of multi-ethnic culture, which will better complete the integration. With the rapid development of information technology, Internet of things technology has become the most important way, which has been people’s daily life. Firstly, this paper analyzes the related concepts. Then, this paper analyzes the importance of multi-ethnic cultural integration. Finally, some suggestions are put forward.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND UNITY OF APPROACHES TO CONSIDERING THEM

The paper gives a review of theoretical points for philosophical understanding of a phenomenon of integration and unification processes flow in sphere of global social and cultural dynamics. Etymological description of a concept “culture” is outlined, key versions of explanation of the definition in the today's academic literature is presented. The author sums up views of outstanding cultural anthropologists and philosophers of culture on influence that world-wide tendencies of internationalization of cultural values and commercialization of cultural sectors of national economies have on local cultural organisms. Also, the paper states critical analysis of ideas of multiculturalism, cross-cultural tolerance in the context of preservation cultural diversity and harmonization of inter-ethnic relations in multi-ethnic areas.

Community, faith and politics. The ovoos of the Shinehen Buryats throughout the 20th century

This article explores the relationship between ovoo construction and the parallel political recognition of Buryat refugees in Hulun Buir (Inner Mongolia). More precisely, it analyses how these sacred cairns and their annual rituals have served as symbols of Buryat territorial appropriation throughout the 20th century. Considering the ovoo as a support for local history, the article illustrates the way ovoo construction links territory, politics and identity in this multi-ethnic area.

The Impact of Dialect Diversity on the Economy of Ethnic Areas——Taking Sichuan Province as an Example

Based on the methods of literature survey, interview survey and questionnaire survey, this paper selects Xiaojin, Danba, Kangding, Luding, Puge and Butuo County as the survey sites of multi-ethnic areas in Sichuan Province. After obtaining the first-hand data and data of local dialect usage, family language habits and family economic conditions, it empirically analyzes the relationship between dialect diversity and economic income and comes to a conclusion that in the multi-ethnic areas of Sichuan Province, dialect diversity has a significant negative impact on the level of economic income. On the basis of deepening the understanding of the relevance between language and economy, this paper provides some reference for the government to carry out reasonable language planning in ethnic areas.

An empirical analysis of dialect and regional economic growth based on OLS regression model

There is a relatively new economic growth theory that culture is a deeper force to explain economic growth. This paper will establish an economic growth model based on Solow model, and discuss the economic growth of multi-ethnic areas from the perspective of language economics. On the basis of literature research, this paper first puts forward the conjecture that dialect diversity has a negative impact on the economic income level of multi-ethnic areas. In order to verify this conjecture, this paper selects Xiaojin County, Danba County, Puge county and Butuo County of Sichuan Province as the investigation objects. After screening more than 200 effective data, the least square linear regression model is used to carry out empirical analysis. Through White Heteroscedasticity Test and WLS Heteroscedasticity Test, the hypothesis that dialect diversity has a negative impact on economic income level in multi-ethnic areas is verified.

Relationship between Participation and Social Inclusion

Studies show that within most countries, there are generally many different socio-cultural, ethnic and religious groups and this diversity inevitably creates a level of inter-group tension, with income disparities, cultural differences, and intergroup segregation leading in turn to social exclusion. This paper set out to develop a conceptual framework to examine the relationship between that participation and the social inclusion outcomes in the plan-making process. It addressed how social inclusion can relate to the plan-making process culturally, politically and institutionally, economically and socially with high level participation. In doing this, it adopted a case study approach using the Metropolitan Area of Abuja, the capital of Nigeria as the study sample of multi-ethnic, cultural and religious area. The research finds that participation in the plan-making process has a direct impact on social inclusion outcomes, helping to: break down cultural barriers; create intergroup cohesion; alleviate poverty; increase economic opportunities; and promote good governance. It finds that the relationship between participation and social inclusion varies across different indicators of social inclusion. It shows a very strong or moderately strong relationship across different indicators. However, the significance of relationship is very strong across all the indicators.