Multi-enzyme Supplementation Research Articles

The effects of replacing wheat and soyabean meal with duckweed (Lemna minor) and including enzymes in the diet of laying hens on the yield and quality of eggs, biochemical parameters, and their antioxidant status.

Duckweed is a rapidly growing aquatic plant, which could be used in the diet of laying hens to enhance carbon capture and improve land use efficiency. Digestion may be improved by supplementation with exogenous enzymes. We replaced soyabean meal and wheat with duckweed in a 10-week study with 432, 60-week-old Hy-Line W-36 layers, divided into six isocaloric and isonitrogenous dietary treatments, each with eight replicates. Two factors were investigated: first, duckweed substituted for wheat gluten meal and soyabean meal at 0, 7.5 and 15% of the diet, and second, with and without a multi-enzyme supplement (500 mg/kg). Duckweed did not affect egg output or weight, but it improved yolk color (P = 0.01) and reduced the liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.04) and alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.02) in serum, suggesting hepatoprotective effects. Enzyme addition did not alter the effects of including duckweed in the diet, but it increased feed intake (P = 0.03). It is concluded that, as well as offering the potential to increase land productivity, inclusion of duckweed in the diet of laying hens enhances egg yolk color and hepatoprotection, without detrimental effects on performance.

Effect of dietary supplementation of Amla fruit (Emblica officinalis) powder and multienzyme on growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chicken

Effect of dietary supplementation of Amla fruit (Emblica officinalis) powder and multienzyme on growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chicken

Effect of multi-enzyme complex and feed form on growth performance, slaughter characteristic, total tract nutrient digestibility, and energy utilization in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of exogenous multi-enzyme complex and feed form on growth performance, slaughter characteristics, nutrient digestibility, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) utilization in broilers fed corn–soybean meal diets. A total of 312 male one day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 6 dietary treatment groups with 13 replicates (4 birds each) in a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized design, which includes mash (M) or pellet (P) diets supplemented with three levels of a multi-enzyme complex (0, 125, or 175 mg/kg) for 42 days. The results indicated that the addition of 175 mg/kg multi-enzyme complex to pelleted feeds (P175) significantly increased (p<0.05) the body weight and feed intake of the broilers during the grower period. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly improved (p<0.05) by adding the multi-enzyme complex to the pelleted feeds. The feed form * multi-enzyme interaction was significant on d0-21 for BW and FI and all three periods in FCR (p<0.05). Mash feed decreased the European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) ratio compared to that of the pelleted feed, and it was observed that EPEF increased (p<0.05) linearly with an increase in the multi-enzyme complex added to both the mash and pelleted feeds. Although there was no difference among the groups regarding the carcass yield and relative organ weights, the gizzard weight increased significantly in chickens fed with mash feeds (p<0.05). In addition, the difference between treatment groups in terms of total tract nutrient digestibility does not differ (p>0.05) significantly, while the highest (p<0.05) AMEn utilization was found in the P175 group. As a result, the pelleted feed form and the increased level of multi-enzyme supplementation improved the performance and efficiency of broiler production.

The impact of multi-enzyme fortification on growth performance, intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality of broiler chickens fed a standard or low-density diet.

This research aimed to study the impact of supplementation of three multi-enzyme levels (0, 0.1, and 0.2% of feed) and two levels of dietary treatments [standard diet (SD) and low-density diet (LDD)] on growth performance, carcass traits, digestibility, and meat quality of broilers from 1 to 38 days of age. A total of 216 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a factorial experiment (2 × 3) comprising six dietary treatments, each with six replicates and each replicate with six chickens. The results showed that the LDD significantly reduced body weight gain by 5.0%, compared with the SD. Multi-enzymes significantly improved body weight gain and the production index (PI) relative to the SD. The feed conversion ratio was significantly enhanced with increased multi-enzymes from 1 to 21 days. A significant relation between the multi-enzyme concentration and type of dietary treatment was observed in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio from 1 to 21 days of age. Nitrogen-free extract digestibility was significantly increased by using the SD diet compared with using the LDD. Multi-enzyme supplementation improved the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract in the LDD. A significant relationship was found between the multi-enzyme concentration and type of dietary treatment on the pancreas, liver, and intestinal length percentages. The meat dry matter concentration was significantly higher in the LDD group than in the SD group. The low-density diet significantly reduced the total revenue compared with the SD, whereas broilers fed the SD recorded significantly higher total revenue and economic efficiency than those fed the LDD. The low-density diet significantly increased economic efficiency compared with the SD. Multi-enzymes significantly increased the total revenue, net revenue, and economic efficiency than the standard set. In conclusion, using multi-enzymes in broiler diets improved body weight gain. The LDD with multi-enzymes showed enhanced body weight gain compared with the SD without multi-enzymes.

Eimeria infection-related intestinal dynamics and microbiome, growth performance, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with multienzyme

Coccidiosis is an infectious parasitic disease. Increasing drug resistance and variable vaccine effectiveness have stimulated interests in developing alternate control strategies. Our research studied the effects of dietary supplementation of multienzyme (phytase, xylanase, β-glucanase, amylase, hemicellulase, and pectinase) in broiler chickens infected with coccidial pathogens by assessing ( i) nutrient utilization, immunological response, and gut health-related indicators in small intestine; and ( ii) intestinal microbiome modulations. One-day-old male Ross 708 chicks were assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement comprising of 0 or 50 g·kg−1 multienzyme and oral challenge with phosphate buffer saline or mixed Eimeria spp. oocysts (250 000 E. acervulina, 50 000 E. maxima, and 50 000 E. tenella). Multienzyme reduced ( P < 0.05) Eimeria-induced loss in feed efficiency and nutrient utilization, partially explained by reduced decrease of b0,+ amino acid transporter in jejunum. Multienzyme suppressed ( P < 0.05) the overexpression of interleukin-8 in duodenum and jejunum and ameliorated ( P = 0.05) the decreased expression of antioxidant heme oxygenase 1 in ileum induced by Eimeria infection. Multienzyme facilitated ( P < 0.01) the bloom of short-chain fatty acid-producing and fiber-degrading microbes. Multienzyme supplementation partly mitigated the adverse effects of Eimeria infection through multiple mechanisms: improving nutrient utilization, reducing local inflammation, and restoring microbial homeostasis.

Impacts of particle size and multienzyme supplementation on growth, cost-benefit, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility of broilers

Feed intake in poultry is affected by particle sizes, with coarse particles being more favoured. However, the threshold of coarseness is yet to be established. Feeding mash diets of varying particle sizes supplemented with multienzymes to broiler chickens at both starter and finisher phases could thus help establish this threshold. The study evaluated the response of broiler chickens to diets of varying particle sizes supplemented with graded levels of multienzyme. Three sieves (3, 4, and 5 mm) were fabricated to obtain three (3) diets of different particle sizes supplemented with multienzyme at three (3) levels (0, 1, and 2 g/kg) to have nine (9) dietary treatments. A total of 450-day-old Cobb500 unsexed broiler chicks were randomly allotted to nine (9) dietary treatments with five (5) replicates of ten (10) birds each, arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial experimental layout using a Completely Randomized Design. Growth parameters, cost-benefit, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of the chickens were evaluated. Data obtained in the study were subjected to Analysis of Variance, and means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The average feed particle size ranged from 886.52 to 1329.13 µm with a geometric standard deviation of 1.00. At the starter phase, birds fed 5 mm particles had the highest total feed intake (916.58 g/bird) and the poorest feed conversion ratio (2.65), while birds fed 3 mm particles had the lowest total feed intake (852.62 g/b) and the best feed conversion ratio (2.20). Birds fed 2 g/kg multienzyme had the highest feed costs at the starter (N 130.81) and finisher (N 331.33) phases. During the starter phase, birds offered 3 mm feed particles showed the highest (p<0.05) ether extract digestibility (0.82), while in the finisher phase, multienzyme supplementation decreased ash digestibility in birds fed diets with 3- and 4-mm feed particles. The combination of multienzyme and feed particle size impacted relative breast and back weights, but not the gizzard. The study concluded that broiler chickens can be fed diets of 3 mm particle size at the starter phase and 4 mm particle size at the finisher phase, with or without multienzyme supplementation, for a better feed conversion ratio, and diets of 5 mm particles with 1 g/kg multienzyme supplementation can be fed to broiler chickens at finisher phase for improved nutrient digestibility.

Utilization of grape (Vitis vinifera), cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), and apple (Malus pumila/domestica) pomaces in broiler chickens when fed without or with multi-enzyme supplement

Nutritive and functional values of fruit pomaces in poultry are unexplored. We determined apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and plasma metabolites in broiler chickens fed diets containing apple (APL), low-bush wild blueberry (LBP), cranberry (CRP), and grape (GRP) pomaces without or with multi-enzyme supplement (ENZ). A total of 360 one-day old Ross 708 male chicks were placed in 72 cages; 5 birds/cage were reared to day 13 and transitioned to either cornstarch–soy protein isolate basal diet or basal with 30% of either pomace without or with ENZ. Excreta samples were collected from day 17 to 20 and one bird/cage bled for plasma metabolites on day 21. Apple pomace showed a higher AME ( P = 0.008) than other pomaces; however, ENZ had no effect on AME. The AMEs were 3 250, 2 613, 2 394, and 3 008 kcal/kg DM for APL, LBP, CRP, and GRP, respectively. There was pomace and ENZ interaction on plasma alkaline phosphatase ( P = 0.04), and APL increased cholesterol levels ( P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, ENZ had no impact on energy increment in pomaces, but the AME values this study has established are nonetheless valuable for accurate poultry feed formulation. Plasma metabolites suggested pomace components are amenable to supplemental ENZ.

Supplementation of multi-enzymes alone or combined with inactivated Lactobacillus benefits growth performance and gut microbiota in broilers fed wheat diets.

The effects of multi-enzymes mixture supplementation or combination with inactivated Lactobacillus on growth performance, intestinal barrier, and cecal microbiota were investigated in broilers at the age of 15–42 days fed a wheat-based diet. A total of 576 broilers (12 broilers/cage; n = 12) were used and divided into four groups and randomly allotted to four experimental diets throughout grower (15–28 days of age) and finisher (29–42 days of age) phases. Diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based diet (BD), a wheat-soybean meal-based diet (WD), and WD supplemented multi-enzymes (WED) or combined with inactivated Lactobacillus (WEPD). The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) and body weight (BW) were reduced in broilers fed WD diet compared with those fed BD diet during the grower period (P < 0.05). Broilers in the WED or WEPD group had higher ADG and BW during the grower period (P < 0.05) and had a lower feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) compared to broilers in the WD group during the grower and overall periods (P < 0.05). Improved expression of intestinal barrier genes (claudin-1, ZO-1, and mucin-2) was observed in WEPD compared to the BD or WD group (P < 0.05). Compared to the BD group, the WD group decreased the abundance of Oscillospira, norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, and Peptococcus, which are related to anti-inflammatory function and BW gain. The WD also increased Bifidobacterium and some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (Anaerotruncus, Blautia, and Oscillibacter), and Barnesiella, which were presumed as “harmful microbes” [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05]. WED and WEPD groups, respectively, improved Bilophila and Eubacterium_hallii_group compared with those in the WD group (FDR < 0.05). In addition, the Enterococcus abundance was reduced in the WEPD group compared to the WD group (FDR < 0.05). Higher acetate and total SCFA concentrations were observed (P < 0.05) among broilers who received a WD diet. Compared with the WD group, the WED or WEPD group further increased cecal propionate content (P < 0.05) and tended to improve butyrate concentration. These results suggested that supplemental multi-enzymes alone and combined with inactivated Lactobacillus could improve the growth performance based on the wheat-based diet and offer additional protective effects on the intestinal barrier function of broilers.

The Impact of Enhancing Diet Quality or Dietary Supplementation of Flavor and Multi-Enzymes on Primiparous Lactating Sows.

Simple SummaryInsufficient energy and nutrient ingestion of primiparous lactating sows causes excess body weight loss and oxidative stress and compromises piglet growth. Two strategies to enhance the daily intake of dietary energy and nutrients were compared with a standard lactation diet to understand the potential modes of action. We found that feeding on either high-quality or flavor plus multi-enzyme diets both improved sow feed digestibility and consequently increased the growth of piglets. In addition, the flavor plus multi-enzyme diet also improved the antioxidant capacity and health of sows. The data suggest that dietary supplementation with flavor and multi-enzymes may be more promising than a high-quality diet from a health and economic perspective like enhancing utilization of cereal byproducts and thus reducing expenditure of corn and soybeans.This study was aimed to explore how a high-quality diet or a flavor plus multi-enzyme diet affects the feed intake, nutrient digestibility and antioxidation capacity of lactating sows and the growth of their progeny. Thirty primiparous sows were randomly assigned to three treatments from d 2 of lactation until weaning (d 21): control (CON), with a basal diet; high quality (HQ), with 200 kcal/kg higher net energy than CON; or the CON diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg flavor and 100 mg/kg multi-enzymes (F + E). Sows fed with the HQ or F + E diets improved piglets’ live weight (p < 0.05) and average daily weight gain (p < 0.10), litter weight gain (p < 0.10) and piglet growth to milk yield ratio (p < 0.10). Compared with CON, the HQ and F + E groups increased the digestibility of ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fiber, crude fiber and phosphorus (p < 0.10), and the HQ group also increased dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and energy intake (p < 0.05). Compared with CON, the F + E group decreased serum urea nitrogen and aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.05) and enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, but it decreased malondialdehyde in milk supernatant (p < 0.05).

Exogenous emulsifiers and multi-enzyme combination improves growth performance of the young broiler chickens fed low energy diets containing vegetable oil

ObjectiveThe present study examined the effects of exogenous emulsifiers and multi-enzyme supplementation into a low energy density diet on growth performance, visceral organ parameters, blood metabolites, ileal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens from hatch to 21 days.MethodsOne hundred and sixty-eight one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized design to 24 pens and each pen was assigned to one of four dietary treatments to give six replications with seven chickens in a cage. Dietary treatments were: i) positive control with standard energy level (PC); ii) negative control with 100 kcal/kg lower energy of the standard level (NC); iii) NC diet supplemented 0.05% calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate as an emulsifier (NC+E); and iv) NC diet supplemented with both 0.05% calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate and 0.05% multi-enzyme (NC+E+M). Corn and soybean meal-based control diets containing vegetable oil were formulated to meet the Ross 308 nutrition specification. Chickens were fed ad-libitum with the treatment diets and sampling was conducted on day 21.ResultsOur results revealed that emulsifier and multi-enzyme supplementation into NC diets improved (p<0.05) feed efficiency of the broiler chickens compared to the broiler chickens fed NC diets from hatch to 21 days. Supplementation of emulsifier and multi-enzyme into NC diet improved (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility of the broiler chickens. However, emulsifier and multi-enzymesupplementation into diet did not influence (p>0.05) visceral organ weight, blood metabolites, and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens fed NC diets.ConclusionSupplementation of emulsifier and multi-enzyme in the NC diet would support improving growth performance in young broiler chickens with improved feed efficiency and increased nutrient digestibility thereby curtailing the negative impact of energy reduction in the diets.

Effect of partially replacing soybean meal with sunflower meal with supplementation of multienzymes on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, ileal digestibility, digestive enzyme activity and caecal microbiota in broilers.

ObjectiveAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with sunflower meal (SFM) with added exogenous multienzymes (MEs) on various biological parameters in broilers.MethodsOne week-old, 400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatments (control, 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM) with 5 replicates/treatment (20 chicks/replicate). Control diet was without SFM and MEs, while diets of 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM treatments were prepared by replacing SBM with SFM at levels of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively, and were supplemented with MEs (100 mg/kg). Feeding trial was divided into grower (8 to 21 day) and finisher phases (22 to 35 day). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. At the end of trial, twenty birds (one birds per replicate) with similar body weight were slaughtered for samples collection.ResultsNo significant effect of dietary treatments was found on all parameters of growth performance and carcass characteristics, except relative weight of bursa. Weight (25.0 g) and length (15.80 cm) of duodenum were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. Lowest (p<0.05) villus height/crypt depth ratio was found in 3SFM and 9SFM than control. Most of meat quality parameters remained unaffected, however, highest pH of breast meat (6.16) and thigh meat (6.44) were observed in 9SFM and 3SFM, respectively. Lowest (p<0.05) cook loss of thigh meat was found in 6SFM (31.76%). Ileal digestibility of crude protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM (72.35%) than control (69.46%). In addition, amylase (16.87 U/mg) and protease (85.18 U/mg) activities were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. However, cecal microbial count remained unaffected.ConclusionPartial replacement (up to 9%) of SBM with SFM, with added MEs can help to improve the nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities without affecting cecal microbial count and growth performance in broilers.

Evaluation of rice gluten meal as a potential alternate feed source for poultry

A biological experiment was conducted in a factorial design (3×2×2) involving two substitution levels (20 and40%) of basal diet with rice gluten meal (RGM) with and without enzymes (protease and multi-enzyme) in cockerelsfollowing practical diet replacement method. Birds (72) were divided into nine groups containing eight cockerelbirds each. The conventional grower ration was provided to the birds for an adaptation period of 10 days followed by feeding of experimental diets for 14 days with final four days as collection period. A metabolic trial lasting for four days was done in which weighed quantity of feed was offered to birds and faeces voided were collected, weighed and dried. Both feed and faeces were analysed for gross energy value to calculate the apparent metabolizable energy for all diets and then apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of test ingredient, i.e. rice gluten meal. The AME value of RGM was 3035 and 3028 kcal/kg at 20 and 40% replacement levels of basal diet with a mean value of 3031 kcal/kg. However, with protease and multi-enzyme supplementation, a numerical increase of 37 and 35 kcal/kg of AME was observed, which was 1.22 and 1.15% more upon supplementation of protease and multi-enzyme, respectively. The proximate analysis revealed that rice gluten meal contains 92.30% dry matter which consists of 50% crude protein, 6.92% ether extract, 9.47% crude fibre, 21.54% nitrogen free extract and 4.37% ash. In vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestibility (IVPPD) of RGM was 81.50%. The total phosphorus content in the RGM was 0.78%, in which phytate content was 0.43% and non-phytate phosphorous was 0.35%, which is 44.87% of total phosphorous content. Hence, it can be concluded that RGM containing AME of 3031 kcal/kg, 50% crude protein with IVPP of 81.50% can prove to be a possible alternate feed source in the diet of poultry.

Dietary Brewer Grain Meal with Multienzymes Supplementation Affects Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Antioxidative Status of Weaning Pigs

We conducted a 28-day feeding study on 80 weaning pigs [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] to determine the effects of dietary inclusion with brewer’s grain meal (BGM) and multienzymes on their growth, intestinal health, and antioxidative status. Piglets were grouped by sex and initial BW and assigned to 20 pens with four pigs each. Treatments were a corn–soybean meal-based diet with either 0.1% multienzyme addition (PC) or without (NC), and two BGM compositions fortified with 0.1% multienzyme: 10% (BGM10) and 20% (BGM20). The overall body weight, average daily weight gain, and weight gain:feed ratio were significantly greater in pigs fed BGM20 than those fed the NC diet (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the BGM diets significantly increased the digestibility of total ash and ether extract, glucose, total protein, immunoglobulin A, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, heart and small intestine weights, villus height: crypt depth ratio (VH/CD), and Lactobacillus spp. count compared with the NC diet (p &lt; 0.05). The diarrheal rate, blood urea nitrogen, malondialdehyde, duodenal crypt depth, and Salmonella spp. count were reduced in pigs fed the BGM-supplemented diet than those fed the NC diet (p &lt; 0.05). The diarrheal rate (p = 0.010), ether extract digestibility (p = 0.044), total protein (p = 0.044), and duodenal villus height and VH/CD (p = 0.003 and p = 0.002, respectively) decreased quadratically with the increase in BGM supplementation. Overall, diets containing up to 20% BGM with multienzyme addition improved the nutrient utilization and intestinal health in weaning pigs by suppressing pathogenic bacterial growth without compromising the overall growth of the pigs.

Effect of multi-enzymes supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, ileal digestibility, digestive enzyme activity and caecal microbiota in broilers fed low-metabolizable energy diet

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of using low energy diet with multi-enzymes supplementation on different biological parameters in broilers.MethodsThree hundred Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly divided into three groups (Cont, standard metabolizable energy(ME); L-ME, ME reduced by 50 kcal/kg without enzyme; and L-ME-MES, L-ME diet was supplemented with multi-enzymes) with five replicates per group (20 chicks per replicate) at the start of second week. Grower and finisher diets were formulated according to breed specific guide and offered with free access in respective phase (two weeks for grower [8 to 21 d]; two weeks for finisher [22 to 35 d]). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. After feeding trial, fifteen birds (one bird per replicate) were selected randomly and slaughtered for samples collection.ResultsThe results exhibited no effect (p>0.05) of dietary treatments on all parameters of growth performance, carcass traits, relative weight of internal organs except bursa and overall parameters of thigh meat quality. Relative weight of bursa was significantly (p<0.05) higher in L-ME than control. Multi-enzymes supplementation in low-ME diet significantly (p<0.05) improved the breast meat pH 24 h, digestibility of crude protein, duodenum weight and length, jejunal morphology, counts of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., lipase and protease activities than control. Jejunum length was increased in both L-ME and L-ME-MES treatments than that of the control (p<0.05). Breast meat cooking loss and color lightness was lower in L-ME (p<0.05) than control.ConclusionIt can therefore be concluded that broilers could be reared on low energy diet with supplementation of multi-enzymes without compromising the growth performance. In addition, it is beneficial for other biological parameters of broilers.

Sunflower Meal Inclusion Rate and the Effect of Exogenous Enzymes on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens.

Simple SummaryOver the years, there has been an increase in the price of traditionally used protein sources such as soybean meal (SBM) in broiler feed. This has necessitated the need for alternative protein sources that can partially substitute the SBM protein and reduce the cost of feeding. Sunflower meal (SFM), a by-product from the oil processing industry, is available in significantly high quantities throughout the year at lower cost. SFM can be produced in drought-stricken places with good harvest and is less prone to fungal infestation. Although SFM has protein levels ranging between 32 and 37 percent, its inclusion levels in broiler diets have been limited to 5% due to high concentration of non-starch polysaccharides, low metabolizable energy and lysine levels. This presents challenges in feed manufacturing, since composition depends on the amount of oil extracted and retained hulls, with effects on the digestive efficiency of broiler chicks, especially in the first 21 d of growth. The use of multi-enzymes that target specific substrates in SFM can potentially allow an increase in its inclusion levels, thereby reducing the deleterious anti-nutritional effects from non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). Additionally, multienzyme supplementation can result in flock uniformity and environmental pollution reduction due to less nutrient loss in manure.The study examined the effect of de-hulled sunflower meal (SFM) inclusion rate and exogenous enzymes (EE) on broilers production performance. A four-feeding phase of pre-starter (1–9 d), grower (10–20 d), finisher (21–28 d) and post-finisher (29–35 d) was used with SFM included as low (BSL) and high (BSH) in all phases. BLS inclusion was 3% throughout phases and BSH inclusion was 7.5%, 10%, 13% and 13.5% for the 4-phases. Each SFM had a negative control (NC) (BSL− and BSH−) and positive (PC) (BSL+ and BSH+) control with additional 80 kcal Apparent Metabolizable Energy. Enzymes: xylanase (X), xylanase + beta-glucanase (XB), xylanase + beta-glucanase + protease (XBP) and xylanase + amylase + protease (XAP) were added to the NC and PC to give 6 treatments. Pen body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were determined at 9, 20, 28 and 35 d and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated accordingly. Diets were fed ad libitum to 1920 male Ross 308 broilers. Diet type, enzyme and diet by enzyme interactions were not significantly different amongst treatment diets. During the pre-starter and the grower phase, all studied parameters did not significantly differ from each other. All studied parameters were significantly influenced by enzyme addition and diet-type and enzyme interaction at 35 d except for diet type on FCR. Broilers fed BSH supplemented with XAP recorded the highest BWG (2.69 kg), whereas broiler chickens on BSL and supplemented with XBP recorded the lowest BWG (2.60 kg). SFM can be increased to 13% and 13.5% finisher and post-finisher diets without negatively affecting performance, and X and XAP enzymes can improve BWG of broilers grown to 35 d.

Effect of Natural Multi-Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance, Gut Microflora, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Broilers Reared in Tropical Climates

Effect of Natural Multi-Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance, Gut Microflora, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Broilers Reared in Tropical Climates

Multi-Enzyme Supplementation Modifies the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Breeding Hens.

Laying and reproductive performance, egg quality, and disease resistance of hens decrease during the late laying period. Exogenous enzymes promote nutrient digestibility and utilization and improve the intestinal environment. However, the specific regulation of the gut microbiome and metabolome by exogenous enzymes remains unelucidated. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary multi-enzyme supplementation on egg and reproductive performance, egg quality, ileum microbiome, and metabolome of breeders. Here, 224 Hy-Line Brown breeding hens (55 weeks old) were randomly allocated to two groups: dietary controls fed basal diet (DC), and test hens fed 0.2 g/kg corn enzyme diet (CE). Serum levels of total protein, globulin, immunoglobulin Y, and antibodies against the Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza H9 strain were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Egg albumen height, Haugh unit, and fertilization and hatching rates were also significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the CE-fed group. 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that CE strongly affected both α- and β-diversity of the ileal microbiota. LEfSe analysis revealed that the potentially beneficial genera Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Faecalicoccus, and Streptococcus were enriched as biomarkers in the CE-fed group. Microbial functional analysis revealed that the functional genes associated with harmful-substance biodegradation was significantly increased in the CE-fed group. Additionally, Spearman correlation analysis indicated that changes in microbial genera were correlated with differential metabolites. In summary, dietary multi-enzyme addition can improve egg quality, humoral immunity, and reproductive performance and regulate the intestinal microbiome and metabolome in breeders. Therefore, multi-enzymes could be used as feed additive to extend breeder service life.

Amino acids and energy digestibility in extruded or roasted full fat soybean fed to broiler chickens without or with multienzyme supplement containing protease, phytase, and fiber degrading enzymes

Effects of processing and multienzyme supplement (MES) on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids, apparent retention (AR) of components and metabolizable energy (AME) content in full fat soybean seeds (FFSB) were investigated in broiler chickens. The FFSB were either extruded (EFFSB) or roasted (RFFSB). A nitrogen free diet (NFD) was formulated for SID of AA calculation. The FFSB diets contained 20% crude protein with the ratio of corn starch: sucrose: soy oil (sole sources of energy in NFD) kept constant for calculation of AME. The FFSB diets were fed without or with MES containing phytase, protease, and fiber degrading enzymes. All diets had TiO2 indigestible marker. A total of 400-dayu-old Ross 708 male chicks were fed a commercial diet to d 13. On d 14, birds were weighed individually and allocated to cages (10 birds/cage, n = 8). Birds had free access to feed and water. Excreta samples were collected on d 18 to 20, and all birds were necropsied on d 21 for terminal ileal digesta samples. There was no (P > 0.05) interaction between processing and MES on SID of AA. Birds fed EFFSB had higher (P ≤ 0.048) SID of Arg, Ile, Lys, and Met than birds fed RFFSB. Birds fed MES had higher (85.5 vs. 80.8%; P = 0.050) SID of Lys than birds fed non-MES diet. There was interaction (P ≤ 0.036) between processing and MES on AR of Ca and P; MES improved retention but largely in EFFSB. There was an interaction (P = 0.016) between processing and MES on energy utilization such that MES improved AR of GE, AME, and AMEn in RFFSB only. In general, birds fed EFFSB exhibited higher (P < 0.01) energy utilization than birds fed RFFSB. In conclusion, lower Lys and energy utilization in RFFSB relative to EFFSB reflected the impact of the processing regimen. Supplemental enzyme improvement on Lys and minerals digestibility in FFSB and energy utilization in RFFSB suggested value in heat processed feedstuffs.

Growth performance, organ attributes, nutrient and caloric utilization in broiler chickens differing in growth rates when fed a corn-soybean meal diet with multienzyme supplement containing phytase, protease and fiber degrading enzymes

Growth performance, organ weight, ceca digesta short chain fatty acids (SCFA), jejunal histomorphometry, tibia ash, apparent retention (AR) of components and caloric efficiency were investigated in broiler chicken strains differing in growth rate fed diets with multienzyme supplement (MES). The strains differed in estimated time to reach 2.1 kg BW: 37, 43, 47, and 50 d and were designated C, F, J, and N, respectively. A corn-soybean meal diet was formulated for 2-phase program (starter and grower) and fed without or with MES containing phytase, protease and fiber-degrading enzymes. A total of 640-day-old chicks (42.3 + 0.01 g/bird) were housed in cages (5 cockerels and 5 pullets/cage) and allocated to give 8 replicates/ strain and diet combination. Equal amount of feed was fed based on observed ad-libitum intake of C strain in the starter (d 0–14) and grower (d 15–28). Body weight was monitored, grab excreta samples taken and at completion of allocated feed one bird per cage necropsied for samples. With exception of P, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) and ceca digesta acetic acid, there was no (P > 0.05) interaction between strain and MES on examined responses. Strains differed (P < 0.01) on growth, FCR, gizzard weight, tibia ash, breast weight, ceca digesta concentration of lactic, propionic, and isobutyric acid and caloric efficiency. The final body weight (BW) was 1,344, 1,134, 959, and 916 g/bird for C, F, J, and N, respectively. Corresponding caloric efficiency was 4,930, 5,807, 6,680 and 7,199 kcal/kg BW gain, respectively. Birds fed MES had higher BW gain (P < 0.05) in grower phase, larger gizzard, higher AR of CP, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and Ca than non-MES birds. In conclusion, growth rate influenced organ attributes, nutrient, and caloric utilization. Enzyme supplementation improved growth in grower phase and nutrient utilization independent of strain, suggesting that effects of feed enzymes are not influenced by inherent growth rate.

Chemical composition and porcine in vitro disappearance of heat-pretreated and multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls

Soybean hulls are poorly digested by pigs. Heat-pretreatment or the use of fiber-degrading enzyme supplementation of soybean hulls can potentially improve the digestibility of soybean hulls. Thus, study was conducted to determine the effects of heat pretreating (at 160 °C and 70 psi for 20 min) and supplementing soybean hulls with the multienzyme product, Superzyme-OM (Canadian Bio-Systems, Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada), which was in liquid form in was dosed at 3 mg/g of sample, which supplied 5100 U of cellulase, 3300 U of pectinase, 720 U of mannanase, 90 U of galactanase, 3600 U of xylanase, 1080 U of glucanase, 4500 U of amylase, and 360 U of protease per kilogram of feedstuff on porcine in vitro nutrient disappearance. The samples were subjected to in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis using pepsin and pancreatin. The samples were incubated in a buffer solution with fresh pig feces as inocula for 72 h to measure gas production. Concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) per gram of dry matter (DM) of samples was measured in fermented solutions. On a DM basis, untreated and pretreated soybean hulls contained 10.4 and 10.6 % crude protein. Heat pretreatment reduced total non-starch polysaccharides content of soybean hulls from 71.5 to 64.2%. Heat pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation did not interact on coefficient of in vitro disappearance of dry matter (IVDDM). Heat pretreatment increased (P < 0.01) the coefficient of IVDDM of soybean hulls by a mean of 45.5 % whereas multi-enzyme supplementation tended to increase (P = 0.055) the coefficient of IVDDM of soybean hulls by 3%. Heat pretreatment and multi-enzyme interacted (P < 0.05) on fractional rate of degradation and half time such that the fraction rate of degradation for soybean hulls increased (P < 0.01) and the half time for soybean hulls decreased (P < 0.05) when both heat-pretreated and multi-enzyme supplemented. Cumulative gas volume for heat-pretreated soybean hulls at 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h after the commencement of incubation was greater (P < 0.01) than that of untreated soybean hulls. Heat pretreatment of soybean hulls increased (P < 0.05) the VFA production per gram of DM of feedstuff. In conclusion, heat-pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation increased IVDDM of soybean hulls, implying that the heat pretreatment used in the current study can be used to enhance the nutrient utilization of soybean hulls for pigs.