Multi Element Research Articles

Multi element exposure risk from soil and dust in a coal industrial area

Coal mining and processing have profound environmental concerns, where large quantities of mine spoil and dust particles are generated. Potentially toxic elements dispersed in the dust and soils in coal mining ecosystem may have adverse health impacts to the nearby inhabitants. Dust and soil samples collected from Jharia coal mining area, India were analysed for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu Ni, Pb, V, and Zn. With respect to crustal abundance, As, Cd, and Pb were enriched in the soil, whereas Pb, and As were enriched in the dust. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) was <0 for most of the elements, except for Zn (Igeo 1.07), and Pb (Igeo 0.9). Pollution load index was higher for soil (1.3) than dust (1.2), and both were categorized as moderately polluted. Exposure risk assessment showed that, ingestion is the main route of exposure to potentially toxic elements present in soil/dust followed by dermal exposure. Exposure risk was higher for child than adult. Though the hazard index (HI) was <1.0 for all the elements, the contents of Cr, As, Pb, and V were close to the permissible exposure limits. The carcinogenic risks associated with As, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni were also less than the permissible limits.

Solid phase extraction of Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), and Fe (III) ions in water samples using salicylaldehyde benzoylhydrazone on Amberlite XAD-4 and their determinations by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A multi element preconcentration procedure for solid phase extraction on Amberlite XAD-4 as their salicylaldehyde benzoylhydrazone chelates and flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of some trace metal ions in water samples are proposed in this work. The influences of some analytical parameters, including pH of aqueous solution, amounts of reagent, flow rates of sample and eluent solutions, and sample volume on the quantitative recoveries of copper, nickel, cobalt, and iron were investigated. The effects of concomitant ions on the retentions of the analytes were also examined. The developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of metal ions in some real samples, including, tap water, river water, spring water, and waste water.

An isogeometric implicit G1 mixed finite element for Kirchhoff space rods

Abstract In the paper we present a multi patch isogeometric mixed element with implicit geometric continuity at the ends for the analysis of non polar Kirchhoff space rods. Rotations are introduced at the ends of the element analogously to the Hermitian interpolation, performing a change of basis for the configuration space. A mixed method in which the internal forces are interpolated by means of an L 2 projection leading to a B formulation is used to cope with the membrane–flexural locking that affects the solution. The efficiency of the method in avoiding locking and instabilities is investigated. The formulation adopted has the advantage with respect to other formulations that a non full global stiffness matrix is obtained. This approach appears very appealing for efficient analyses of general assemblies of 3D non polar elements.

OH MASERS TOWARDS THE W49A STAR-FORMING REGION WITH MERLIN AND e-MERLN OBSERVATIONS

We present preliminary results from OH ground state phase referenced observations carried out with the Multi Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) and e-MERLIN towards the massive star forming region W49A. There are three active SFRs within this complex: W49 North (W49 N), W49 South (W49 S) and W49 South West (W49 SW). The rst epoch of observations was obtained in 2005 with MERLIN while the second epoch was obtained in 2013 with the e-MERLIN upgraded system. In this paper, we present 1665 and 1720 MHz maser emission towards W49 S and W49 SW. Overall, both epochs show good agreement with the previous observations of Argon et al. (2000) carried out with the Very Large Array (VLA). The better sensitivity and wider velocity coverage of the MERLIN/e-MERLIN observations allowed us to discover a new 1720 MHz OH maser site in W49 S.

First light results from the High Efficiency and Resolution Multi-Element Spectrograph at the Anglo-Australian Telescope

The High Efficiency and Resolution Multi Element Spectrograph, HERMES, is a facility-class optical spectrograph for the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT). It is designed primarily for Galactic Archaeology, the first major attempt to create a detailed understanding of galaxy formation and evolution by studying the history of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. The goal of the GALAH survey is to reconstruct the mass assembly history of the Milky Way through a detailed chemical abundance study of one million stars. The spectrograph is based at the AAT and is fed by the existing 2dF robotic fiber positioning system. The spectrograph uses volume phase holographic gratings to achieve a spectral resolving power of 28,000 in standard mode and also provides a high-resolution mode ranging between 40,000 and 50,000 using a slit mask. The GALAH survey requires an SNR greater than 100 for a star brightness of V=14 in an exposure time of one hour. The total spectral coverage of the four channels is about 100 nm between 370 and 1000 nm for up to 392 simultaneous targets within the 2-degree field of view. HERMES has been commissioned over three runs, during bright time in October, November, and December 2013, in parallel with the beginning of the GALAH pilot survey, which started in November 2013. We present the first-light results from the commissioning run and the beginning of the GALAH survey, including performance results such as throughput and resolution, as well as instrument reliability.

Friction and wear characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel

The purpose of this research is to study the tribological characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum (CI) biodiesel as lubricity enhancer by using four ball tribometer. CI biodiesel was produced by using transesterification process and the investigated fuels were pure biodiesel (CIB100), 10% (CIB10), 20% (CIB20), 30% (CIB30) and 50% (CIB50) of biodiesel blended with diesel and pure diesel. Experiment was conducted during 300s with constant temperature at 27°C and constant sliding speed of 1800rpm at different load of 40kg, 50kg, 63kg and 80kg for all tested fuels. The elemental analysis for tested fuel was done using multi element oil analyzer (MOA) and worn surfaces of the ball were examined by SEM/EDX analysis. The average result reveals that diesel fuel shows 16% higher friction coefficient (FC) and 40% higher wear scar diameter (WSD) than pure biodiesel (CIB100). From the elemental analysis, it is found that more metal element (25.3ppm) is added for CIB100 and highest amount of metal elements were decreased for diesel fuel. The formation of oxide and addition of metal elements are extremely low for CIB20 fuel. Surface morphology showed that CIB20 shows the smaller worn surfaces compared to other diesel–biodiesel blend except CIB100. A further increase in the concentration of biodiesel (CIB30, CIB50), the extrusion of metal is quite higher than CIB20; and thus, CIB20 showed auspicious lubricating performance and highest possibility to form lubricating film without breaking down.

New approach to neutron spectrometry with multi element scintillator

A recently developed scintillator has been investigated for possible use as a dual detector for neutron and gamma spectrometry. A 7Li-enriched version of the scintillator has been investigated. The 35Cl(n,p)35S nuclear reaction provides a possibility for fast neutron detection. The sensor has been mounted on a photomultiplier tube controlled with a miniature electronics board and irradiated in different gamma and neutron radiation fields. A series of experiments has been carried out with different gamma energies as well as well with mono-energetic neutrons from a KN Van de Graaff accelerator, and the pulse height spectra have been measured. To clarify different features observed on the response functions of the detector, a Monte Carlo model of the scintillator has been built using MCNP6 and emitted charged particles have been tracked. The simulation data along with the experiments are analyzed, compared and reported.

WE-A-BRD-01: MR Imaging for Treatment Planning: What Every Physicist Should Know

Ever since its introduction as a diagnostic imaging modality over 30 years ago, the radiation therapy community has acknowledged the utility of MR imaging as a tool for not only improved visualization of the target volume but also for demarcation of adjacent organs at risk. However, the adaptation of MR imaging in radiation oncology has, until recently been slow due in large part to the inability to image radiation therapy patients in their treatment position. With the introduction of so-called wide bore high field MR scanners, multi element flexible receive only RF coils, high performance imaging gradients and a range of volumetric imaging sequences it is now possible to obtain both high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio images of in-treatment radiation therapy patients within clinically feasible imaging times. As a Result, there is renewed interest in the use of MR imaging for radiation oncology treatment planning that is being translated into physical siting and integration of these systems into radiation oncology departments. As MR imaging expands into the radiation oncology domain there is a significant and unmet need for radiation therapy physicists to become educated regarding the strengths, limitations and technical challenges associated with MR imaging. The purpose of this presentation is to address this need by providing an educational overview of the techniques and challenges associated with MR imaging of patients for radiation therapy treatment planning. As such this presentation will: 1) describe the fundamental differences between imaging of patients for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (i.e. radiation therapy planning), 2) describe most commonly used imaging sequences and contrasts for identification of disease for radiation planning, 3) identify the most common sources of image distortion and techniques to reduce their effect on spatial fidelity of the MR data, 4) describe the effects of motion and methods to quantify/correct it, and 5) identify emergent techniques for performing MR only treatment simulation. Upon completion attendees will have a working understanding of the basic methodologies associated with MR imaging in radiation oncology, the unique technical challenges imposed by MR imaging in the treatment position and techniques to address these. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the differences between MR imaging for diagnostic imaging and for radiation therapy planning. 2. Identify the most common sources of distortion and artifacts and simple methods to correct them. 3. Understand the challenges with MR imaging in the therapy treatment position and appropriate techniques to address them.

WE-A-BRD-00: MR Basics II

Ever since its introduction as a diagnostic imaging modality over 30 years ago, the radiation therapy community has acknowledged the utility of MR imaging as a tool for not only improved visualization of the target volume but also for demarcation of adjacent organs at risk. However, the adaptation of MR imaging in radiation oncology has, until recently been slow due in large part to the inability to image radiation therapy patients in their treatment position. With the introduction of so-called wide bore high field MR scanners, multi element flexible receive only RF coils, high performance imaging gradients and a range of volumetric imaging sequences it is now possible to obtain both high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio images of in-treatment radiation therapy patients within clinically feasible imaging times. As a Result, there is renewed interest in the use of MR imaging for radiation oncology treatment planning that is being translated into physical siting and integration of these systems into radiation oncology departments. As MR imaging expands into the radiation oncology domain there is a significant and unmet need for radiation therapy physicists to become educated regarding the strengths, limitations and technical challenges associated with MR imaging. The purpose of this presentation is to address this need by providing an educational overview of the techniques and challenges associated with MR imaging of patients for radiation therapy treatment planning. As such this presentation will: 1) describe the fundamental differences between imaging of patients for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (i.e. radiation therapy planning), 2) describe most commonly used imaging sequences and contrasts for identification of disease for radiation planning, 3) identify the most common sources of image distortion and techniques to reduce their effect on spatial fidelity of the MR data, 4) describe the effects of motion and methods to quantify/correct it, and 5) identify emergent techniques for performing MR only treatment simulation. Upon completion attendees will have a working understanding of the basic methodologies associated with MR imaging in radiation oncology, the unique technical challenges imposed by MR imaging in the treatment position and techniques to address these. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the differences between MR imaging for diagnostic imaging and for radiation therapy planning. 2. Identify the most common sources of distortion and artifacts and simple methods to correct them. 3. Understand the challenges with MR imaging in the therapy treatment position and appropriate techniques to address them.

Study of optical materials to be used on Multi Element Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy instrument

The European Space Agency mission Solar Orbiter (SOLO) is dedicated to the study of the solar atmosphere and heliosphere. As a part of the payload, the instrument METIS (Multi Element Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy) will provide images of the corona, both in the visible range and at the hydrogen Lyman-α emission line (121.6 nm). The realization of optical coatings, based on Al and MgF2, able to reflect/transmit such spectral components is, therefore, necessary. Since optical characteristics of materials in the vacuum ultraviolet range are not well studied and vary greatly with the realization process, we implemented a study of their properties in different deposition conditions. This is aimed to the realization of a custom designed filter able to transmit the 121.6 nm wavelength while reflecting visible light, and thus separating visible from ultraviolet light paths in the METIS instrument.

Multi element (C, H, O) stable isotope analysis for the authentication of balsamic vinegars

Balsamic vinegars are important and well-acknowledged products and have become more important all over Europe during the recent past. For their analytical control, stable isotope methods play an important role to check the authenticity of the raw materials applied. For vinegar, but not yet for balsamic vinegar analysis, stable isotope methods using hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope analyses by isotope ratio mass spectrometry and 2H-NMR have already been introduced as official methods. Nevertheless, the official procedure can be also applied for balsamic vinegars. The evaluation of the stable isotope parameters obtained for the ingredients of balsamic vinegars requires a knowledge and understanding of the natural and industrial processes on which the production of balsamic vinegars is based. Ranges and ‘cut-off’ values for the multi element stable isotope parameters of balsamic vinegars are described, and a suitable analytical strategy is suggested.

Performance of wing sail with multi element by two-dimensional wind tunnel investigations

Performance of wing sail with multi element by two-dimensional wind tunnel investigations

Geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic characteristics of Quaternary Magmas from the Pre–Komitake volcano

The trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of Quaternary magmas from the Pre–Komitake volcano were investigated. The Sr and Nd isotope ratios ranged from 0.703320–0.703476, and 0.512885–0.513087, respectively, which are very similar to those of the lavas from Fuji and Komitake volcanoes that erupted subsequently. Enrichment of large ion lithophile elements, Pb and Sr, can be seen in the primitive mantle–normalized multi–element diagram of the Pre–Komitake, Komitake, and Fuji lavas. These collectively show island arc lava signatures; however, the middle to heavy rare earth elements are more depleted in the Pre–Komitake lavas, compared to those from Fuji. Positive Eu anomalies are observed, although the extents of these anomalies decrease with increasing SiO2 in the Pre–Komitake lavas, whereas this is not observed in Fuji lavas. The Sr/Y ratios of Pre–Komitake lavas increase from basalt to basaltic andesite, but decreases through andesite to dacite. This occurs in combination with a rapid increase in La/Yb ratios, followed by a more gradual increase. A gradual decrease in Dy/Yb ratios is also seen over the entire compositional range. These data suggest deep (>12 kbar) fractionation of garnet and amphibole followed by shallow (i.e., ~ 5 kbar) fractionation of amphibole and plagioclase. Such variations are not observed in the Komitake and Fuji lavas, for which deep fractionation of clinopyroxene and shallow fractionation of plagioclase have been suggested. All three lavas, including those from the Pre–Komitake volcano, show similar isotopic, major, and trace element compositions in the unfractionated basalts. The differing geochemical trends found in the Pre–Komitake lavas are likely to be due to different mineral fractionations occurring in the hydrous Pre–Komitake basalts compared to the dry Fuji and Komitake basalts.

Chemical constituents of Dracocephalum nutans

In this study we investigate the chemical constituent in aerial parts of Dracocephalum nutans. The moisture content (6.13%), total ash (2.18%), extractives (35.25%) and quantitative and qualitative analysis of biologically active constituents of aerial parts of Dracocephalum nutans were determined. In The Institute of Combustion Problems using the method of multi–element atomic emission spectral analysis in the ash of Dracocephalum nutans were found 11 macro–micro elements, main of them was K(794.5750 μg/ml), Ca (440.63 μg/ml), Fe (4.5005 μg/ml), Zn (1.6911 μg/ml). The volatile oil constitutes were extracted from the aerial parts of Dracocephalum nutans by water steam distillation were analyzed by GC–MS method. More than forty compounds were separated. Their relative contents were determined by area normalization in which 45volatiles were identified. The major volatile oils of 1H–Cycloprop[e] azulen – 7 – ol, decahydro – 1, 1, 7 – trimethyl – 4 – methylene – (14.23%), Caryophyllene oxide (11.30%), 1, 6 – Octadien – 3 – ol, 3, 7 – dimethyl – (7.69%), (–) – myrtenyl acetate (5.67%), Naphthalene, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4A, 5, 6, 8A – octahydro – 7 – methyl – 4 – methylene (5.29%), (–) – spathulenol (4.76%), Benzene, 1 – methoxy – 4 – (1 – propenyl) – (4.73%), 4 ah – cycloprop [e]azulen – 4A – ol, decahydro – 1, 1, 4, 7 – tetra – [ethenyl] – (4.65%), Germacrene D (4.42%), (E) – 3(10) – caren – 4 – ol (4.23%), Bicyclo [7.2.0] undec – 4 – ene, 4, 11, 11 – trimethyl – 8 – methulene – (3.67%), α –Caryophyllene (3.60%), 12 – oxabicyclo [9.1.0] dodeca – 3, 7 – diene, 1, 5, 5, 8 – tetramethyl (2.13%).

Определение кинематических связей математической модели плоскопараллельного движения многоэлементного машинно-тракторного агрегата

Определение кинематических связей математической модели плоскопараллельного движения многоэлементного машинно-тракторного агрегата

Water quality assessment of Manchar Lake during the month of August and November 2011 by analyzing selected trace elements

Manchar Lake is the largest fresh water lake in Pakistan, situated in Jamshoro District. It was created in the 1930 when the Sukkur Barrage was constructed on the river Indus. It is a vast natural depression flanked by Khirthar range in the west, Lakhi hills in south and river Indus in the east. On the north eastern side is the protective embankment. The lake is fed by two canals, the Aral Wah and the Danister from the river Indus. The lake also collects water from numerous small streams in the Khirthar Mountains. The area of the lake fluctuates during the flood season from 350 to 520 km2. The mean depth of the lake is at present 13 feet. Contamination of Manchar Lake is serious issue of aquatic pollution. Lake gets polluted by different waves although it is a second largest lake of Sindh province. Untreated damping of industrial liquid waste is one of the main causes of its pollution, hence for the justification of its contamination some trace metals, Lead, Copper, Zinic, Cobalt, Chromium and Nickel were analyzed by dual mode of analytical methods flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) by multi element stranded solution. The highest concentration of Lead, Copper, Zinic, Cobalt, Chromium and Nickel were 54.5 and 58.5 µg/L, 115 and 117.5 µg/L, 3000 and 3200 µg/L, 7 and 9.5 µg/L, 90 and 95.5 µg/L, 90 and 117 µg/L in month of August and November, 2011 respectively (Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Cr) were selected for study. Key words: Contamination, waste, pollution, environment, fresh water.

Analysis methodology of multi element in four herbs of Guizhi Fuling capsules

This paper was focused on establishing a ICP-MS method with microwave digestion for simultaneous determination of lead, copper, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, magnesium, manganese, nickel, thallium in cassia tuckahoe capsule and its five raw herbal materials. Internal standard method was adopted to reduce matrix effect and other interference effects. The method established was shown to be simple with high sensitivity, strong specificity and good reproducibility. Linear relationship is good as R2 ≥ 0.999 3 while the average recovery was among 75.84% - 118.9%. The detection limit was 0.016 - 4.593 μg x L(-1). Data in this paper provided the basis for control of deleterious element in Guizhi Fuling capsules, and further more it was with referencing values for control of deleterious element in other crude drug.

Efficient 3D boundary element dynamic analysis of discontinuities

In the present study, a nonlinear joint element model with a coupled shear-tensile behavior for multi body boundary element frictional contact problems is presented. The analysis is carried out by discrete crack model using the multi-region 3D boundary element method including material damping. To account for the decay of joint strength parameters at intermediate courses of deformation, the simplified discrete crack joint model (SDCJ) has been used. The nonlinear nature of contact problems demands an iterative technique development to determine the actual contact conditions (opening and sliding with bonding and friction) at arbitrary points of the contact boundaries. Through several analyses, it is demonstrated that the proposed method is robust, as it does not require to solve the whole system simultaneously. As a particular case, the influence of foundation inhomogeneity on the seismic response of concrete arch dam has been studied in order to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the present approach in a complicated case.

A general productivity model for optimization of multiple fractures with heterogeneous properties

The principle focus of this work is on developing a general productivity model to fill the gap in simultaneously optimizing multiple hydraulic fractures with different properties in heterogeneous spaced fracture configuration. Based on the instantaneous point source solutions, a rigorous mathematical model is established by coupling reservoir flow model with fracture flow model in a box-shaped reservoir, which takes into account fracture interaction, fracture conductivity, contacted reservoir area with fractures, and heterogeneity of fracture properties. A corresponding semi-analytical solution is further proposed to solve the model by using a new discretization algorithm called multi direct boundary element methodology (MDBEM). Based on the general model, the maximum productivity index (PI) is obtained by optimizing properties of fractures under the limitation of given proppant volume, which puts a constraint on number of fractures, fracture conductivity and fracture length. The heterogeneity effect of fracture properties on optimization is discussed in detail, and results indicate that it is more advantageous and practical to create more fractures with identical properties in homogeneous fractured configuration.

Crash Kinematics and Injury Criteria Validation for a Deformable Hybrid Vehicle Model

Pedestrians are vulnerable road users who are at high risks in a road traffic collision with motor vehicles. A large number are getting killed in traffic accidents each year, the majority of them being children and senior citizens. During impact with an automobile, pedestrians suffer multiple impacts with the bumper, hood and windscreen. Fatality is seen mostly due to the head injuries obtained by the pedestrians. Thus this paper aims to introduce the development and validation of a simplified hybrid vehicle front end profile for the mitigation of head injury. The vehicle model is represented by a multi body windscreen and finite element cowl, hood and bumper. A two step validation procedure is performed, firstly the crash kinematics validation to determine the overall kinematics and fall pattern of the pedestrian during impact. Secondly, the hybrid vehicle model is tested against the pedestrian injury criteria values for pertinent body parts namely the neck, sternum, lumbar, femur and tibia. The hybrid vehicle model is made to impact an adult human dummy model obtained from TNO (TASS Netherlands). The injury criterias are reprensented through the Head Injury Criteria (HIC), neck compression force, sternum and tibia accelerations and lumbar and femur bending moments. The simulation results were compared to the experimental values and a good correlation was achieved.