Multidimensional Scale Of Perceived Social Support Research Articles

The Associated Factors of Quality of Life among Stroke Survivors: A Study in Indonesia

Background: The prevalence and burden of stroke are still high, especially in low and middle-income countries. Stroke affects the economy and physics related to the Quality of Life (QoL). Various QoL-associated factors, including sociodemographic, functional outcome, emotional, and cognitive function, were studied. However, there was very limited information about the QoL-associated factors among stroke survivors in Semarang, Indonesia.Purpose: This study aimed to identify the QoL-associated factors among stroke survivors in Semarang, Indonesia.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in outpatient services and involved 57 ischemic stroke survivors using convenience sampling. Demographic and clinical information were obtained using medical records and questionnaires. The questionnaires were the Short Version of Specific Stroke Quality of Life (SS-QoL) to measure QoL, GRID-HAMD 17 to measure Post Stroke Depression (PSD), Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) to measure cognitive impairment, Barthel–Index (BI) to measure functional outcome, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) to measure anxiety, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) to measure social support. Linear regression was conducted in the model performance of QoL-associated factors.Results: The stroke duration was 155(18) days, and 50.9% of participants were males. The linear regression showed that age (-.164 95% CI -.412 - .084), marital status (3.937 95% CI 1.010 - 6.864), functional outcome (.127 95% CI .013 - .241), PSD (-1.090 95% CI -2.144 - -.036), cognitive function (.308 95% CI -.482 - 1.098) and anxiety (-.408 95% CI -1.125 - .268) were QoL-predictors (p<.001, adjusted R2=52.1). It is assumed that age, marital status, functional outcome, PSD, cognition, and anxiety significantly predict the QoL among ischemic stroke survivors.Conclusion: The QoL-associated factors were age, marital status, functional outcome, PSD, cognition, and anxiety. These associated factors of QoL should be considered as elements in formulating nursing interventions that aim to improve the good QoL among stroke survivors.

Socio-demographic characteristics associated with perceived social support among parents of children aged 0–7 years: the CIKEO study

BackgroundSocial support has been associated with numerous positive outcomes for families’ health, wellbeing and empowerment. This study examined which socio-demographic characteristics are associated with perceived social support among parents of children aged 0–7 years.MethodCross-sectional data of 1007 parents of children aged 0–7 years, gathered in the CIKEO cohort study in the Netherlands, were analysed. Social support was assessed with the Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Linear regression models were used to examine associations between socio-demographic characteristics and perceived social support.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 34.1 years (SD = 5.1); 92.9% were mothers. The multivariable regression model showed that fathers (β: -0.15, 95% CI: − 0.22, − 0.08), parents with a low educational level (β: -0.12, 95% CI: 0.18, − 0.06), parents with a low income (β: -0.10, 95% CI: − 0.19, − 0.01), unemployed parents (β: -0.14, 95% CI: − 0.20, − 0.07), and parents of older children (β: -0.07; 95% CI: − 0.13, 0.00) perceived lower levels of social support. Interaction analyses showed that parents with a migration background and a low educational level were particularly susceptible to perceiving lower levels of support (β: -0.34, 95% CI: − 0.52, − 0.15).ConclusionFathers, parents with a low educational level, parents with a low income, unemployed parents, parents of older children, and parents with both a migration background and a low educational level are at increased risk of perceiving lower levels of social support.ImplicationsWe recommend to develop, implement and evaluate intervention strategies to strengthen perceived social support among the abovementioned subgroups of parents, in order to improve families’ health, wellbeing and empowerment.Trial registrationNTR7607 in the Netherlands trial registry.

Post-traumatic growth and perceived social support in young adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objectives: Pandemics would certainly have a negative impact on mental health. Positive modifications as well as negative alterations have been documented in earlier viral pandemic according to previous investigations. Teenagers face a variety of challenges during adolescence. Adolescents may become more concerned if this time coincides with other worries. This study aims to investigate the positive changes that occur in a young adolescent’s life after COVID-19 pandemic, and to see how they relate to perceived social support. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on adolescents who were randomly selected from high schools in Kerman, Iran 2020 during the COVID-19. the sample size was 108 and for sampling wes used multi-stage random sampling at the end the data was analyzed by Pearson correlation test. Demographic information, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory short form (PTGI-SF) were used to collect data. The data were subjected to descriptive and analytical statistical tests (Pearson correlation) using SPSS software version 24. Results: Statistically a positive correlation was found between the PTG total score and young homeschooled adolescents, parents working remotely, income loss and COVID-19 experience. Moreover, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a positive association was found between perceived social support and PTG total scores in young adolescents. There were also substantial positive connections between the MSPSS subscales and the PTGI overall score. Conclusion: Based on the findings, an overall growth in all areas of PTG was observed during the COVID-19 among young adolescents. Perceived social support scores have a positive and significant relationship with COVID-19 effects. In the crises we face throughout life, intimate family members and friends play a significant supporting role in adapting to these situations.

Self-neglect among older adults with disabilities in Liaoning Province during the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study.

Self-neglect among older adults is a well-recognized public health issue. During the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), older adults with disabilities may be at increased risk for self-neglect. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of self-neglect and associated factors among older adults with disabilities in Liaoning Province during the COVID-19 outbreak. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to April 2021. A convenience sample of 230 older adults with disabilities filled out questionnaires that collected data on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics alongside data using the Barthel Index (BI), the Elder Self-Neglect Assessment (ESNA), the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The overall self-neglect rate was 86%. The study revealed that self-neglect correlates positively with the degree of disability (p < 0.001) and depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). In contrast, monthly income (p = 0.002) and perceived social support (p = 0.001) were negatively associated with self-neglect. During the COVID-19 outbreak, self-neglect has been a serious public health problem among older adults with disabilities. Lower monthly income, decreased physical function, depressive symptoms, and perceptions of poor social support contributed to self-neglect among older adults with disabilities.

The Role of Perceived Social Support and Resilience in Predicting the Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study from Indonesia

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a tremendous impact on Healthcare Professionals (HCPs). Social support and resilience were seen as protective factors for mental health problems. This study aimed to investigate the role of perceived social support and resilience in predicting Healthcare Professionals’ mental health during the outbreak in Indonesia. Methods: A digital self-reported survey was completed by 202 HCPs (143 women and 59 men) during the outbreak. A cross-sectional study was applied, and participants were recruited through a purposive sampling technique. The online survey collected information on sociodemographic, perceived social support, resilience, and mental health problems. Perceived social support was measured by The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), resilience by the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)–10, and mental health problems by the Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ). Multivariate regression was applied to analyze the data. Results: Results indicated that a high resilience score was associated with low scores for depression, anxiety, and somatoform symptoms (β = -4.72, p = 0.000). On the contrary, perceived social support did not predict mental health or PTSD symptoms (β = -0.56, p = 0.412). Conclusion: Considering the role of resilience in reducing mental health problems, we suggest government and health authorities design an intervention program to increase HCPs’ resilience.

Resiliensi di LKSA: Perceived Social Support dan Problem Focused Coping pada Remaja

Adolescence who live in orphanages faced adversity in their life who are different from adolescence in general. They are required to be able to overcome the problems on their own without parents. The inability to overcome these problems can increase the risk of stress and prone to emotional problems. This study aims to determine the relationship between perceived social support and problem-focused coping on the level of resilience of adolescence in Bandung orphanages. The population of this study was adolescence who lives in Bandung orphanages. Respondents in this study were 70 adolescents aged 15-17 using purposive sampling technique. Two-stage clusters method used for determining the sample of the orphanage. The scales used in this study are Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Brief-COPE), and 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14). Respondents filled out the questionnaires with a paper and pencil test in their orphanages. The data analysis using descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results of data analysis showed that perceived social support and problem-focused coping together affect resilience of 41% with the strength of the relationship at moderate level. The regression coefficient values for perceived social support variable (4,051) and problem-focused coping variable (1,162). This showed that perceived social support more influence than problem-focused coping on adolescence resilience.

Evaluating the impact of Community-Based Sociotherapy on social dignity in post-genocide Rwanda: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial

BackgroundCommunity-Based Sociotherapy (CBS) is an approach that was introduced in Rwanda in 2005, with the aim of improving psychosocial well-being among its participants and facilitating reconciliation processes. Over the years, CBS has been adapted contextually and the effectiveness of the approach has been measured in different ways, using qualitative and quantitative study designs. This study specifically assesses the effectiveness of CBS in terms of fostering the social dignity of participants as the primary outcome.Methods/designA cluster randomized controlled trial design with person-level outcomes whereas the CBS treatment is delivered at the cluster level. A total of 1200 eligible participants will be randomly assigned to two groups in a 1:1 ratio. Participants in the intervention group will receive the CBS intervention, while the control group will be waitlisted. The primary outcome measure is a self-designed and psychometrically validated Social Dignity Scale. The secondary outcome measures will be the WHO (Five) Well-Being Index (WHO-5), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Self-reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), and the perceived parental self-efficacy scale. The primary analysis will be performed following an intention to treat analysis, using generalized estimating equation modeling.DiscussionWe expect this cluster randomized controlled trial to provide insight into the effectiveness of CBS on social dignity and secondary psychosocial outcomes among its group participants, who have different socio-historical backgrounds including genocide survivors, perpetrators, bystanders and their descendants, people in conflicts (family/community), and local leaders. This study will inform CBS implementers, policymakers, practitioners, and other stakeholders on the role of social dignity in interventions that focus on psychosocial healing.Trial registrationISRCTN ISRCTN11199072. It was registered on 2 April 2022.

On the interplay of borderline personality features, childhood trauma severity, attachment types, and social support

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACE) have consistently been associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Still, it is not yet entirely understood if and how different types of ACE (emotional, physical, sexual abuse, neglect) relate to different BPD subdomains (affective instability, identity disturbance, negative relationships, self-harm). Insecure attachment and lower perceived social support are associated with both ACE and BPD and may therefore contribute to their relationship. No study so far integrated all these variables in one model, while accounting for their mutual influence on each other. We investigated the interplay of BPD subdomains, ACE, attachment, and perceived social support using a graph-theoretical approach.MethodsAn international sample of 1692 participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Borderline Feature Scale from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI-BOR), the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) via an online survey. We estimated a partial correlation network including subscales of the CTQ and the PAI-BOR as nodes. We extended the network by including subscales of the AAS and MSPSS as additional nodes.ResultsEmotional abuse was the most central node in both networks and a bridge between other types of ACE and BPD features. All domains of BPD except affective instability were associated with emotional abuse. Identity disturbances was the most central node in the BPD network. The association between ACE and BPD features was partly but not fully explained by attachment and social support.ConclusionOur findings suggest that emotional abuse is an important link in the association between ACE and BPD features, also when taking attachment and social support into account. Findings further suggest an outstanding role of identity disturbance, linking emotional abuse to affective instability and being strongly associated with attachment anxiety.

Study on Muslim University Students in Indonesia: The Mediating Role of Resilience in the Effects of Religiousity, Social Support, Self-Efficacy on Subjective Well-being

Subjective well-being is an essential part of mental health in both religious and non-religious communities. On a global scale, most research on the relationship between religiosity and subjective well-being is conducted on English-speaking, Western, and Christian populations. This large-scale study is expected to complement and balance previous research by reporting the important role of resilience as a mediator in the relationship between religiosity, social support, and self-efficacy on subjective well-being based on a sample of Indonesians, the world's largest Muslim population. Data collection uses adaptation of standardized scales, namely the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) for measurement of Subjective well-being, Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES) for resiliency, The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS) for religiosity, The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) for social support, and the General Self-efficacy scale (GSES) for self-efficacy. A convenience sample of 1640 Muslim undergraduate students made up the responses. This study's findings suggest that self-efficacy, social support, and religiosity all directly influence resilience. Subjective well-being is directly affected by religion, social support, self-efficacy, and resilience. The association between self-efficacy, social support, self-religion, and subjective well-being is mediated by resilience. Resilience partially mediates the relationship between religiosity, social support, and self-efficacy with subjective well-being. This research has practical implications for the practice of Islamic guidance and counseling, notably the use of religion as a tool to build resilience, for instance, through a more positive reading of difficulties as God's gift for personal growth.

The relationship of social support perceived by mothers and fathers and dyadic adjustment with maternal and paternal attachment in the postpartum period.

This descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional study included mothers (n=170) and fathers (n=173) with 6- to 12-month-old babies. A personal information form, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS), the Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI), and the Postnatal Paternal-Infant Attachment Questionnaire (PPAQ) were used to gather information. Mothers' median scores were 64 (27-84) for MSPSS, 57 (21-69) for RDAS, and 102 (92-104) for MAI. Fathers' median scores were 53 (24-84) for MSPSS, 57 (40-69) for RDAS, and 84 (57-94) for PPAQ. In mothers, a significant, moderate, positive correlation was found between the median scores of MSPSS and RDAS (r=.521; p<.001) and MAI (r=.362; p<.001). This relationship was also the same for the RDAS and MAI median scores (r=.299; p<.001). For fathers, a significant, low-level, positive correlation was found between median scores of MSPSS and RDAS (r=.53; p=.044) and PPAQ (r=.164; p=.031). A significant, moderate, positive correlation was also found between RDAS and PPAQ median scores (r=.468; p<.001). This study found that baby attachment increases with increasing social support for mothers and fathers and dyadic adjustment. In postnatal follow-ups, women's health nurses and midwives should assess the social support, dyadic adjustment, and attachment levels of mothers and fathers.

Social Support and Health Related Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Patients in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Social support has been linked with positive treatment outcomes for many chronic conditions including breast cancer, and it meaningfully reduces the stress originating from cancer diagnosis as well as improves emotional wellbeing. This study aims to assess the level of social support and HRQOL and its relationship among breast cancer patients over a period of 8 months in the two tertiary hospitals in Port Harcourt.&#x0D; This was a descriptive longitudinal study that was conducted over a period of 8 months among 254 female patients with breast cancer in the two tertiary hospitals in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. They were assessed at the time of diagnosis, 4 months and 8 months after using Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23). Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Frequency tables were used to demonstrate the outcome. Means and standard deviation for the continuous variables were calculated. In comparing differences in mean between evaluation times, Friedman ANOVA was used, Correlation co-efficient were used to determine correlation between HRQoL and Social support scores. Results considered statistically significant at P value ˂ .05.&#x0D; The HRQoL and MSPSS scores were relatively high among the respondents. The respondents received high support through-out the evaluation time (62.5%). The high support was noticed more from family and the lowest social support was from friends, this was statistically significant, P =.007. HRQoL was high through-out the evaluation time and it was statistically significant. Correlation between the HRQoL and MSPSS was positive (Pearson correlation co-efficient = ˂0.29) and statistically significant P &lt;.05. &#x0D; Breast cancer women in Port Harcourt Nigeria had relatively good HRQoL and perceived social support was an important factor for the good HRQoL. It is important to pay close attention on events that enhance and maintain the social support system for breast cancer patients.

Perceived social support and COVID-19 impact on quality of life in college students: an observational study

Background The purposes of this study were to assess the current status of perceived social support and COVID-19 impact on quality of life, to investigate the association of perceived social support with the COVID-19 impact on quality of life, and to examine differences in perceived social support between better and worse COVID-19 impact on quality of life for the total sample and by gender. Methods Participants included 1296 university students (399 male, 871 female, 22 transgender, non-binary, or other) with a mean age of 21.5 (SD = 2.6 years) from a large public university in the Midwest region of the US. Students voluntarily completed two questionnaires and demographic information via Qualtrics based on a cross-sectional study design. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is a 12-item survey used to assess an individual’s perception of social support from significant others, friends, and family. The COVID-19-Impact on Quality of Life scale (COVID-19 QoL) is a 6-item scale used to assess the impact of COVID-19 on quality of life. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, independent t-tests, and ANCOVA. Results Multiple linear regression showed that perceived social support from family was a significant predictor of COVID-19 QoL (F = 35.154, p < .01) for the total sample. Further, t-test demonstrated significant differences between males and females on perceived social support (t = −2.184, p < .05) as well as COVID-19 QoL (t = −5.542, p < .01). Results of ANCOVA demonstrated a significant group effect on perceived social support for both males (F = 10.054, p < .01, η2 = .025) and females (F = 5.978, p < .05, η2 = 0.007), indicating that the better quality of life group scored higher on perceived social support than low quality of life. Conclusions Social support from family may act as a key buffer for quality of life during the fall semester of 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in college students. With social interactions restricted during COVID-19, maintained access to social support is highly important. KEY MESSAGES Social support is a crucial contributing factor to the impact of COVID-19 on quality of life, and support from social relationships may buffer these challenging and unpredictable times. The COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted the quality of life of males and females differently.

Peranan Stres Akademik Terhadap Subjective Well-Being dengan Perceived Social Support sebagai Moderator pada Mahasiswa Magang Atau Bekerja

In this era of rapid growth on technology literacy, students as a bridge between the world of school and work hold great responsibilities and are required to work in a fast-paced environment, more complex than their predecessors. As students who are doing internships or working, they have two responsibilities, namely academic and professional at the same time. This can cause students to experience poor learning patterns due to lack of time management skills and tend to multi-task. Those who have many academic and other demands but are unable to cope with them will experience academic stress. In addition, time management is closely related to the work-life balance phenomenon. This can affect the low subjective well-being. Thus, academic stress can affect the decline of subjective well-being in students who are doing internships or working. This study aims to examine the relationship between academic stress and subjective well-being moderated by perceived social support. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires using the Perceived Academic Stress Scale (PAS), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) with 387 participants using linear regression quantitative research design. The result shows that p &lt; 0.05 for regression and p &gt; 0.05 for moderation analysis. Thus, show that there is an influence between academic stress and subjective well-being and social support cannot strengthen the effect of academic stress and subjective well-being.&#x0D;

Exploring Loneliness in The Older Adults And The Disability Populations 12-Months Post COVID-19 Restrictions

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To identify factors associated with loneliness among the older adults and the disability populations 12-months following COVID-19 physical restrictions. As well as to identify strategies to alleviate the loneliness experienced by these populations. <h3>Design</h3> The data in this study were taken from a larger study with a longitudinal concurrent mixed-methods design with four data collection points. Data from time point four (12-months post COVID-19 restrictions) were used for our study purposes. <h3>Setting</h3> This study was completed within the general community of adults living in Canada, British Columbia. The study and data collection were completed through online survey tools. <h3>Participants</h3> A Survey of a total of 70 British Columbian adults who self-identified as being comfortable writing and speaking in English and belonging within the older adults (>64 years) or the disability populations (self-described and including stroke, spinal cord injury and other disabilities) were included. <h3>Interventions</h3> N/A. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> The main outcome measures included scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), as well as the UCLA Three-Item Loneliness Scale. These scales measure for anxiety and depression, social support, and loneliness respectively. Data collected through these measures were analyzed using multiple linear regression to investigate the association between the independent variables, anxiety, depression, social support, and the dependent variable, loneliness. <h3>Results</h3> Our analysis showed a statistically significant positive association between anxiety and loneliness (β = 0.363, p < 0.05), and a statistically significant negative association between social support and loneliness (β = -0.360, p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant association between depression and loneliness (β = 0.142, p > 0.05). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Anxiety and social support were significant predictors for loneliness in the older adults and disability populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Facilitating engagement in occupation to reduce anxiety and improve social support may be helpful in reducing loneliness in these populations. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> No conflicts of interest.

Maternal Anxiety and Its Associated Factors During the First and Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Serbia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The COVID 19-pandemic affects people differently, while pregnant women are among the most sensitive populations. The data about maternal mental health during the COVID-19 outbreak are in some ways consistent but also country-specific. The study aims to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women's anxiety and identify its associated factors. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 358 pregnant women during the first and second waves of the pandemic in Serbia. An anonymous survey included basic demographic questions, pregnancy-related background questions, the question of self-reported COVID-19-related fear, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The study revealed no pregnant women with low anxiety levels measured by STAI-T and STAI-S, while the STAI-S and STAI-T scores indicated high anxiety in 32.4% and 42.7% of pregnant women, respectively. The obtained results pointed out the nonlinear dependence of state anxiety on observed associated factors and their complex interactions, including the data collecting period. Our findings reveal that COVID-19 affects pregnant women's mental health and makes it necessary for psychological monitoring and support for pregnant women, which may be reflected in their mental health but also the development of their offspring.

Evaluation of Quality of Life, Social Support and Coping Strategies and Illness Adjustment in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Breast cancer patients experience physical and emotional distress due to their diagnosis and treatment of their disease. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the quality of life (QOL), social support and coping strategies, illness adjustment among breast cancer patients, and the type of breast surgery. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study at hospitals in Zahedan, Iran, in 2020. We recruited 120 patients with breast cancer by census method. Data collection tools were the breast cancer-specific module (QLQ-BR 23), The adjustment to illness measurement inventory for Iranian women with breast cancer (AIMI-IBC), and the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) questionnaires. We performed the statistical analysis in SPSS software version 19.0. Results: The mean age of patients in this survey was 47.35 ± 10.67 years. 53.3% of patients underwent a mastectomy, 34.2% had a lumpectomy, and 12.5% of patients had not been surgery. Patients on the functioning scale reported high scores for body image (78.61 ± 26.69) and future perspective (55.27 ± 26.71). Patients on the symptom scale had a high score upset by hair loss (49.16 ± 38.88). Also, the mean score of total social support was 45.71 ± 9.92. in addition, they used the reasonable efforts coping strategy (4.07 ± 0.35), and the mean score of illness adjustment was 150.91 ± 16.29. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that breast cancer patients received a high social support level, especially from family members, and had a high degree of adjustment to their illness. Also, patients were more upset about their hair loss and body image. Therefore, early disease detection can improve breast cancer women's quality of life and disease adaptation.

Profiles of social constraints and associated factors among breast cancer patients: a latent profile analysis

BackgroundThe present study aimed to identify profiles of social constraints among Chinese breast cancer patients and to explore the variables associated with these patterns.MethodsThe study recruited 133 Chinese breast cancer patients in Liaoning Province, China, between June 2021 and February 2022. The questionnaire package included the Social Constraints Scale (SCS), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form (FoP-Q-SF), and the Social Impact Scale (SIS). The methods of statistical analysis used included latent profile analysis (LPA) and multinomial logistic regression.ResultsThree latent patterns of social constraints were found: class 1-the low social constraints group (51.9%), class 2-the moderate social constraints group (35.3%), and class 3-the high social constraints group (12.8%). Patients with high social support were more likely to report a low level of social constraint, while patients with a greater fear of progression were more likely to report a moderate or high level of social constraints. Significant differences existed among the latent classes identified by reference to social constraint in terms of education.ConclusionThese results suggest that breast cancer patients’ perceptions of social constraints vary and exhibit individual differences. Health care providers should take into account patients’ fear of progression as well as their social support when developing interventions for patients with a high level of social constraints.

The Relationship between Social Support and Hopelessness among Iranian Students during Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has major consequences for public health worldwide, especially for mental health. Hope is a dynamic motivational system that empowers one to achieve goals. Social support similarly increases the feeling of well-being to cope with hopelessness. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between social support and hopelessness in students studying at the Iran University of Medical Sciences during the COVID-19 pandemic considering the importance of performance in medical sciences students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed continuously for five months, from January to May 2021, at the Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, where the Persian language is predominantly spoken. Participants were included if they could consent to participate in the study and internet access and membership in social networks. Those who did not fully engage with our data collection tools were excluded. A demographic information form, the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MPSS) were provided to students via social networks. After students (n=300) completed the questionnaires, data were analyzed through SPSS software version 21. Results: The mean age of participants was 23.46 (18-51) years. The mean score of hopelessness among the participants was 6.2. The majority of students (35%) had mild hopelessness, 34.7% had a minimum level of hopelessness, 26.7% had a moderate level of hopelessness, and 11% had a high level of hopelessness. The mean social support score was 59.49, with 52.3% of students having a high level of social support. The correlation coefficient between social support and hopelessness was - 0.401 (p &lt; 0.001). Field of study, degree level, marital status and lifestyle were significantly correlated with hopelessness. Also, only marital status had a significant relationship with social support among students. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that out of the variables included in the model, only the variable of social support had a significant effect on the hopelessness score, so this variable predicted 18% of the hopelessness score. Conclusion: Given the inverse relationship between social support and hopelessness, it is suggested to increase the level of social support for students to improve their sense of hopelessness.

The Relationship Between Social Support and Learning Motivation of Overseas Students at the State University of Malang

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between social support and learning motivation of overseas students at the State University of Malang. This study used a quantitative research approach with data analysis techniques using descriptive analysis and a simple correlation test of Pearson’s Product Moment. The sampling technique used was quota sampling. The respondents of this study were Overseas Students at the State University of Malang with a total of 80 students. The data collection used the adaptation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the modification of the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS). The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between social support and learning motivation in overseas students at the State University of Malang.&#x0D; Keywords: Social Support, Learning Motivation, Overseas Student

Association between General Health, Fatigue and Social Support among Health Professionals: A Cross - Sectional Study in Greece

The present study was carried out to describe the levels of general health among health professionals and their perceived level so fatigue and social support. Additionally, the purpose of this study was to examine the association between the above variables. The research was conducted in 165 health professionals working in hospitals in the region of Eastern Macedonia-Thrace and in the urban centers of Athens and Thessaloniki. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) as well as the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were used to measure the research variables. There was a high positive correlation coefficient between the GHQ-28 score and fatigue and statistically significant at the 0.01 level of significance. Negative correlation tool place between mental fatigue and social support with statistical significance. Measures are needed to increase the number of health professionals and organizational and structural measures to improve their working conditions and strengthen their social work.