Multi Charge Research Articles

Simulation and Fabrication of Hybrid Electric Bicycle with Multi Charging Mode

The use of electric vehicles actively contributes to environmental conservation. Lack of EV charging infrastructure is one of the most common challenges associated with the electric vehicles. The conventional method for the electric propulsion system deals with the single mode of charging techniques. The alternative battery charging techniques helps to enhance the usage of electric vehicles. In this work hybrid electric bicycle is designed with multi charging method. In addition to the conventional wall charger, a solar panel and dynamo is used to charge the battery. Increasing the performance and efficiency by means of BLDC motor. The entire propulsion system is connected with the PI controller which calculate the speed and relevant voltage needed for the drive. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated through simulation using MATLAB/ Simulink software.

A Multi-Aggregator Based Charge Scheduling in Internet of Electric Vehicles Using Fractional African Vulture Sail Fish Optimization

Due to increase in pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs), researchers and governments are looking forward for pollution-free, eco-friendly and efficient vehicle called Electric Vehicles (EVs), which is a best alternative for fossil fuel-based transportation systems. Limited battery capacity and frequent charging are essential for EVs. There are unscheduled EVs existed owing to the scarcity of energy and charging plugs. This research designs a multi aggregator-based charge scheduling strategy in Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEVs) using proposed Fractional African Vulture Sail Fish Optimization (FrAVSO) algorithm. The FrAVSO is obtained by integrating Fractional Calculus (FC) with African Vulture Optimization (AVO) and Sail Fish Optimization (SFO). The energy is predicted utilizing Deep Maxout Network (DMN) and path selection is accomplished utilizing Fractional African Vulture Optimization (FrAVO). The FrAVSO achieved minimum distance of 15.313 Km, maximum energy of 0.252 J, minimum waiting time of 2.546 sec, and maximum profit of 94.978%.

Details of the neutral energy distribution and ionization source using spectrally resolved Balmer-alpha measurements on DIII-D.

Spectrally resolved passive Balmer-α (D-α, H-α) measurements from the DIII-D 16 channel edge main-ion charge exchange recombination system confirm the presence of higher energy neutrals ("thermal" neutrals) in addition to the cold neutrals that recycle off the walls in the edge region of DIII-D plasmas. Charge exchange between thermal ions and edge neutrals transfers energy and momentum between the populations giving rise to thermal neutrals with energies approximating the ions in the pedestal region. Multiple charge exchange events in succession allow an electron to effectively take a random walk, transferring from ion to ion, providing a pathway of increasing energy and velocity, permitting a neutral to get deeper into the plasma before a final ionization event that contributes to the ion and electron particle fueling. Spectrally resolved measurements provide information about the density and velocity distribution of these neutrals, which has been historically valuable for validating Monte Carlo neutral models, which include the multi stage charge exchange dynamics. Here, a multi-channel set of such measurements is used to specifically isolate the details of the thermal neutrals that are responsible for fueling inside the pedestal top. Being able to separate the thermal from the cold emission overcomes several challenges associated with optical filter-based neutral density measurements. The neutral dynamics, deeper fueling by the thermal neutrals, and spectral measurement are modeled with the FIDASIM Monte Carlo collisional radiative code, which also produces synthetic spectra with a shape that is in close agreement with the measurements. By scaling the number of neutrals in the simulation to match the intensity of the thermal emission, we show it is possible to obtain local neutral densities and ionization source rates.

Effect and Influence of Double Resonance Couplings With Dual Resonance Frequencies for Wireless Power Multi-Charging Module in Superconducting MAGLEV Train

The wireless power charging (WPC) system based on the resonance coupling method, which is composed of separate coils with same resonance frequency, is feasible for exchanging electric energy within 2 m. We have been developed the WPC unit for high speed superconducting magnetic levitation (MAGLEV) train to improve the transfer efficiency and stability since the WPC system can supply electric power without overhead wire power lines of pantographs. Practically, the various WPC units have been required in the super high speed transportation systems since it can reduce the construction cost of pantographs as well as multi charging units to inside and outside of traveling train. From this point of view, authors proposed the enhanced WPC system using multi antenna (Tx) coils with dual-resonance frequencies to expand the practical way. As the multi Tx and multi-receiver (Rx) coils of WPC unit are intrinsically sensitive to impedance variation from external factors such as double resonance coupling coils and the electromagnetic propagations, the effect and influence of charging characteristics for double resonance coupling coils with dual-resonance frequencies should be exanimated. In this paper, the effect and influence of charging characteristics and thermal distributions were investigated under the different resonance coupling modeling with 370 and 750 kHz power sources. In addition, the effect of reflected power at Tx coils was investigated under double resonance coupling coils.

Research on Multi Charging Path Planning for Network Layout

With the development of Internet of things, Rechargeable Wireless Sensor Network (WRSN) has been widely used. In order to keep the WRSN working, the mobile charger needs to be charged regularly. This paper studies the practical problems of WRSN charging. Aiming at the problem of path and battery capacity planning under complex constraints of multiple chargers, using the traditional MTSP model for reference, the minimum energy consumption path and battery capacity planning model under multiple chargers are established, and the equilibrium factor is creatively designed and applied. Considering the NP-hard characteristics of the problem, an improved genetic algorithm based on Balance degree is designed to solve it. Finally, four cases are tested and compared with the traditional genetic algorithm. The results show that the improved genetic algorithm saves 31.56% of the total distance on average compared with the traditional algorithm, and has better stability and better optimization ability. The results are reasonable and have wide application value.

Rationally constructing of a novel composite photocatalyst with multi charge transfer channels for highly efficient sulfamethoxazole elimination: Mechanism, degradation pathway and DFT calculation

Rational design of highly efficient multi-heterojunction photocatalyst with separated charge transfer channels still remains a challenge. Herein, a novel La2Ti2O7/g-C3N4/AgI photocatalyst is constructed via a facile electrostatic self-assembly plus selective deposition–precipitation method. The results demonstrate that the spatially isolated La2Ti2O7 and AgI are both decorated tightly on g-C3N4 nanosheets and form separated heterojunctions, which provide much more separated charge transfer channels and surface reaction sites. Therefore, the samples exhibit remarkably boosted photodegradation performance for sulfamethoxazole (SMZ). DFT results indicate that the atoms with the most positive and negative value of condensed dual descriptors (CDD) are the mostly vulnerable to reactive species. Aromatic amine oxidation, the cleavage of sulfonamide bond and hydroxylation of aromatic rings are mainly SMZ degradation pathways. This study provides a new insight for the guideline of rational design/development of new multicomponent photocatalysts for potential application on treatment of emerging pollutants in waters.

Dynamic Energy Regulation Strategies With Multi Charging Methods for Photovoltaic Chargers

The objective of this paper is to propose a photovoltaic charger with multi charging methods and dynamic energy regulation (DER) strategies. A dc-dc boost converter with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) feature is utilized for the PV charger. Besides, three charging methods are realized by the converter: 1) the constant current charging, 2) the pulse-ripple-current charging and 3) the sinusoidal-ripple-current charging. However, due to unpredictable environment conditions as well as non-ideal operational characteristics of the converter, the power transferred from the PV array might be fluctuated while the charging efficiency will be decreased. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose DER strategies for PV chargers. Four different control methods are included in the DER strategy and developed to compensate the energy loss caused by the current limitation of the PV array. Moreover, these strategies are able to prevent the circuit damage caused by non-ideal characteristics. Eventually, the stability and the charging efficiency of the PV charger system can be increased. Finally, both simulation and experimental results obtained from a 1-kW prototype circuit verify the performance and feasibility of the proposed PV charger.

Multi Charged Ions in Accelerators

Multi Charged Ions in Accelerators

Multi Charged Ions and Mass Spectrometry

Multi Charged Ions and Mass Spectrometry

Multi Charged Ions in Accelerators

We have presented the results of experimental studies of the characteristics of the products resulting from the expansion of plasmoids formed under laser irradiation at different wavelength: 0.69, 1.06 and 10.6µm. The radiation flux density was varied in a very wide range, which made it possible to obtain (different in intensity and energy) fluxes of charged and neutral particles. In this case, the positively charged ions have a charge from Z=1 to Z=30, which allows the use of laser plasma multi charged products in various nuclear physics experiments and super high energy accelerators [1].

Ternary Organic Solar Cells with Reduced Graphene Oxide–Sb2S3 Hybrid Nanosheets as the Cascade Material

AbstractWe demonstrate that the efficiency of a poly[N‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole)](PCDTBT):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric‐acid‐methyl‐ester (PC71BM) bulk heterojunction solar cell can be improved from 5.53 % to 6.81 % by incorporating reduced graphene oxide–antimony sulfide (rGO–Sb2S3) hybrid nanosheets as the third component. By using this hybrid as the cascade material, we combine the ultra‐conductive multi charge transfer paths provided by graphene with the favorable arrangement of the material energy bands due to the presence of Sb2S3 nanocrystals. The higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of rGO–Sb2S3 relative to PC71BM results in an increase of the open circuit voltage upon increasing the rGO–Sb2S3 concentration, while the photocurrent and fill factor are enhanced due to the presence of more exciton dissociation interfaces and more efficient charge transport.

A Multi Charging Station for Electric Vehicles and Its Utilization for Load Management and the Grid Support

This paper discusses the modeling of a multi charging station for Electric Vehicles (EVs) and its utilisation for grid support. Allowing the EVs to charge and discharge without any control may lead to voltage variations in the grid. However, if the charging/discharging of the EVs is done in an intelligent fashion, they can act as distributed energy sources and can smoothen the load profile of the distribution network by providing peak shaving and valley filling. The presented work mainly focuses on the control architecture for using the EVs' batteries as distributed energy storage systems. This enables in maintaining the node voltage within the prescribed limit by valley filling and peak shaving. The control architecture is based on fuzzy control techniques. The proposed architecture is implemented on the distribution network of Guwahati city. Dynamic load profile is used to check the effectiveness of the proposed architecture for flattening the load profile.

S. Optimal Design and Control of Solar⁄Electric⁄Reduced Fuel Consumption(IC Engine) Hybrid Powered Vehicle (SEFPHV) Technology

This paper proposes an implementation of Solar/Electric/Reduced Fuel consumption(IC Engine) Hybrid Po-wered Vehicle (SEFPHV) technology which is the combination of multi sources. The Vehicle will run with help of solar power, electric power and less amount of fuel energy used to charge the batteries and to drive. Rechargeable batteries are used to drive the BLDC motor into vehicle. Batteries are charged with the help of solar power, plug-in and altered IC En-gine with generator. In sunny days, solar panel is used to charge the batteries. Inspite of using IC engines very less amount of fuel energy is used to charge the battery in rainy seasons. This multi charging vehicle can charge itself from both solar power, altered IC Engine with generator and plug in. For controlling speed of the motor, a switch was designed with two tapping, giving different values of resistance at each tapping. The performance of the SEFPHV was found to be satisfactory for the load of two people with the average speed of 45-50 KM/hr to a mileage of 60 KM with reduced charges. Simulation and Experimental results shows that the performance of SEFPHV to confirm the theoretical analysis and their control schemes has been analyzed and validated.

On a higher level extension of Leclerc–Thibon product theorem in q-deformed Fock spaces

The q-deformed Fock spaces of higher levels were introduced by Jimbo–Misra–Miwa–Okado. Uglov defined a canonical bases in q-deformed Fock spaces of higher levels. Leclerc–Thibon showed a product theorem in q-deformed Fock spaces of level one. The product theorem is regarded as a formal q-analogue of the tensor product theorem of level one. In this paper, we show a higher level analogue of Leclerc–Thibon product theorem under a suitable multi charge condition.

Adaptive Multi Charge Ignition for Critical Combustion Conditions

Modern spray-guided combustion concepts have substantially raised the requirements for ignition systems due to the short time intervals between injection and ignition combined with the highly varying mixture concentrations close to the spark plug. This paper presents Delphi’s robust, current-controlled multi charge ignition and shows the application on a stratified fuel combustion concept.

High resolution X-ray study of multi charged ions in collisions with surfaces

High resolution X-ray spectra of the Kα satellites emitted from Multi Charged Ions (MCI) in collisions with surfaces have been measured as a function of the vertical velocity towards the surface. The results allow for the first time to differentiate between X-rays emitted from ions inside the bulk or ions experiencing a pure surface interaction.

Expected charge states of energetic ions in the magnetosphere

This paper reviews major developments in our understanding of the physics of energetic heavy ions in the Earth's plasma environment during the past four years (1974–1977). Emphasis is placed on processes that influence or are influenced by the ion charge states. This has been a period of growing awareness of the important role heavy ions play in space plasmas. Large fluxes of helium ions and even heavier ions have been observed at the geostationary altitude and in the heart of the radiation belts. Such ions have also been observed on low latitude rockets and satellites, and oxygen ion precipitation exceeding that of protons has been reported. In the outer parts of the Earth's plasma envelope there is mounting evidence for significant fluxes of heavy ions: in the magnetotail, the magnetosheath and in the polar cusp regions. In the inner magnetosphere there is a limited theoretical understanding of equatorially mirroring ions, but generally only radial diffusion at one pitch angle and pitch angle diffusion at one L- shell have been studied; for ions the coupled equations are yet unsolved even for the simplest case of only one charge state (protons). Theoretical modeling of the charge state structures of geophysical heavy ion populations is in part frustrated by the lack of adequate laboratory measurements of the pertinent charge exchange cross sections. A first attempt has, however, been made to treat the charge state transformation processes in the radiation belts for equatorially mirroring atomic oxygen ions. Wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere become much more complex in multi component and multi charge state plasmas where hybrid resonances and wave-particle interaction induced non-linear species-species coupling could be important. Heavy ion plasma physics in the Earth's magnetosphere and in the magnetospheres of other planets should be a field of fruitful study for both experimentalists and theoreticians in the years ahead.