Multi-channel Routing Protocol Research Articles

Improved Multi-Channel Multi-Interface Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

In recent years, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) are emerging as a potential technology to enhance the ability and availability of wireless networks. WMN consists of wireless mesh routers and terminals connected by wireless multi-hop communication. Besides, in WMN, each wireless node owns many interfaces, and each interface operates on many channels. However, effectively using multiple orthogonal channels and multiple interfaces to increase the performance of WMN and decrease the radio link transmission interference is of significant challenge. In this paper, we consider routing issues in WMN. Then, we proposed an on-demand routing protocol, adaptive multi-channel multi-interface operation, improved from the AODV protocol. This protocol is capable of effectively managing communication in the WMN and limited effects of co-channel interference. The simulation results on NS2 show that our proposed protocol improves throughput, delay and packet delivery rate compared to existing traditional protocols.

Mockup Strategy and Analysis of Data Accretion in NS2 for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) stay built after partial towards plentiful figures of dispersed interrelated sensor nodes. Standing and running a detailed and systematic test bed for enormous networks turn out to be affluent and time consuming. Predominantly in networking domain, it is classy to set up complete network deprived of simulation process since positioning with certain products may possibly be overpriced and more time consuming. In such Network Simulators save much of time and money. Recreation is used for data networking and it in that way aids investigators in resolving interrogations on time and likewise in insignificant cost. Energy effectiveness is a significant metric in source controlled Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Data accretion is attained through repeatedly smearing the recommended structure at gathering domes. Multi-Interface Multi-Channel Routing Protocol is instigated here which makes use of metric demarcated by end to end delay, data and vitality ingestion. Further, the projected firmness and accretion are completed to additionally advance energy reserves and network epoch.

Energy Efficient Multimeric Multichannel Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network

In recent times, wireless networks have seen unprecedented growth. This leads to shortage of scarce resources like radio spectrum. With the conventional approach, it is very tough to manage this frightening number of devices. Therefore, Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRAHNs) envisioned. In CRAHNs, the unlicensed users can communicate in licensed bands opportunistically when it is not in use by licensed users. A special routing protocol is required to implement this objective, as the conventional protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc network will not be suitable for CRAHNs. There are many additional routing challenges involved. For instance, the routing protocols must be dynamic to provide protection to primary users & it must be energy efficient since all the devices involved in conventional ad hoc networks are battery operated. This paper proposes an Energy Efficient Multimeric Multichannel routing protocol for CRAHNs. It is an on demand routing protocol which takes residual energy, the probability of primary user appearance on a channel and route cost as metrics to evaluate the best route between a source and destination. The proposed work is simulated on a custom simulator. The route establishment and route maintenance delay are observed alongside by varying primary users activities. The simulation results prove the efficiency of the proposed approach as it takes less time as compared to Dijkstra algorithm with random channel selection.

QoSRP: A Cross-layer QoS Channel-Aware Routing Protocol for the Internet of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks.

Quality of service (QoS)-aware data gathering in static-channel based underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is severely limited due to location and time-dependent acoustic channel communication characteristics. This paper proposes a novel cross-layer QoS-aware multichannel routing protocol called QoSRP for the internet of UWSNs-based time-critical marine monitoring applications. The proposed QoSRP scheme considers the unique characteristics of the acoustic communication in highly dynamic network topology during gathering and relaying events data towards the sink. The proposed QoSRP scheme during the time-critical events data-gathering process employs three basic mechanisms, namely underwater channel detection (UWCD), underwater channel assignment (UWCA) and underwater packets forwarding (UWPF). The UWCD mechanism finds the vacant channels with a high probability of detection and low probability of missed detection and false alarms. The UWCA scheme assigns high data rates channels to acoustic sensor nodes (ASNs) with longer idle probability in a robust manner. Lastly, the UWPF mechanism during conveying information avoids congestion, data path loops and balances the data traffic load in UWSNs. The QoSRP scheme is validated through extensive simulations conducted by NS2 and AquaSim 2.0 in underwater environments (UWEs). The simulation results reveal that the QoSRP protocol performs better compared to existing routing schemes in UWSNs.

ABORt: Acknowledgement-Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol for High Data Rate Multichannel WSNs

The ease of deployment and the auto-configuration capabilities of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) make them very attractive in different domains like environmental, home automation or heath care applications. The use of multichannel communications in WSNs helps to improve the overall performance of the network. However, in heavy traffic scenarios, routing protocols should be adapted to allow load balancing and to avoid losing data packets due to congestion and queue overflow. In this paper, we present an Acknowledgement-Based Opportunistic Routing (ABORt) protocol designed for high data rate multichannel WSNs. It is a low overhead protocol that does not rely on synchronization for control traffic exchange during the operational phase of the network. ABORt is an opportunistic protocol that relies on link layer acknowledgements to disseminate routing metrics, which helps to reduce overhead. The performance of ABORt is evaluated using the Cooja simulator and the obtained results show that ABORt has a high packet delivery ratio with reduced packet end-to-end delay compared to two single channel routing protocols and two multichannel routing protocols that use number of hops and expected transmission count as routing metrics.

Dynamic Channel Allocation Technique for Distributed Multi-radio Multichannel Multi-path Routing Protocol in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have gained main attraction in providing flexible network services and support to the end users. There are many efforts seen to design robust routing protocol for WMNs and solutions are proposed to standardized channel allocation techniques. There are various approaches dedicated to maximize the network though put and minimize network interface. Existing multi radio multi channel routing protocols utilize only single channel situation and static channel allocation degrades the performance of the WMNs. The challenge is to allocate channel without link interference and to improve end-to-end throughput efficiency in multipath routing for WMNs. In this paper, we propose a dynamic channel allocation technique is proposed for multi path routing protocol for WMNs. Dynamic channel allocation is used to avoid the inter-flow and intra-flow channel competition and interference. The protocol establishes and maintains multiple channel dimensional disjoint points changing frequently and each data flow is separated into multiple paths. NS2 simulations are carried out for the evaluation of the performance of the proposed channel allocation technique and compared with popular routing protocols of Mesh Networks Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV) and Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP). The simulation results show that proposed dynamic channel allocation technique achieve better adaptability with less overhead and interference. The multipath routing show increase end-to-end throughput significantly.

A new quality of service aware multi-channel multi-interface link layer protocol for wireless mesh networks

A new link layer protocol, quality of service hybrid multi channel protocol (QoS---HMCP), that takes into account the need for QoS support in multi-channel multi-interface wireless mesh networks (MCMI---WMNs) is proposed in this paper. QoS---HMCP protocol retains most properties of enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) mechanism, defined by the 802.11 standard, as well as the basic mechanisms of HMCP protocol. To achieve good network performances with QoS---HMCP protocol in MCMI network, it was necessary to precisely define the channel coordination and procedure for the medium competition of EDCA functions (EDCAFs) after the expiration of interval of time within which a particular EDCAF has the right to initiate data exchange sequences onto the wireless medium--transmission opportunity. Taking into consideration the previously defined conditions, four versions of QoS---HMCP protocol are proposed in this paper. These versions were compared with each other and with basic HMCP with regard to the throughput of user data and delay through the network. The four versions of the QoS---HMCP protocol, multi channel routing (MCR) protocol and chosen metric were implemented in Glomosim simulator. The results have shown that implementation of QoS---HMCP protocol in MCMI---WMN resulted in a very small delay for voice and video traffic, while low-priority traffic categories (best effort and background) were still able to access the media.

XCHARM: A routing protocol for multi-channel wireless mesh networks

Recent experimental results have pointed out the impact of physical layer multi-path fading and co-channel interference as the key factors influencing packet delivery among mesh routers (MRs) in wireless mesh networks. In addition, in a multi-channel environment, there exists significant power spectral overlap among channels used by MRs, leading to adjacent channel interference. In this paper, a cross-layer multi-radio, multi-channel routing protocol, XCHARM, is proposed in which the key contribution is the selection of the next hop, channel and transmission rate based on fading and interference concerns. The key features of our proposed protocol are as follows: (i) Routes are chosen based on the availability of channels that support high data rates, exhibit acceptable interference levels and long term resilience to fading related losses, (ii) The path latency is analytically calculated in advance for the candidate routes, accounting for channel induced errors, link layer contention, forward error correcting (FEC) codes, and the allowed data rates over the chosen channels, (iii) The route maintenance is performed by first attempting to identify and correct the point of failure before undertaking a global recovery action. An extensive performance evaluation, spanning the network, link and physical layers, reveals the benefits of adopting our cross-layer routing solution for wireless mesh networks.

EAOMDV-MIMC: A Multipath Routing Protocol for Multi-Interface Multi-Channel Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Multipath routing has been proposed to improve performance of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). However, due to: (1) nodes lacking of network interface and (2) route coupling, using multiple paths concurrently in conventional single channel MANETs rarely exhibit performance gain. To improve performance, an ad-hoc routing protocol (and its extension) that utilizes multiple homogeneous network interface is proposed in this paper. Unlike other related multi-channel routing protocols, channels are not assigned. Instead, nodes are allowed to make use of all available channels they are tuned to. In the base protocol, nodes estimate channel conditions by monitoring their network interface queues and distribute data packets to different channels and next-hops according to their conditions. In the extended protocol, estimated channel condition at a node is further propagated to neighboring nodes by piggybacking channel condition information in data packets. With overhearing, other nodes can retrieve this information to make better next-hop selections. Extensive simulation studies show that our protocol outperforms other related multi-channel routing protocols.

Novel power-based routing metrics for multi-channel multi-interface wireless mesh networks

In this paper the problem of selecting optimal paths in a MCMI (Multi-Channel Multi-Interface) WMN (Wireless Mesh Network) is considered. The WMNs are characterized by high dynamic range of the received signal level, especially in the indoor environment. To improve the existing routing metrics and track fast changes that occur in the link state, a corresponding parameter based on the received signal level was assigned to each link. By combining this parameter and known metrics, ETX (Expected Transmission Count), WCETT (Weighted Cumulative ETT) and MIC (Metric of Interference and Channel-switching), three new metrics were formed. All metrics were incorporated in MCR (Multi Channel Routing) protocol and an appropriate propagation model was used for simulations in a real, indoor environment. Proposed metrics, original metrics, MCR protocol, and indoor propagation model were implemented in Glomosim simulator. New metrics were compared against known metrics and also among each other in terms of throughput of user data and average end-to-end delay of the network. The results have shown that proposed metrics significantly outperform original metrics. With this approach, better network performance can be achieved without any additional hardware and with minimal software changes.

Joint multi-radio multi-channel assignment, scheduling, and routing in wireless mesh networks

The IEEE 802.11 DCF and EDCA mechanisms based on CSMA/CA are the most widely used random channel access mechanisms in wireless mesh networks (WMNs), but unfortunately these cannot effectively eliminate hidden terminal and exposed terminal problems in multi-hop scenarios. In this paper, we propose a set of efficient multi-radio multi-channel (MRMC) assignment, scheduling and routing protocols based on Latin squares for WMNs with MRMC communication capabilities, called "M4", i.e., the Multiple access scheduling in Multi-radio Multi-channel Mesh networking. M4 uses nodal interference information to form cliques for inter-cluster and intra-cluster inWMNs, and then applies Latin squares to map the clique-based clustering structure to radios and channels for communication purposes. Then, M4 again applies Latin squares to schedule the channel access among nodes within each cluster in a collision-free manner. From a systematic view, we also design the corresponding MRMC routing to support M4 communication. Extensive simulation results show that M4 achieves much better performance than IEEE 802.11 standards and other channel access control protocols.

Stable-path multi-channel routing with extended level channel assignment

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have gained considerable popularity in recent times thanks to their self-healing, self-organizing, and self-configuring nature. Because of their ability to provide high throughput and minimum packet delay, WMNs are considered to be favorable for broadband applications. For such applications, WMNs employ multiple channels, which give rise to issues like channel assignment, load balancing, and interference avoidance. Most of these issues fall into two broad categories, namely routing and channel assignment. For routing, we propose a novel proactive protocol, the stable-path multi-channel routing protocol (SMRP). Our proposed solution, to address channel assignment, is the extended level-based channel assignment (ELCA) scheme. SMRP is designed to work in combination with ELCA in order to minimize interference and balance the load among the underlying nodes. Simulation results show enhanced throughput and minimal packet delay as compared with the contemporary schemes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

RingMesh

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are a thrilling new development in wireless communication technologies. While multiradio, multichannel technologies have offered a great potential for increasing network throughput, they also created new research challenges. One major issue for supporting real-time, interactive services is to provide bounded-delay communications. In this article, we describe RingMesh, a delay-guaranteed multichannel routing protocol based on token passing mechanism. By applying delay-sensitive rules for joining a ring and for creating new rings, the protocol bounds the maximum end-to-end delay within a mesh network, from the source to a gateway that connects to a wired network. Performances are further illustrated by network simulation, which shows the effectiveness of RingMesh in terms of throughput, delay, and network coverage. We believe that RingMesh serves as an important reference for the design and management of wireless protocols that support interactive, real-time applications.

Multichannel Mobile Ad Hoc Links for Multimedia Communications

This paper is mainly concerned with multichannel transmission of real-time information such as video over multihop ad hoc links. We propose two multichannel routing protocols. The first is based on single-path routing and aims at suppressing the intrapath interference in a carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance network. This is achieved by developing a link-partitioning scheme where nodes in the neighboring partitions operate at different nonoverlapping frequency bands. For this approach, we present a systematic channel assignment technique that has been specifically developed for the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol. It is shown that this partitioning scheme can considerably enhance the throughput performance of a multihop link. The second multichannel scheme is developed for transmission of real-time traffic over multiple-path routes. Bear in mind that multiple-path diversity routing has been shown to be very effective in dealing with network congestion in wireline Internet protocol networks. Unfortunately, in mobile ad hoc network environments, particularly for real-time traffic, this approach can suffer greatly from cochannel interference due to the simultaneous transmission of packets via multiple routes. In this respect, we have designed a dual-path routing protocol, which guarantees a different frequency band for each path, thus eliminating any interpath interference. We show that this protocol has an important property, which is reducing the probability of losing both routes at the same time. Based on this important property, we demonstrate that a combination of the routing protocol and dual-description video coding can greatly enhance the ad hoc network performance of video transmission for real-time traffic.

Load-Balancing Routing in Multichannel Hybrid Wireless Networks With Single Network Interface

A hybrid wireless network is an extension to an infrastructure network, where a mobile host may connect to an access point (AP) using multihop wireless routes via other mobile hosts. The APs are configured to operate on one of multiple available channels. Mobile hosts and wireless routers can select their operating channels dynamically through channel switching. In this environment, we propose a routing protocol that finds routes to balance load among channels while maintaining connectivity. The protocol works with nodes equipped with a single network interface, which distinguishes our work with other multichannel routing protocols that require multiple interfaces per node. The protocol discovers multiple routes to multiple APs, possibly operating on different channels. Based on traffic load information, each node selects the best route to an AP and synchronizes its channel with the AP. With this behavior, the channel load is balanced, removing hot spots and improving channel utilization. The protocol assures that every node has at least one route to an AP, where all intermediate nodes are operating on the same channel. Our simulation results show that the proposed protocol successfully adapts to changing traffic conditions and improves performance over a single-channel protocol and a multichannel protocol with no load balancing

Routing in Multi-Channel Wireless Ad-hoc Networks: OSPF-MCDS-MC

The availability of low-cost network interface cards (NICs) has made the IEEE 802.11 medium access control (MAC) protocol the de facto MAC standard for wireless mobile ad-hoc networks. Although the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol is designed to have stations share a single channel in a network, many of the IEEE 802.11 physical (PHY) layer standards define multiple channels and allow the simultaneous, non-interfering use of some of these channels. Therefore, simultaneous communications can occur through different channels, offering the opportunity to increase effectivenetwork capacity. We present an innovative routing protocol that utilizes multiple channels to improve performance in a mobile ad hoc network. The key feature of the protocol is that nodes can effectively use multiple channels for simultaneous useful transmissions, thus improving networkcapacity. The proposed scheme requires minor changes to existing proactive or table-driven routing protocols and no modifications to current the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. To mitigate the overhead of periodic updates in proactive routing protocols, the proposed scheme divides the network layer into control and data planes. To demonstrate the multi-channel routing scheme, we extend the OSPFMCDS routing protocol to a multi-channel version, OSPFMCDS- MC or, more simply, OMM. Simulation and experimental results indicate OMM successfully exploits multiple channels to increase network capacity. The protocol allows the network goodput to increase in proportion to the number of available channels, even as the number of nodes and network load increase, in both single-hop and multiple-hop networks. We also present a prototype implementation for experimental validation of the proposed multi-channel routing protocol scheme. The implementation includes the multi-channel routing protocol and a virtual interface module, which acts as a buffer for outgoing packets and performs channel-related functions, such as channel selection and switching, while ensuring portability.

Load-Balancing Routing in Multichannel Hybrid Wireless Networks With Single Network Interface

A hybrid wireless network is an extension of an infrastructure network, where a mobile host may connect to an access point (AP) using multihop wireless routes, via other mobile hosts. The APs are configured to operate on one of multiple available channels. Mobile hosts and wireless routers can select its operating channel dynamically through channel switching. In this environment, a routing protocol that finds routes to balance load among channels while maintaining connectivity was proposed. The protocol works with nodes equipped with a single network interface, which distinguishes the work with other multichannel routing protocols that require multiple interfaces per node. The protocol discovers multiple routes to multiple APs, possibly operating on different channels. Based on a traffic load information, each node selects the "best" route to an AP and synchronizes its channel with the AP. With this behavior, the channel load is balanced, removing hot spots and improving channel utilization. The protocol assures every node has at least one route to an AP, where all intermediate nodes are operating on the same channel. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol successfully adapts to changing traffic conditions and improves performance over a single-channel protocol and a multichannel protocol with no load balancing.