Multi-authored Work Research Articles

Open-Access Theology: Introducing the <i>St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology</i>’s Digital Publishing Model

The St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology (SAET) is an online multi-author reference work designed as a resource for those engaged with, or wishing to learn more about, the academic study of theology. The SAET seeks to provide a suite of comprehensive, fully open-access peer-reviewed articles with no fees or sign-up requirements. In doing so, the editors aim to improve the availability of high-quality information for readers worldwide, especially those for whom access to resources through traditional academic publishing is restricted by cost, lack of institutional affiliation, or limited library resources. This article introduces the SAET’s digital publishing model, discussing the scholarly and editorial principles that have informed the development of the project. In particular, the article examines the ways in which the SAET’s commitment to providing quality open-access scholarship has significantly shaped the project’s information management and publishing processes.Technical strategies for widening access to theological knowledge are discussed, focusing on information discovery through the Encyclopaedia’s faceted search and in-article hyperlinks, as well as available article formats (HTML and PDF). This is accompanied by an explanation of strategies for long-term curation and preservation of theological knowledge within the SAET, namely capturing and preserving conceptual information through enriched XML mark-up and embedded metadata. The SAET’s article lifecycle is then conceptualized in reference to digital curation and preservation actions described by the Digital Curation Centre’s ‘DCC Curation Lifecycle Model’, leading to conclusions about the distinctive character of the SAET article workflow, in which curation and preservation of theological knowledge is integrated into its creation and production.

Organizational location and propensity for coauthorship in sociology

ABSTRACT Coauthorship has intensified as a mode of production across the twentieth century and into the twenty-first in a large number of fields. Yet sole authorship remains a publishing mode in some fields. Publishing is not only an individual behavior but is also nestled in organizations. To that end, incentives to sole – or co-author work may vary organizationally, a topic that prior research has not addressed. This article fills that void by examining authorship patterns by where one works in a stratification of academic institutions. Data for the study come from the published research articles obtained from the CVs of over 500 sociologists situated in thirty U.S. sociology departments grouped into three tiers using program rankings established by the National Research Council. After accounting for demographic characteristics and the principal research methods that sociologists use in their work, the study reveals significant organizational differences in the propensity to publish multi-authored work in a field where sole authorship remains a mode of scholarly production.

Outsourcing our judgements

Faculty evaluations are a routine part of academic life, and theoretically serve to ensure fair hiring, promotion, and reward practices. In the search for efficiency, many universities are placing increased emphasis on quantitative measures that are flawed and which incorporate a bias toward team science and multi-authored work. The long-term consequences for certain types of research and scholarship in LIS are discussed, and academic leadership in the field is asked to act.

Altmetric Attention Score and Its Relationships to the Characteristics of the Publications in the Journal of the American Chemical Society

ABSTRACT This article contributes to the discussion on the relationship between views, citations, number of references, number of authors, number of countries and the Altmetric Attention Score (AAS). The aim is to identify the metric most likely to complement traditional citations in scholarly publishing in chemistry. We used the publications in a top multi-disciplinary chemistry journal, the Journal of the American Chemical Society, for a three-year period for this study. We identified whether materials that are highly viewed correlates with higher number of citations and higher Altmetric Attention Scores; high AAS correlates with higher number of views and higher number of citations; higher number of citations correlates with higher number of views and higher AAS; (multi-authored works correlate with higher AAS, higher number of views and/or higher number of citations; and authors from more than one country correlate with higher number of views, higher citations and higher AAS.

From the Gilded Age to the Digital Age: The evolution of ICRC legal commentaries

AbstractLegal commentaries are a type of secondary source that provides clarity about the meaning of treaty provisions so they can be appropriately interpreted and applied by practitioners. Since 1870, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has produced such commentaries on each successive international humanitarian law (IHL) treaty or update to an existing treaty. Over time, who drafts these commentaries and the methodology behind them has evolved, from early commentaries written by a single jurist who had participated in the drafting of the treaty to multi-authored works based on extensive research and the methodology found in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The ICRC Commentaries have always been geared towards those tasked with applying IHL, but this audience has expanded over time, giving them a more global reach, and their reception has evolved accordingly. The most recent iteration of the ICRC Commentaries on the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their 1977 Additional Protocols is currently being produced, with some changes in methodology to guarantee that they remain a practical tool for the interpretation and application of those instruments.

Interwar East Central Europe, 1918–1941: The Failure of Democracy-Building, the Fate of Minorities

Interwar East Central Europe, 1918–1941: The Failure of Democracy-Building, the Fate of Minorities

„Praca zbiorowa”. O rękopisie „Pierwszej Szopki Reflektora”

The article is a presentation of recently found manuscript of Pierwsza Szopka Reflektora (1927) by Jan Arnsztajn, Konrad Bielski and Wacław Gralewski. The text was treated as an example of multi-author work, which was emerging at that time within “industrial culture” (H. Segeberg). Analysis of individual pages allowed for distinguishing several stages of the work’s Genesis, during which the composition was undergoing transformations related to the dynamics of work by the authors trio (individual preparation of texts, cross-corrections, deciding on the composition and division into acts). The texts prepared by the writers do not, however, reveal the intimate space of writing, where a creator tests his or her limits, but rather provide the image of the specificity of contemporary activity within the field of popular culture. For this reason, instead of “laboratory” (P.-M. de Biasi), it seems more appropriate to use the term “workshop” in relations to the place of performing literary work for financial profits. At the outskirts of high culture, in the sphere where literature and entertainment industry overlapped, a character of skillful craftsman has appeared – an efficient supplier of texts, songs and scripts. In some variants – such as the case of Szopka Reflektora – it was a number of craftsmen who worked on a collective composition.

Buy one painting, get two names. On the valuation of artist collaborations in the art market

PurposeTo analyze the market reception of multi-authored works of art through the lens of collaborative old master paintings (“formal/prestige collaboration”). This paper tests whether multi-authored attribution strategies (i.e. naming two artists as brand names) affect buyers' willingness to pay differently from single-authored works in the auction market.Design/methodology/approachThis case study focuses on collaborative paintings by Flemish masters, based on a data set comprising 11,630 single-authored and collaborative paintings auctioned between 1946 and 2015. Hedonic regressions have been employed to test whether or not co-branded artworks are differently valued by buyers and how the reputation of each artist might influence valuation.FindingsDespite the opportunity for buyers to purchase one artwork with two brand names, this study reveals that the average value of collaborative paintings is statistically lower than that of single-authored paintings. This is especially true when a reputed master was involved in the collaboration. The present findings suggest that the valuable characteristics of formal collaborations (i.e. double brand name, dual authorship and reputation, high-quality standards) are no longer perceived and valued as such by buyers, and that co-branding can affect the artist brand equity because of a contagion effect. We argue that integral authorship is more valued than partial authorship, suggesting that the myth of the artist as a lone genius is still well-anchored in purchasing habits.Research limitations/implicationsPrestige collaborations are a very particular form of early co-branding in the art world, with limited data available. Further research should consider larger samples to reiterate the analysis on other collaboration forms in order to challenge the current findings.Practical implicationsResearchers and living artists should be aware that brand building and co-branding are marketing strategies that may generate negative effects on prices in the art market. The perceived and market value of co-branded works are time-varying, and depends on both the context of reception of these works and the reputation of the artists at time t.Originality/valueThis market segment has never been considered in art market studies, although formal collaboration is one of the earliest documented forms of co-branding in the art world. This paper provides new empirical evidence from the auction market, based on buyers' willingness to pay, and it further highlights the reception of multi-authored art objects in Western art markets that particularly value individual creators.

Popular music analysis too often neglects the analysis of popular music

For more than two decades, a trend in popular music scholarship has been the publication every few years of an edited collection of analytical essays (e.g., Covach and Boone 1997; Moore 2003; Everett 2008). These multi-author volumes sometimes have a specific analytical concern, such as intertextuality (Burns and Lacasse 2018), but more typically they simply bring together a variety of essays written by a variety of authors using a variety of methods to analyse music from a variety of styles. Strategically, the editors of these volumes will pitch this lack of any strong unifying theme as an advantage, asserting that the broad range of approaches gives the reader a sense for the diversity of current perspectives (as in, for example, the preface to Spicer and Covach 2010 or the introduction to von Appen et al. 2015). To be fair, the exclusive focus on analysis, particularly close readings of the ‘text’ itself, makes the chapters of these collections hold together more than, say, the articles in any regular issue of Popular Music. However, with typically only a dozen or so contributions in each volume, these multi-author works often seem like scattershot glimpses into the vast universe of possible analytical approaches and musical styles.

Wind and Power in the Anthropocene: Cymene Howe, Ecologics and Dominic Boyer, Energopolitics.

Wind and Power in the AnthropoceneCymene Howe, Ecologics and Dominic Boyer, Energopolitics Nathan Kapoor (bio) In Wind and Power in the Anthropocene, a two-volume "duograph" (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019. Pp. 600, $49.95), Cymene Howe, in Ecologics, and Dominic Boyer, in Energopolitics, explore the development of wind parks during the early twenty-first century on the isthmus of Tehuantepec. The project grew out of their joint ethnographic research conducted in Mexico between 2009 and 2013. Rather than produce a multiauthored work based on the joint research, they elected to produce two distinct volumes that share a coauthored introduction and conclusion, which creatively present the value of multiple academic perspectives flowing from the same resource. Ecologics examines the failures and successes of the Mareña Renovables Wind Park by surveying the human (advocates, power companies, and international investors) and nonhuman (wind, environment, and animals) "battle" over the wind (p. 44). Using other projects on the isthmus, like the parks around La Ventosa, Energopolitics reviews "aeolian politics" (p. x), and indeed the politics of energy more broadly, as a means of describing how actors engage in politics through energy systems. Besides providing a thought-provoking case study about "alternative energy" in Mexico, their work critically challenges assumptions about the beneficence of wind power during the Anthropocene. In doing so, the authors write not to deter the transition to renewable energy resources but to implore those in power to avoid replicating the exploitative practices of the infrastructures they would replace. Collectively, each volume will be well received by historians of technology, environmental historians, and energy humanists. As the authors suggest, each book can be read alone, together, or interchangeably. Both present clear and distinct narratives about wind power in Mexico. In their [End Page 686] joint preface, Boyer and Howe detail their choice to pursue a duograph, introduce readers to the wind industry in Mexico, summarize their research timeline, and explain the utility of this model of research for ethnographers. One of the most refreshing components of their collaborative and individual writing is the clarity of their position as researchers in this project as they circulated among politicians, indigenous peoples, and corporate officials. It is a necessary exercise, as they argue, for appreciating the entrenchment of the wind in local political and social relations. Howe begins Ecologics, and the project itself, with an exploration of the wind as a "salvation object," or one of humanity's attempts to reverse its Anthropogenic contributions through an energy transition. However, throughout the course of the introduction and in her own work, wind power as the agent of an equitable energy transition becomes a paradox. Proponents of the projects, in line with so many other alternative-energy initiatives around the world, failed to appreciate the extent to which energy is embedded in culture and the environment. A transition to wind power and consequently away from a fossil fuel economy requires an appreciation for human action. It requires the confluence of politics and cosmologies of people, the environment, and inanimate technologies. In order to follow these perspectives on wind power, Howe follows the wind itself. By treating the wind as a subject in her narrative, she is able to chart the connections between people, the environment, and "things" to show that the wind is both the origin of Mareña Renovables and its downfall, the wind park that never was. In "Wind Power, Anticipated," Howe introduces the prevalence of wind on the isthmus. For residents of Tehuantepec, the wind was and remains a boon, a way of life or for some the very cause of life on the isthmus. The presence of the wind cannot go unnoticed, and therefore it is an integral part of life there. By the same token, wind did not escape the notice of the international communities who sought to implant wind farms in the region. Some argued that wind would benefit the local population, but others feared it might negatively impact their way of life, environment, or further expand the influence of external (colonial) authority. As is often the case with moments of energy transition, the presence of conflicting anxieties and hopes about an energy resource led to a...

Care of the Mentally Disordered Offender in the Community; 2nd Edition

Edited by Alec Buchanan, Lisa Wootton. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2017. 358 pp. $69.95 softcover. Drs. Buchanan and Wootton have produced a multi-authored work that addresses key concerns on the complex topic of providing mental health services to mentally disordered offenders in the

Empirical Models Challenging Biblical Criticism eds. by Raymond F. Person Jr. and Robert Rezetko

Reviewed by: Empirical Models Challenging Biblical Criticism eds. by Raymond F. Person Jr. and Robert Rezetko David M. Carr raymond f. person jr. and robert rezetko (eds.), (AIL 25; Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016). Pp. xiii + 415. Paper $51.95. This book aims to provide a balance to the similarly titled multiauthor work Empirical Models for Biblical Criticism (ed. Jeffrey H. Tigay; Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), with an extensive introduction and eleven essays that use documented cases of transmission history to raise cautions about excessively confident source or redaction criticism. Though the editors allow that "there may be some limited cases in which empirical controls appear to provide relatively sound judgments concerning sources and redactional layers," the volume is intended to use empirical evidence to show that "future studies in source and redaction criticism must accept much more limited goals and objectives" (p. 35). This broader perspective is introduced in a co-authored introduction by Raymond Person and Robert Rezetko entitled "The Importance of Empirical Models to Assess the Efficacy of Source and Redaction Criticism." They begin with an argument that Tigay's Empirical Models volume could be understood to undermine as well as to confirm traditional models and methods in biblical studies. Person and Rezetko then offer brief summaries of the overall foci of the essays in their volume and show how they connect the diverse essays to the overall theme of empirical models challenging biblical criticism. In particular, they argue against the development of theories about the textual growth of biblical texts that do not have "empirical controls" (p. 23). Moreover, a common theme that they [End Page 355] highlight across multiple contributions is the addition of studies of oral traditions to the database for empirical models for biblical criticism. These studies raise significant questions about models of stematic textual growth that are more appropriate for exclusively written (or even printed) versions of texts. This introduction is helpful, because the essays that follow, read on their own, display varying levels of connection to the overall agenda of the volume to challenge biblical criticism. Indeed, some essays actually support the idea that scholars could successfully use text-internal criteria, for example, repetitions or contradictions, to reconstruct certain stages in the literary development of biblical texts. For example, in her excellent contribution, "Outsourcing Gilgamesh," Sara J. Milstein notes (p. 51 n. 26) that Morris Jastrow successfully identified Tablet XII of the Gilgamesh Epic as a later addition to the standard edition of the epic well before later Sumerologists found manuscript evidence that this was the case (Morris Jastrow Jr., The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria [Boston: Ginn, 1898], 513). She argues that the (partial) incorporation of material from an originally separate Sumerian composition (Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld) in Tablet XII shows how, in some cases, scribal authors could add blocks of recognizable material to a given text, even as in other cases (e.g., the incorporation of Gilgamesh and Huwawa material into earlier editions of Gilgamesh) earlier source material is too seamlessly incorporated into a given text to be recognizable. So also, Julio Trebolle Barrera's essay, "Division Markers as Empirical Evidence for the Editorial Growth of Biblical Books," attends to manuscript markers (e.g., medieval petuhah and setumah divisions, vacats in Qumran manuscripts) that might be used as additional concrete data that one might consider in formulating theories of textual development. Bénédicte Lemmelijn ("Text-Critically Studying the Biblical Manuscript Evidence: An 'Empirical' Entry to the Literary Composition of the Text") notes ways that textual irregularities often used for literary reconstruction by literary critics prompted a complex process of scribal coordination that is documented in diverse textual witnesses for the plague narratives (esp. Exod 11:1-3), a process that then problematizes neat divisions between text and literary criticism. On the other end of the continuum, some essays particularly focus on how the dimension of orality might complicate traditional models for literary development. Two essays argue that parallel versions of biblical texts that are documented in the textual tradition might testify to parallel oral instantiations of a broader tradition complex, rather than being genetically dependent on a common written Vorlage. Raymond F. Person's "The...

Dompter Prométhée: Technologies et socialismes à l’âge romantique, 1820–1870 ed. by François Jarrige

Reviewed by: Dompter Prométhée: Technologies et socialismes à l’âge romantique, 1820–1870 ed. by François Jarrige John Pannabecker (bio) Dompter Prométhée: Technologies et socialismes à l’âge romantique, 1820–1870. Edited by François Jarrige. Besançon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2016. Pp. 286. €15. “Taming Prometheus” would be one way to translate this volume’s title, but it would fall short of representing its complex orientation, which includes notions of mastering, governing, regulating, engineering, and reinventing technology. This book should be of special interest to historians of technology, because its contextualist approach shows how early socialists included technology as central to their agenda of social reflection and designing a more human-centered future through technological artifacts and practices. France is the geographic focus, with the exception of a chapter on Robert Owen’s involvement in the New Lanark mills in Scotland starting in 1800, and a chapter on influences on Marx, especially Andrew Ure, Charles Babbage, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Dompter Prométhée grew out of a colloquium at the University of Bourgogne (Dijon) in June 2013 within the framework of project ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) “Utopies 19.” The authors are historians of socialism, science/technology, or their intersections. François Jarrige’s forty-seven-page essay introduces the fundamental tensions and ambiguities of early socialist critiques of industry and technology as both cause and remedy of human misfortunes. The neologisms “technology” and “socialism” both appeared between the end of the eighteenth and middle of the nineteenth centuries, and their borders long remained porous and uncertain (p. 21). The authors explore these borders, showing how different socialist engineers, technicians, and workers developed ideas, tools, and artifacts, introduced inventions, experimented with new technical processes, and stimulated debates about technologies within the context of social, political, and economic transformations (p. 15). In the postface, Liliane Hilaire-Pérez borrows as title Gilbert Simondon’s phrase “saving the technical object” to reflect on intersections between the socialist paths analyzed by the authors and Simondon’s more recent theory of progress as a slowdown and more efficient energy usage (p. 263). Simondon (1924–89), a French philosopher of technology, focused on how to reconcile culture, technology, and new forms of alienation in opposition to simplistic, technophobic, humanistic stances. The title’s reference to technologies and socialisms of the “romantic age” invites readers to explore the ambiguities and uncertainties of a time during which the increasingly mechanized, quantified, and utilitarian world of industry has been typically represented in opposition to a beautiful and impractical world of art and literature. The authors have done an admirable job of undermining such a simplistic view. Indeed, socialists often [End Page 196] represented machines as potential generators of a more progressive future, as illustrated by Ophélie Siméon’s analysis of Robert Owen’s New Lanark; John Tresch’s discussion of the divine motors of the Saint-Simonians; Joost Mertens’s account of Étienne Cabet’s technocratic ideals in his utopian vision; Ludovic Frobert’s study of Constantin Pecqueur and steam technology; Georges Ribeill’s analysis of socialist approaches to the railroad; François Jarrige’s review of the failed pianotype in the typographical world; Thomas Bouchet’s consideration of Charles Fourier, phalansterians, and communications systems; Bernard Desmars’s inventory of phalansterian inventors; and Keith Tribe’s critical analysis of socialist writings on technology that influenced Marx. In many ways, this volume represents a model of integration of technology and culture that editors and publishers of multi-author works should consider. A minor shortcoming is that the central period treated is the July Monarchy (1830–48). There is less than balanced coverage over the title’s timeframe of 1820–70, with several exceptions, such as Robert Owen’s work at New Lanark from 1800–25. Non-francophone readers, especially those less familiar with French history and culture, would have benefited from more biographical and historical context. The volume’s emphasis on ambiguities, tensions, and uncertainties is definitely a strength, but could have been developed more systematically across chapters in regard to the roles of workers and artisans. Nevertheless, the book achieves its goals at a very high level. It...

Renga: A European Poem and its Japanese Model

Abstract Renga (1971) is a book-length chain of linked poems written in four European languages by four leading twentieth-century poets: Octavio Paz, Edoardo Sanguineti, Charles Tomlinson, and Jacques Roubaud. Because this pioneering multiauthored, multilingual, and multicultural work is based on the medieval Japanese poetic genre of “linked verse” (renga), the question arises: what is the exact nature of the relation between the modern Western poem and its Japanese model? This article argues that, far from being a merely superficial imitation of certain formal elements of the Japanese poetic practice of group composition, Renga is remarkably faithful to the spirit of the original genre, especially its underlying Zen aesthetics, philosophy, and psychology of muga (no-self). At the same time, the poem's embodiment of a “negative poetic self” does not alienate it from its own Western tradition. On the contrary, in this respect it also faithfully reflects both the Zeitgeist of the postwar period when it was written and, more generally, the post-Romantic, modernist concept of the poetic self. Much of the credit for this remarkable achievement and for the continuing seminal influence of this unique work is due to the profound cross-cultural insight of the project's leading poet, Paz.

Discovering How to Describe the World Then and Now: A Review Article

The three books under review offer the opportunity to consider attempts to write the history of the wider world from the Renaissance to the present day. Although they are vastly different in focus: from a selection of travel narratives and histories; volumes from a multi-authored reference work to the study of a single street; what they all have in common is their comparative methodology and their extended engagement with non-European cultures. The review endorses Christopher Bayly’s contention that we are all global historians now, only some of us don’t know it. To misquote Benedetto Croce: ‘all history is contemporary (but also comparative) history’.

The Misapplication of “Mastermind”: A Mutant Species of Work for Hire and the Mystery of Disappearing Copyrights

Thank you June and Jane for inviting me and all the staff of the Center for all your help in doing this. And also I feel really honored to be here since Jack Kernochan was my copyright professor. I learned it from him upstairs, so it’s a real pleasure to be bringing it back here to Columbia in his honor. The title of my talk is “The Misapplication of ‘Mastermind’: A Mutant Species of Work for Hire and the Mystery of Disappearing Copyrights.” Basically, we’re talking about tools for managing complex multi-author works, and the tool that seems to be developing lately in terms of motion pictures, which is a type of complex work, is what the Ninth Circuit tends to call the “mastermind” approach 1 and in the Second Circuit they call the “dominant author.” 2 I think they’re roughly interchangeable ideas, and I think that the concept is being misused and isn’t necessary. I’m a very experienced motion picture production lawyer and I don’t buy the “Swiss cheese of copyright” argument that Google likes to make and the courts have endorsed, and we’ll get into that a little more as we go along. 3 I’m going to skip the authorship basics for the most part and instead I’ll talk a little bit about the history of the idea of mastermind—where does that concept come from, how might it be properly applied, and then how has it been applied in the case of Aalmuhammed, Garcia, and Casa Duse, all in twelve minutes. 4

Acts and Christian Beginnings: A Review Essay

This article reviews recent claims that the Acts of the Apostles should be dated in the second century, not in the first century as most scholars currently argue. It notes a range of works that make such claims in passing, but focuses on the multi-authored work Acts and Christian Beginnings, and on some of the publications on which its authors depend. Particular attention is given to the work of Richard Pervo and his case that Acts used both Josephus and a collection of Paul’s letters, and his claim that this requires a second-century date for Acts. The article notes the strength of the case for Luke’s use of both Josephus’ Antiquities and some of Paul’s letters, but questions whether this requires a second-century date, and reflects on the wider issues that are at stake.

Four Square Leagues: Pueblo Indian Land in New Mexico by Malcolm Ebright, Rick Hendricks, Richard W. Hughes (review)

Reviewed by: Four Square Leagues: Pueblo Indian Land in New Mexico by Malcolm Ebright, Rick Hendricks, Richard W. Hughes Richard Flint Four Square Leagues: Pueblo Indian Land in New Mexico. By Malcolm Ebright, Rick Hendricks, and Richard W. Hughes. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014. Pp. 464pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index.) One of the testimonial blurbs printed on the dust jacket of Four Square Leagues calls the book “an authoritative masterpiece,” which suits only chapter 8. But that single chapter is worth the whole book. Following U.S. annexation of Nuevo México, Congress created the Office of the Surveyor General of New Mexico, which was charged with investigating Spanish and Mexican land grant claims in the territory and recommending congressional approval or rejection of such claims. That mandate applied to indigenous communities, as well as private citizens. William Pelham, the first surveyor general, soon received documents presented by various Indian pueblos purporting to be authentic grant instruments dating from 1689 and authorized by then governor Domingo Jironza Petríz de Cruzate. Pelham accepted those supposed grant documents and recommended to Congress that the territories described in them be formally approved and patented to the individual tribes, which in due time they were. It was not until almost fifty years later, in 1893, that a man named Will Tipton, working as a translator for the Court of Private Land Claims, pronounced the “Cruzate grants” to be frauds. He pointed out oddities in the handwriting and spelling in the documents, including misspelling the governor’s own name, which undermined any possibility that the grants dated from the seventeenth century as claimed. Subsequent research by historians has shown that the paper on which the Cruzate grants were written probably dates to the nineteenth century. As a result, the grants have been thoroughly discredited, although the patents based on them and issued under congressional authority remain valid. Beginning at least as early as the 1980s, some historians began to wonder if the Cruzate grants were in fact copied from authentic originals. Ebright, Hendricks, and Hughes take the most comprehensive look at the “Cruzate grants” to date, concluding, “The only explanation that seems moderately plausible is that these documents were at least partially based on authentic documents in which, at least to some extent, the events recounted in the extant Cruzate documents were set forth” (234). Even so, who the makers of the nineteenth-century partial copies were and why the copies were made remain, despite Ebright, Hendricks, and Hughes’s impressive research, a confounding mystery of New Mexican and southwestern history. Much of the rest of Four Square Leagues suffers some of the worst defects of multi-authored works: temporal sequences are obliterated by an editorial [End Page 429] process that resembles the work of a food blender, and protagonists suddenly appear or reappear without introductions in the multiple, complex stories of centuries-long Pueblo defense of their lands. Four Square Leagues contains a raft of valuable information in the form of case studies of non-native encroachment on and Pueblo strategies for protection of tribal land. But the repeatedly flawed presentation makes that information virtually inaccessible except to dedicated specialists in the history and legalities of Pueblo land rights. There are moments of incredible drama, such as the Pueblo of Santa Ana’s purchase of the Rancho Viejo in May 1753, when “The people of Santa Ana did not have 739 pesos to pay for the land, so members lined up and proffered livestock and other personal property, each item of which was assigned a value, until the full purchase price was collected” (59). Throughout most of the book, though, such human moments are submerged in a confused whirlwind of institutional intricacies. Richard Flint University of New Mexico Copyright © 2014 The Texas State Historical Association

Researchers and Editors at the Heart of Science Communication

Writing and editing scholarly articles for prestigious international journals is a daunting task for novice researchers and seasoned authors alike. It's not all about accurate processing of available evidence, structuring texts, carefully wording sentences, and editing graphs. Each article is an outcome of an increasingly multi-disciplinary and multi-authored work which is supported and/or funded by public and professional communities, pharmaceutical industry, or other organizations with a strong interest in the publication, dissemination, archiving, and promotion of the processed information. Research and academic institutions worldwide consider scholarly output of their faculty as the drivers of the competition for better performance and outstanding scientometric indicators.

Landmark Papers in Nephrology

Landmark Papers in Nephrology