Multi-area Interconnected Power System Research Articles

Distributed observer for fault estimation in Load-Frequency Control of multi-area power systems with communication delays

This paper proposes an innovative approach to designing a distributed observer for fault and state estimations in Load Frequency Control (LFC) of time-delayed multi-area interconnected power systems. To reach this goal, the paper first provides exhaustive information and analysis on the structure, disturbances, and faults in multi-area power systems. Then, an L1 observer with the capability to simultaneously estimate the system’s states, process/actuator faults, and sensor faults is proposed. This observer exhibits robustness against various types of disturbances as well as time delays present within both the system and the communication network. The sufficient conditions for designing the proposed observer, guaranteeing the system stability, and minimizing the L1 performance index, are expressed as optimization problems employing Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) techniques. Additionally, the effectiveness and credibility of the proposed distributed observer in estimating all states and faults in all areas are validated through simulation results.

Hybrid neuro-fuzzy-based 3DOF-PDN controller for AGC of multi-area interconnected power system incorporated hydrogen aqua electrolyze fuel cell units and unified power flow controller

Hybrid neuro-fuzzy-based 3DOF-PDN controller for AGC of multi-area interconnected power system incorporated hydrogen aqua electrolyze fuel cell units and unified power flow controller

Electric vehicle participation for optimized load frequency control in a multi-area restructured power system

ABSTRACT Electric vehicles (EVs) can be employed intelligently in Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) modes for Load Frequency Control (LFC) in the power grid. Due to the rapid variation of charging or discharging power, EVs can perform frequency regulation tasks and serve as distributed energy storage devices. In this paper, a linearized model of an interconnected multi-area power system is formulated in the restructured environment to include Electric Vehicle Aggregators (EVA). The DISCO Participation Matrix (DPM) is used to model Poolco and bilateral contracts in restructured multi-area power systems along with the participation of EVs. The faster dynamic response of EVs can effectively control the deviations in area frequencies imposed by the DISCOs load demand. The gains of the integral controller employed in each area are tuned by Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RGA) by minimizing the integral square error function for area frequency deviations. The efficacy of power support from the EVs for load frequency control is validated by simulating different Poolco and bilateral transactions. It is shown that the EVs have a significant impact on obtaining optimal transient response for area frequencies, tie-line powers and power generation of conventional thermal generating units for any type of transaction in a restructured environment.

Discrete Centralized AGC Using LQR-Based Cost Functional Minimization for Multi-Area Interconnected Power Systems

Discrete Centralized AGC Using LQR-Based Cost Functional Minimization for Multi-Area Interconnected Power Systems

Reliable quantized sampled‐data LFC for semi‐Markov jump interconnected multi‐area power systems: Dealing with incomplete TRs

AbstractThis article aims to address the reliable quantized sampled‐data load frequency control (LFC) synthesis problem for semi‐Markov jump interconnected multi‐area power systems (IMAPSs) suffering from incomplete transition rates (TRs) and actuator failures. Primarily, the semi‐Markov process configurated with incomplete TRs is utilized to model the structural and coefficient switchings of IMAPSs, which enables a more precise representation of reality and a wider range of application. Subsequently, in order to reduce the control cost and facilitate data processing, an aperiodic quantization sampling mechanism is introduced. Furthermore, a mode‐dependent and comprehensive actuator faulty model is scheduled to portray various stochastically occurring actuator failures, which is more in line with practical application. Then, by fully utilizing the state information of sampled intervals, a two‐sided looped functional with some matrices that are not required to be strictly positive is constructed to enhance the flexibility. In what follows, on the basis of stochastic analysis technique and looped functional, sufficient conditions with two scenarios are established in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to guarantee the stochastic stability with an performance of the resultant semi‐Markov jump IMAPSs. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control synthesis methodology is validated through a numerical simulation.

Dynamic event‐triggered asynchronous security load frequency control for semi‐Markov jump multi‐area power systems against deception attacks

AbstractThis paper focuses on the issue of dynamic event‐triggered (DET) asynchronous security load frequency control (LFC) for uncertain semi‐Markov jump interconnected multi‐area power systems (IMAPSs). Initially, the semi‐Markov process which in the presence of partially unknown transition rates (TRs) is exactly introduced to model the switching behaviors of the IMAPSs. Subsequently, the DET mechanism is scheduled to alleviate the transmission frequency and guarantee the desired control performance. Furthermore, the probabilistic deception attacks are taken into consideration, which is much more apt for the practical engineering background. Additionally, a hidden Markov model (HMM) is borrowed to depict the modes asynchronous phenomenon between the security controller and the semi‐Markov jump IMAPSs. Afterwards, on the basis of Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional method and stochastic analysis technique, sufficient conditions with two cases are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to guarantee the stochastic stability with an performance of the semi‐Markov jump IMAPSs. Ultimately, a numerical example is exhibited to verify the solvability and practicability of the proposed control strategy.

Hierarchical bi-level load frequency control for multi-area interconnected power systems

To overcome the shortcomings of proportional–integral (PI) control, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is proposed in this study, to determine the set points of the PI controllers in a two-level hierarchical manner. The application of the proposed scheme is studied on load frequency control (LFC) of a power system with multiple control areas (CAs). At the lower control level, a discrete PI controllers are used to regulate the frequency and tie-line powers of each of the CAs. To achieve an improved closed loop performance, the local PI controllers are optimally tuned using moth flame optimization (MFO) algorithm by minimizing the Integral Square Error (ISE) of the state errors with respect to local information and interactions with neighboring CAs. While at the upper control layer, an optimized finite-horizon LQR is applied as a guide to establish the optimal set-points of the lower level PI controllers. Since only few of the state variables can be accessed, Kalman filter (KF) is applied as an observer for the estimation of the remaining states. The efficacy of the proposed scheme is verified by implementing it on a three-CA system perturbed with a step and random net disturbances formed by combining the fluctuations in the output power of DFIG-based wind turbine generator and random load demand. From the simulation results, it is established that the proposed LQR-PI supervisory scheme has outperformed the conventional PI control scheme in optimality and stability.

Adaptive event-triggered PID load frequency control for multi-area interconnected wind power systems under aperiodic DoS attacks

In this article, an adaptive event-triggered proportional–integral–derivative (PID) load frequency control (LFC) strategy is designed for multi-area interconnected wind power systems under aperiodic denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. First, to relieve the frequency fluctuation caused by wind power integration, a dynamic model including the doubly-fed induction generator is established for multi-area interconnected wind power systems. Second, to avoid superfluous occupation of network communication bandwidth, an adaptive event-triggered mechanism with memory property is proposed under aperiodic DoS attacks. Then, with the aid of intermittent control method, a memory-based PID LFC strategy is achieved to stabilize the frequency of wind power systems. Third, by constructing a switched Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, two exponential stability criteria meeting the H∞ norm bound are derived. Finally, simulation examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the presented control strategy.

A Dynamic-Memory Event-Triggered Protocol to Multiarea Power Systems With Semi-Markov Jumping Parameter.

This work deals with the dynamic-memory event-triggered-based load frequency control issue for interconnected multiarea power systems (IMAPSs) associated with random abrupt variations and deception attacks. To facilitate the transient faults, a semi-Markov process is addressed to model the dynamic behavior of IMAPSs. In order to modulate transmission frequency, a novel area-dependent dynamic-memory event-triggered protocol (DMETP) is scheduled by resorting to a set of the historically released packets (HRPs), which ensures better dynamic performance. From the viewpoint of the defender, the randomly occurring deception attack is taken into account, which is regulated by a Bernoulli-distributed scalar. Benefitting from the DMETP scheduling, a novel framework of the memory-based asynchronous control strategy is formulated, in which the hidden semi-Markov model is adopted to reveal the mode mismatches. Based on the Lyapunov theory, sufficient conditions are established to ensure the stochastic stability of the resulting systems. In the end, the simulation result is presented to reveal the efficiency of the proposed dynamic-memory event-triggered-based approach.

Protocol-Based Load Frequency Control for Power Systems With Nonhomogeneous Sojourn Probabilities

This article is concentrated on the load frequency control for interconnected multiarea power systems (IMAPSs) with nonhomogeneous sojourn probabilities (NSPs) and cyber-attacks. A generalized framework of NSPs is formulated to describe the dynamic behavior of IMAPSs. To govern variations of sojourn probabilities, a deterministic switching signal is introduced using the average dwell-time technique. Essentially, different from the existing protocols, an improved event-triggered protocol that is relevant to the dynamic quantizer parameter is presented, thereby increasing triggering intervals. Furthermore, both denial-of-service and deception attacks, which obey Bernoulli distributions, are considered during information transmission. By virtue of the Lyapunov theory, the mean-square exponential stability of the considered systems is established. Finally, the effectiveness of the obtained results is verified via a numerical example.

Application of inertia emulation control strategy with energy storage system in multi-area hydro -thermal system using a novel metaheuristic optimized tilt controller

This article presents the application of a novel artificial hummingbirds’ algorithm (AHA) based tilt-integral second order of double-derivative controller (TIDD2) in a three-area hydro-thermal power system. Also, the inertia emulation control strategy has been incorporated using various energy storage systems (ESS) to established the frequency in interconnected power system. The supremacy of the proposed controller is established by comparing the system dynamic response with some existing controllers, such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID), tilt-integral-derivative (TID) and cascade of IDD - PID controllers. The fruitfulness of proposed AHA has also been evaluated with system dynamic and convergence characteristics comparison over some of existing metaheuristic optimization techniques such as harris hawk's optimization (HHO) and bird swarm algorithm (BSA). Further, effect of random load pattern (RLP), communication time delay (CTD) and variable CTD on the system dynamic is analyzed. The study of inertia emulation control strategy in a multi-area interconnected power system revealed that, when inertia is emulated with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), the system dynamic exhibits better performance over battery energy storage (BES) and ultra-capacitor (UC). Furthermore, the proposed systems are validated in a real-time environment using OPAL-RT lab software. Also, the scalability of the proposed method is evaluated by using eigenvalue analysis.

Dynamic State Observer-Based Event-Triggered ISM Load Frequency Control of Power Systems With Disturbance Observer

This article proposes a new dynamic observer-based event-triggered integral sliding mode control incorporating disturbance observer (DO) for the load frequency control of a multiarea interconnected power system (IPS) considering load disturbances and uncertainties. To improve the system performance and reduce the cost implementation, first a dynamic observer is designed for the IPS to achieve the state estimation. Then, to reduce the chattering effect and improve the robust performance, a DO is designed to obtain the estimated of the unmatched disturbances. To further reduce the chattering effect and computational burden, based on the obtained state estimation and the estimated disturbances, two integral sliding surfaces are proposed. The periodic-time one that is proposed to ensure the robust performance from the initial-time and the time-triggered one that is proposed to obtain the event-triggered control law. Utilizing the Lyapunov theory, the ultimate boundedness stability of the controlled system is studied and sufficient conditions are derived by solving a set of offline linear matrix inequalities. During the system implementation, it is also verified that the controlled system is Zeno-free. Finally, the proposed control strategy is compared with some existing studies and the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and the superiority over the existing approaches.

Power system frequency profile improvement using satin bowerbird optimized tilt fractional cascade controller with reduced data based cost function

The objectives of the automatic generation control (AGC) are attained via secondary control mechanism with optimal controller gains. The best solutions of these gains are identified by population search-based algorithms with the help of performance metrices. The controller design issues of AGC treat these performance metrics as a cost function. This paper introduces a new performance measure implemented with dominated samples information extracted from the frequency and tie line power changes. This new integral square error (NISE) is incorporated in fitness function and tested on isolated and multi area interconnected power system scenarios with satin bowerbird optimizer to tune the controller gains. Additionally, integral-tilt proportional-fractional order derivative controller is proposed in this paper and comparisons are made with popular controllers to show the merits in terms of AGC specifications. Optimal gain parameters of all controllers are achieved with existing integral square error and the proposed NISE cost functions and extensive simulations are carried out to illustrate the merits of the work. Studies are also expanded to nonlinear systems in order to evaluate the adaptability, performance improvement, and effectiveness of the suggested cost function, controller, and tuning method.

Stability Analysis of Cyber-physical System Under Transmission Delay

With the intimate integration of power grids and cyber networks, limited bandwidth and packet delay have a rapidly expanding negative impact on power system performance. The presented multi-area interconnected power system consists of four areas, each including thermal and hydro-generation plants. This paper investigates the stability analysis problem for cyber-physical systems with a round-robin communication protocol under mixed cyberattacks and load changes. The objective is to stabilize a multi-area interconnected power system (MAIPS) using a static feedback controller while minimizing the defined performance function. Then, the stability of the MAIPS is characterized when the system is subjected to a transmission delay while considering predetermined limits for the duration and the frequency of the delay. Our findings indicate that time delays can influence system stability and that choosing an appropriate sampling interval is necessary to ensure the stability of the system. Finally, an illustrative example of three areas of interconnected power systems with several scenarios is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Application of a TID Controller for the LFC of a Multi Area System using HGS Algorithm

A Tilt Integral Derivative (TID) controller is designed in this paper for the Load Frequency Control (LFC) issue of a multi-area interconnected restructured power system. The suggested TID controller settings are fine-tuned using a novel optimization technique known as Hunger Games Search (HGS) algorithm. A multi-area interconnected power system with various generating units is used to test the performance of the proposed TID controller based on HGS. The suggested controller also takes into account system non-linearities such as Generation Rate Constraints (GRCs) and Governor Dead Band (GDB). The superiority of HGS's optimization over a range of other significant optimization techniques, such as the grey-wolf optimization algorithm, has been confirmed. The simulation results show that the proposed TID controller based on HGS improves system frequency stability significantly under a variety of load perturbation scenarios.

Design the Potential Application of Fuzzy Logic-Based AGC and AVR for Multi-Area Interconnected Power Systems: A Case Study on Ethiopia

Design the Potential Application of Fuzzy Logic-Based AGC and AVR for Multi-Area Interconnected Power Systems: A Case Study on Ethiopia

Design of Observer-Based Discrete-Type PID Control for Reconstructed Jump Model of Interconnected Power System Under Hybrid Attacks

In this article, observed-based discrete proportion-integration-differentiation (PID) control for multi-area interconnected power systems is addressed under hybrid attacks. Firstly, a reconstructed jump model for interconnected power systems is proposed by taking the circumstance of data packet loss into consideration, which caused by the stochastic transmission delay of sampled data. Then, different from the traditional continuous-type PID control, an observer-based discrete-type PID control strategy is designed for discrete-time power system. Besides, due to the sampled data may be tampered or shield in open communication networks, the hybrid attacks, i.e., deception attacks and denial-of-service attacks, with random manners are considered. Furthermore, an input-to-state stable criterion is derived by constructing appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. Finally, the discrete-type PID controllers and observer are achieved, and the validity of proposed approach are also demonstrated in the illustrative examples section.

A Fully Non-Interactive Automatic Generation Control Strategy for Multi-Area Interconnected Power Systems

Frequency is an important index for the stable and secure operation of the power system. In the conventional methods, an inappropriate value of the frequency bias coefficient will lead to over-biasing or under-biasing of generators, causing unintended cross-regional interaction. This paper proposes a fully non-interactive automatic generation control strategy for power systems. Through the derivation of deviation of frequency and tie-line active power under disturbance, it’s found that the disturbance can be located from the deviation of frequency and active power of tie-line. Based on this, the conventional AGC control model is modified. With the proposed method, only the AGC units in disturbed areas respond to disturbances, and the AGC units in other areas will not act. Thus, the unintended cross-regional interaction in the conventional AGC control method is avoided. The proposed method only needs minor modification to the conventional AGC control model and hence is easy to implement for onsite application. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is confirmed via simulation on the Kundur four-machine two-area system.

Implementation of Modified Whale Optimization Algorithm in Two-Degree-of-Freedom Fractional Order–Fuzzy-ProportionalIntegral-Derivative Controller for Automatic Generation Control in a Multi-Area Interconnected Power System

Implementation of Modified Whale Optimization Algorithm in Two-Degree-of-Freedom Fractional Order–Fuzzy-ProportionalIntegral-Derivative Controller for Automatic Generation Control in a Multi-Area Interconnected Power System

A REVIEW OF NON-CLASSICAL LOAD FREQUECNCY CONTROL (LFC) SCHEMESFOR MULTI-AREA INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS (MAIPS)

Load frequency control (LFC) is a critical factor in the design of an electrical power system. To obtain and sustain a steady state operation of a power system for the delivery of quality power, generated power must at all times equal the load demand plus the losses. To achieve this state a Load frequency control system also known as Automatic Generation Control system is employed in an interconnected power system. The load-frequency control (LFC) is used to maintain the balance between load and generation in each control area as well as maintain the tie-line power flow in a multi area interconnected power system (MAIPS). The main goal of LFC is to minimize the transient deviations and steady state error to zero in advance. In this paper, a literature review of some non-classical LFC schemes employed by researchers for multi area interconnected power system (MAIPS), using different techniques is presented, some advantage sand drawbacks of the reviewed schemes highlighted, comparison of schemes stated.