Mulberry Varieties Research Articles

Physicochemical Properties and Elimination of the Activity of Anti-Nutritional Serine Protease Inhibitors from Mulberry Leaves.

Mulberry leaf is an excellent protein resource that can be used as feed additive for livestock and poultry. Nevertheless, the use of mulberry leaves in animal diets is limited by its protease inhibitors, tannic acid and other anti-nutritional factors. This study systematically analyzed the type and activity of serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) from the leaves of 34 mulberry varieties, aiming to reveal the physicochemical properties and inactivation mechanism of SPIs. The types and activities of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) and chymotrypsin inhibitors (CIs) exhibited polymorphisms among different mulberry varieties. The highest number of types of inhibitors was detected in Jinshi, with six TIs (TI-1~TI-6) and six CIs (CI-1~CI-6). TIs and CIs exhibited strong thermal and acid–base stability. High-temperature and high-pressure treatment could reduce the activities of TIs and CIs to a certain extent. β-mercaptoethanol treatment could completely abolish TIs and CIs, suggesting that the disulfide bridges were critical for their inhibitory activities. The Maillard reaction could effectively eliminate the inhibitory activities of TI-1~TI-4 and CI-1~CI-4. This study reveals the physicochemical properties and inactivation mechanisms of the anti-nutritional SPIs from mulberry leaves, which is helpful to exploit mulberry-leaf food with low-activity SPIs, promote the development and utilization of mulberry-leaf resources in animal feed and provide reference for mulberry breeding with different functions.

Prominent Doses of Nitrogen Enhance Mulberry and Silk Cocoon Productivity

Nitrogen (N) has potential to improve leaf yield and quality of mulberry plant. However, optimum doses of N for mulberry cultivation have not been updated for long times on the newly developed mulberry varieties in Bangladesh. A study was conducted at the research field and laboratories of Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute (BSRTI), Rajshahi to determine the nitrogen (N) requirements and optimum age of mulberry plants to get higher leaf yield, better quality of leaves, successful silkworm rearing performance and suppresses of foliar diseases in mulberry plant. The six treatments executed for trials on N requirements of mulberry plants were: N: 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 kg/ha/yr. The blanket doses of P & K for N trial were fixed as per recommended doses of BSRTI. Research results indicated that the added nutrient elements (N) favored in increasing growth, leaf yield, improving quality of mulberry leaves, suppresses foliar diseases as well as improved silk cocoon productivity. The leaf yield increased with increased rates of N application. The highest leaf yield was 51.88 Mt/ha/yr found in older plants of 6-10 years of age with the application of N @ 400 kg/ha/yr which was 6.57% higher than the maximum average yield of less than 5 years ages of mulberry plant. All the growth and quality parameters of leaves viz: moisture, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total sugar, soluble carbohydrate, reducing sugar and crude protein exhibited the best performance with the better silkworm rearing performances viz: wt. of 10 matured larval (g), effective rate of rearing by number, single cocoon wt. (g), single shell wt. (g), SR%, highest filament length (m), rendita and cocoon yield/100 dfls (kg) through the treatment of N400 P150 K100 kg/ha/yr (T5) with four split doses in 6-10 years ages of mulberry plant, where the cocoon productivity was 57.85% greater than the control treatment. Furthermore, the average incidence percentages of leaf spot, tukra and powdery mildew diseases were also reduced for the increasing doses of nitrogen. This study concluded that elevated N enhances mulberry leaf yield, quality, silk cocoon productivity as well as suppresses the foliar diseases incidence of mulberry plant.

Characteristics and quality of leaves of different clones of mulberry in the Mu Us Desert

Mulberry is an important economic tree species. Both leaves and fruits have important economic value, Due to the dry and cold climate conditions in the Mu Us desert, the varieties suitable for cultivation in the Mu Us desert are unique. There are a large area of wild mulberry trees naturally distributed in the Mu Us Desert in Northwest China, through the investigation and selection of mulberry trees in this area, the three excellent clones collected, MWS-1, MWS-2 and MWS-3, were compared with the mulberry variety SX-1 bred in Shaanxi Province for growth, quality and drought resistance etc research. The most suitable mulberry varieties for growing in the Mu Us desert area were screened out. A comparative analysis of the leaves of four mulberry clones was made using the membership function. The leaf quality of the four mulberry clones, according to the average membership function, it can be sorted as MWS-1>SX-1>MWS-2>MWS-3. Through a deeper and more systematic understanding of the biological characteristics of the four clones of mulberry, it provides a strong theoretical support for the production, popularization and application of mulberry in the Mu Us Desert in the future.

Drought Resistance and Heavy Metal Adsorption Capacity of Mulberry in Alpine Regions

Mulberry is an important perennial economic crop. It is the pursuit of modern mulberry breeders to continuously improve the drought resistance and heavy metal adsorption capacity of mulberry varieties. In this paper, three excellent mulberry varieties were introduced and cultivated in the alpine region, and the drought resistance of mulberry seedlings under different drought degrees and different days of drought was analysed. The root powder of mulberry seedlings was ground and dissolved by combining physical and chemical methods. The heavy metal ions are taken as an example. The heavy metal adsorption capacity of the root powder of mulberry seedlings under different initial ion concentrations and different pH values is analysed. The experimental results show that the drought resistance of different varieties is different. The concentration of heavy metal ions and pH value can only be achieved.

Genome-wide analysis of microRNAs induced and regulated by colchicine in mulberry

A variety of plants were colchicine treated to double their chromosome number. Chromosomes are genetic carriers that determine the individual traits of organisms. The doubling of chromosomes will lead to modifications in plant morphology, physiology and genetics. To determine the response of mulberry trees induced by colchicine, using mulberry variety Yu-711 leaves as research materials, two small RNA libraries (control and experimental groups) were constructed. It was found that 45 known miRNA genes and 78 predicted novel miRNA genes in the sequence results. A comparison of data between the control group and the experimental group revealed 37 differentially expressed miRNA genes, 19 genes of which were up-regulated and 18 genes of which were down-regulated. Eight miRNAs were selected from 37 differentially expressed miRNA genes. These miRNAs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR, and the expression levels of these miRNAs were found to be consistent with those obtained by sequencing, which proved the accuracy of sequencing results. The PsRNATarget software was used to predict the target genes of 8 miRNAs. The Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encycopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis were used to collect the functions of target genes and confirm that target genes are mainly involved in biological processes, cell components and molecular functions. novel-77 miRNA was selected from 37 differentially expressed miRNAs. What will serve as a fundamental data in understanding mulberry miRNAs function in molecular biology research and further provides the molecular mechanism of mulberry gene regulation as induced by colchicine is that the prediction of novel_77 precursor sequence and the target gene (XM_010104258.2), as well as the secondary structure analysis.

Efficacy of chitosan on growth and yield traits of mulberry, Morus sp

Chitosan is biopolymer of glucosamine residues, nontoxic, biodegradable and friendly to environment and it also helps to enhance crop production due to their bioactivities. The present experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of chitosan on the growth and yield related attributes of mulberry, Morus sp. with various concentrations such as 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 ppm. The chitosan was sprayed thrice on 15, 30 and 45 days after pruning (DAP) on the foliage of three different mulberry varieties namely V1, MR2 and G4. The result revealed that, irrespective of varieties, the foliar application of chitosan at 75 ppm significantly increased the biometric as well as yield related attributes of mulberry over other concentrations. Among the three varieties, V1 showed more response to chitosan application than G4 and MR2. At 75 ppm, chitosan showed marked effect on VI variety of mulberry and significantly increased shoot length (170.67 cm), number of shoots per plant (9.03), number of leaves per shoot (29.48), leaf area (220.26 cm2) and leaf area index (2.72) were observed when compared with control. The application of chitosan at 75 ppm significantly enhanced the yield traits namely weight of 100 leaves (448.10 g), leaf shoot ratio (1.45) and leaf yield (14.01 MT/ha/harvest) in V1.

Investigation and rapid detection of fungal pathogens causing mulberry sclerotial disease in south‐west China

AbstractMulberry sclerotial disease is a destructive disease that afflicts mulberry fruits throughout the world. In recent years, the impact of mulberry sclerotial disease has increased with the development of the mulberry fruit industry. Ciboria carunculoides, C. shiraiana, and Scleromitrula shiraiana are all pathogens causing mulberry sclerotial disease, but the dominant pathogen may be different in different mulberry planting areas. In this study, we investigated the causal agents of mulberry sclerotial disease in Chongqing and Sichuan, the main mulberry planting areas in south‐west China. The results showed that C. carunculoides was the dominant pathogen in the investigated areas, and the disease incidence rate on some widely cultivated mulberry varieties exceeded 90%. Based on the differences in internal transcriber spacer sequences of different pathogens, we developed a method using cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) from digestion with the three restriction enzymes HindIII, EcoRI, and MluI for rapid detection of pathogens on mulberry fruits. Use of this method confirmed that the diseased fruits of some mulberry varieties were infected by a mixture of C. carunculoides and S. shiraiana. Long‐fruit mulberry, which was considered to be resistant to sclerotial disease in the past, was also infected by C. carunculoides. Diseased fruit infected by C. shiraiana or by S. shiraiana alone were not detected. Our results suggest that C. carunculoides is probably the dominant pathogen causing mulberry sclerotial disease in south‐west China. The CAPS method for rapid detection of pathogens could assist diagnosis, epidemiology, and disease monitoring.

STUDIES ON THE SUITABILITY OF ELITE MULBERRY VARIETIES AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES OF UTTARAKHAND

Mulberry leaf is a major economic component in sericulture since the quality and quantity of leaf produced per unit area has a direct bearing on cocoon harvest, although various highly productive mulberry varieties and appropriate cultivation packages have been developed to produce a high quantum of quality leaf. Data recorded on Bio-chemical analysis viz. Total Soluble Carbohydrate (TSC) (mg/g dwt) Total Soluble Protein (TSP)(mg/g dwt) and Total Chlorophyll Content (TCC) (mg/g dwt) at all 03 sites and Bioassay studies show that 02 mulberry varieties i.e. S-140 (PPR-1) and Tr-10 were found superior to other varieties including S-146, which was taken as control under this experiment. KEY WORDS: Mulberry Varieties, Silkworm rearing, Biochemical analysis, Bioassay.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Biosynthesis of Melatonin and Its Isomer in Mulberry.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves and fruit are traditional Chinese medicinal materials with anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, antiviral and anti-diabetic properties. Melatonin performs important roles in the regulation of circadian rhythms and immune activities. We detected, identified and quantitatively analyzed the melatonin contents in leaves and mature fruit from different mulberry varieties. Melatonin and three novel isoforms were found in the Morus plants. Therefore, we conducted an expression analysis of melatonin and its isomer biosynthetic genes and in vitro enzymatic synthesis of melatonin and its isomer to clarify their biosynthetic pathway in mulberry leaves. MaASMT4 and MaASMT20, belonging to class II of the ASMT gene family, were expressed selectively in mulberry leaves, and two recombinant proteins that they expressed catalyzed the conversion of N-acetylserotonin to melatonin and one of three isomers in vitro. Unlike the ASMTs of Arabidopsis and rice, members of the three ASMT gene families in mulberry can catalyze the conversion of N-acetylserotonin to melatonin. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying melatonin and its isomers biosynthesis and expands our knowledge of melatonin isomer biosynthesis.

İNTRUDUKSİYA OLUNMUŞ MÜXTƏLİFPLOİDLİ TUT SORTLARININ YEMLİK KEYFİYYƏTİNİN BARAMANIN TEXNOLOJİ GÖSTƏRİCİLƏRİNƏ TƏSİRİNİN ÖYRƏNİLMƏSİNİN NƏTİCƏLƏRİ

The article provides information on the technological features of cocoons obtained from silkworms fed on the leaves of mulberry varieties imported from different countries. We are talking about raw silk yield, total length of cocoon wire, metric number of silk thread, dry cocoon yield from live cocoon, raw silk yield indicators. These indicators may differ depending on the hereditary characteristics of different varieties. Keywords: Mulberry, sort, introduction, cocoon, raw silk yield, silkiness, metric number

Analysis on the Effect of Different Mulberry Varieties on the Commercial Parameters of Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori): A Review

Sericulture is a commerce that involves the cultivation of mulberry plant species, the raising of silkworms, and the manufacture of silk. It is a sustainable, eco-friendly, and agricultural focused commerce. It is one of the largest employment industries, and it has played a significant role in rural opportunities and financial progress. The silkworm is the greatest mulberry assessor since different mulberry types differ in numerous characteristics. Criteria for assessment have been created using a bioassay of silkworm larvae. The impact of a specific mulberry variety on a certain silkworm hybrid may be assessed based on growth/development, survival, and eventually cocoon generation, which directly influences silk productivity.

Quality Determination and Correlation Analysis of Mulberry Fruits during Different Development Stages

In the present study, the single fruit weight, soluble solids, titratable acid content, sugar and organic acid composition and content of seven mulberry varieties were identified and determined at three development stages. The results showed that the contents of soluble solids and suger increased during the development of mullberry fruit, while the organic acid decreased. Eight kinds of organic acids, including citric acid, malic acid, quinic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, ketoglutarate, ascorbic acid and oxalic acid, were detected and determined. Citric acid was the most abudant organic acid, followed by quinic acid and malic acid. The relative content of citric acid ranged from 44.84% to 80.86%. Fructose and glucose were most important suger content. The content of Fructose and glucose reached to 57.79 mg/g and 66.72 mg/g respectively in Taiwan Changguosang at last development stage. And sucrose was only detected in Taiwan Changguosang.Through correlation analysis, titratable acid was negatively correlated with soluble solids, fructose, glucose and fruit weight, and highly positive correlation was found among soluble solids, fructose, glucose and glucose content.

Phytoremediation potential of forage mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) for cadmium contaminated paddy soils

Mulberry is an important material to utilize the Cd polluted farmland in China and planting forage mulberry is a new development direction. This study aimed to investigate the changes of annual biomass and Cd content in shoot of Guisangyou 62, Guisangyou 12 and Yuesang 11 in field XT-C1, XT-X1 and ZZ-M1 under the pressure of Cd in 3 years. The Cd extraction ability of forage mulberry was analyzed, and the safety of forage mulberry was also discussed. The results showed that the annual biomass of each forage mulberry shoot could reach 64.52 ∼ 86.61 t/hectare (ha). The total harvest biomass of Guisangyou 12 was the highest, followed by Guisangyou 62 and Yuesang 11. In the same test area, for different forage mulberry varieties, there were no significant differences in Cd content in the shoot at each sampling time, and the Cd concentrations in shoot were in the range of 0.05 ∼ 0.66 mg/kg, meeting the hygienical standard for feeds (GB 13078-2017, China). Without considering the test area, the average Cd removal amount of each forage mulberry in a year was about 18.52 g/ha. Planting forage mulberry may become a new ecological economic model to achieve the safe utilization of Cd polluted farmland. Novelty statement Mulberry is one of the most important plants for safe utilization the Cd polluted farmland in China and planting mulberry as animal feed is a new development direction. This study investigated the effects of Cd on the shoot biomass of 3 forage mulberry varieties at 3 experimental areas in 3 years. It also examined how much Cd could be removed from soil by harvesting forage mulberry for 4 times a year. The Cd content in the shoot of forage mulberry and its safety were also evaluated.

YENİ YARADILMIŞ MÜXTƏLİF PLOİDLİ TUT SORTLARININ YEMLİK KEYFİYYƏTİNİN VƏ SORTSINAQ YEMLƏMƏSİNİN BİOLOJİ GÖSTƏRİCİLƏRİNİN ÖYRƏNİLMƏSİ

The article clarifies the effect of the leaves of various newly created ploidy mulberry varieties on the productivity of mulberry silkworms, as well as on the biological parameters of silkworms. New varieties are described by conducting varietal feeding to determine the feed quality of varieties by providing information on leaf yield and the leaf yield of newly created varieties, by studying the biological parameters of varietal feeding, by determining the average mass of alive cocoons, silkness%, cocoon yield. Keywords: mulberry, sort, leaf yield, silkiness, viability, average weight of cocoon, cocoon product

THE IMPORTANCE OF FOOD FOR MULTAR SILKWORMS IN GROWING QUALITY COCOONS

The article analyzes the impact of mulberry varieties created by our local breeders on the feeding of foreign and domestic silkworms, the impact of their nutritional content on the viability of silkworms during their youth, the cocoon and silkworm cocoons.

Photosynthetic Acclimation and Growth Responses to Elevated CO2 Associate with Leaf Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Mulberry (Morus multicaulis Perr.)

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a multipurpose tree that is worldwide planted because of its economic importance. This study was to investigate the likely consequences of anticipated future elevated CO2 (eCO2) on growth, physiology and nutrient uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in two most widely cultivated mulberry (Morus multicaulis Perr.) varieties, QiangSang-1 and NongSang-14, in southwest China. A pot experiment was conducted in environmentally auto-controlled growth chambers under ambient CO2 (ACO2, 410/460 ppm, daytime/nighttime) and eCO2 (710/760 ppm). eCO2 significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf numbers and biomass production, and decreased chlorophyll concentrations, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of these two mulberry varieties. Under eCO2 leaf N and P, and root N, P and K concentrations in both mulberry varieties decreased, while plant total P and K uptake in both varieties were enhanced, and an increased total N uptake in NongSang-4, but not in QiangSang-1. Nutrient dilution and transpiration rate were the main factors driving the reduction of leaf N and P, whereas changes in plant N and P demand had substantial impacts on photosynthetic inhibition. Our results can provide effective nutrient management strategies for a sustainable mulberry production under global atmosphere CO2 rising scenarios.

English

Photosynthetic characteristics and expression patterns of the photosynthesis-related genes in the high-yield mulberry variety E’Sang 1 (E1) and normal mulberry variety Husang 32 (H32) were investigated in this study. The observation of daily variation of photosynthesis in E1 and H32 indicated that the peak of net photosynthetic rate(Pn)inE1 variety was significantly higher than that inH32 (P <0.05). Meanwhile, the Pn-PAR and Pn-Ci responses of E1 and H32 were evaluated, and the results showed that the carboxylation efficiency and compensation saturation point were much higher in E1 rather thanH32. Importantly, the photosystem II actual photochemical efficiency and photochemical quenching coefficient in the leaves of E1 were significantly higher than those in H32 (P<0.05). Also, the activity of RuBP in E1 was higher than that in H32 (P >0.05). Based on the RNA-seq data, a total of 3,356 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected among different time points between E1 and H32. Of these, 1,136 DEGs were involved in the metabolic pathways, including three main photosynthesis-related metabolic pathways (i.e., carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, carbon metabolism, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism). Meanwhile, 10 novel DEGs related to photosynthesis were detected, and four potential key genes of them could account for the differences in net photosynthetic rate and yield betweenH32 and E1.This study could provide important insights into the molecular breeding of mulberry varieties with high photosynthetic efficiency and contribute to understanding the genetic mechanism of photosynthesis.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Comparison of free and bound phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of leaves from different mulberry varieties

Mulberry leaves are used in traditional Chinese medicine and contain numerous active substances that are known to be beneficial for human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of the leaves from 23 mulberry cultivars. Qualitative LC-ESI-QTOF analysis revealed the presence of 11 phenolic compounds in the free phenolic extracts and 10 phenolic compounds in the bound fractions. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were the major components in the free and bound fractions, respectively. The results revealed that the changguosang cultivar from Taiwan contained the greatest content of phenolic compounds as well as the highest antioxidant activity among the 23 cultivars examined, as determined using three separate antioxidant assays. The isoquercitrin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin contents of the free phenolic extracts displayed significant correlations with the antioxidant activities, while syringic acid and rutin were the main contributors to the antioxidant activities of the bound phenolic fractions. The obtained results demonstrate that mulberry leaves contain a variety of beneficial phenolic substances and may be suitable for further development as a herbal medicine.

Morphometry of leaf and shoot variables to assess aboveground biomass structure and carbon sequestration by different varieties of white mulberry (Morus alba L.)

Mulberry is economically important and can also play a pivotal role in mitigating greenhouse gases. Leaf and shoot traits were measured for Morus alba var. Kanmasi, M. alba var. Karyansuban, M. alba var. Latifolia, and M. alba var. PFI-1 to assess aboveground biomass (AGB) and carbon sequestration. Variety-specific and multivariety allometric AGB models were developed using the equivalent diameter at breast height (EDBH) and plant height (H). The complete-harvest method was used to measure leaf and shoot traits and biomass, and the ash method was used to measure organic carbon content. The results showed significant (p < 0.01) varietal differences in leaf and shoot traits, AGB and carbon sequestration. PFI-1 variety had the greatest leaf density (mean ± SE: 1828.3 ± 0.3 leaves tree−1), Karyansuban had the largest mean leaf area (185.94 ± 8.95 cm2). A diminishing return was found between leaf area and leaf density. Latifolia had the highest shoot density per tree (46.6 ± 1.83 shoots tree−1), total shoot length (264.1 ± 2.32 m), dry biomass (16.69 ± 0.58 kg tree−1), carbon sequestration (9.99 ± 0.32 kg tree−1) and CO2 mitigation (36.67 ± 1.16 kg). The variety-specific AGB models b(EDBH) and b(EDBH)2 showed good fit and reasonable accuracy with a coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.98–0.99, standard error of estimates (SEE) = 0.1125–0.3130 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.1084–0.3017. The multivariety models bln(EDBH) and (EDBH)0.756 showed good-fitness and accuracy with R2 = 0.85–0.86, SEE = 1.6231–1.6445 and RMSE = 1.609–1.630. On the basis of these findings, variety Latifolia has good potential for biomass production, and allometric equations based on EDBH can be used to estimate AGB with a reasonable accuracy.

Nutrition assessment of new created mulberry varieties

This research was aimed at establishing high-quality and abundant cocoon cultivation in the country, to create new high-quality and nutritious mulberry varieties and gradually introduce them into production. In order to create local mulberry varieties, for the first time the viability of mulberry silkworm hybrids of mulberry varieties “Jararik-9”, “Jararik-10” was determined by the level of cocoon productivity and technological impact. The coefficient of leaves eating of new varieties of mulberry “Jararik-9”, “Jararik-10” by hybrid worms of silkworm was determined. The varieties of mulberry belonging to the genusMorus alba L.and hybrids belonging to the genusBombyx mori Lof the mulberry silkworm were taken as the study objects. For chemical analysis, leaf samples were taken and analyzed in the spring in the order established by the worms in the middle of the 5th year of development. Furthermore, the effect of new mulberry varieties on the growth dynamics of worm leaves was studied. The coefficient of leaves eating of new mulberry varieties by hybrid worms was determined. According to the results of the research, among the new selection numbers No3-02 and No7-02, the coefficient of assimilation of No3-02 and No7-02 is significantly higher than other selection numbers and “Tajik seedless” variety.