Mulberry Leaf Extract Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Obtained from Eggshell via the Hydrothermal Process and the Precipitation Method

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a major component of the inorganic minerals in the hard tissues of humans and has been widely used as a biomedical ceramic material in orthopedic and dentistry applications. Because human bone contains several impurities, including carbonates, chlorides, fluorides, magnesium, and strontium, human bone minerals differ from stoichiometric HA. Additionally, natural bone is composed of nano-sized HA, and the nanoscale particles exhibit a high level of biological activity. In this paper, HA is prepared via the hydrothermal process because its reaction conditions are easy to control and it has been shown to be quite feasible for large-scale production. Therefore, the hydrothermal process is an effective and convenient method for the preparation of HA. Furthermore, eggshell is adopted as a source of calcium, and mulberry leaf extract is selectively added to synthesize HA. The eggshell accounts for 11% of the total weight of a whole egg, and it consists of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, magnesium carbonate, and organic matter. Eggshell contains a variety of trace elements, such as magnesium and strontium, making the composition of the synthesized HA similar to that of the human skeleton. These trace elements exert considerable benefits for bone growth. Moreover, the use of eggshell as a raw material can permit the recycling of biowaste and a reduction in process costs. The purpose of this study is to prepare HA powder via the hydrothermal method and to explore the effects of hydrothermal conditions on the structure and properties of the synthesized HA. The room-temperature precipitation method is used for the control group. Furthermore, the results of an immersion test in simulated body fluid confirm that the as-prepared HA exhibits good apatite-forming bioactivity, which is an essential requirement for artificial materials to bond to living bones in the living body and promote bone regeneration. In particular, it is confirmed that the HA synthesized with the addition of the mulberry leaf extract exhibits good in vitro biocompatibility. The morphology, crystallite size, and composition of the carbonated nano-HA obtained herein are similar to those of natural bones. The carbonated nano-HA appears to be an excellent material for bioresorbable bone substitutes or drug delivery. Therefore, the nano-HA powder prepared in this study has great potential in biomedical applications.

RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Rutin and Quercetin in Morus alba L. leaf extract

Mulberry, which pertains to the Moraceae family and the genus Morus,has been used in medicine for ages because of its chemical composition and pharmacological action. The plant is recognized in traditional Chinese medicine for its antiphlogistic, diuretic, expectorant, and antidiabetic characteristics. The mulberry leaf is high in flavonoids, which have a variety of biological functions, including antioxidant potential. Quercetin, isoquercetin, rutin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, luteolin, chlorogenic acid, and other flavonoids can be found in their leaves. The major constituents of total flavones in mulberry leaf extract are rutin and quercetin. The goal of the RP-HPLC approach was to design and validate a method for identifying these elements. HPLC (Shimadzu Technologies LC series) with UV-visible detector at 259nm and C18 column (250mm 4.6mm, 5µm particle size) was used to achieve chromatographic separation (Phenomenex Luna). Solvents (acetonitrile and 0.1 percent v/v solution of glacial acetic acid) were used in the isocratic elution mode. The run time was 10 minutes. The column temperature was 37 degrees Celsius with sample insertion volume 20µl and the flow velocity was 1ml/min. For quercetin and rutin, the devised method produced strong linearity, high accuracy, high precision, high repeatability, high robustness, and high ruggedness. For quercetin and rutin, the LOD and LOQs values were determined to be within acceptable levels.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells of White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf Extracts.

The white mulberry (Morus alba L.) is widely used as a medicinal plant in Asia. In this study, the bioactive compounds of ethanolic extracts of white mulberry leaves from the Sakon Nakhon and Buriram cultivars were evaluated. The ethanolic extracts of mulberry leaves from the Sakon Nakhon cultivar showed the highest total phenolic content of 49.68 mg GAE/g extract and antioxidant activities of 4.38 mg GAE/g extract, 4.53 mg TEAC/g extract, and 92.78 mg FeSO4/g extract using 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively. The resveratrol and oxyresveratrol compounds in mulberry leaves were also investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mulberry leaf extracts from the Sakon Nakhon and Buriram cultivars showed oxyresveratrol contents of 1.20 ± 0.04 mg/g extract and 0.39 ± 0.02 mg/g extract, respectively, whereas resveratrol was not detected. It was also found that the potent anti-inflammatory properties of mulberry leaf extracts and its compounds, resveratrol and oxyresveratrol, suppressed the LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by significantly reducing nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner. These compounds further inhibited interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production and suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Therefore, it is established that mulberry leaf extract and its bioactive compounds contribute to its anti-inflammatory activity.

Effects of mulberry leaf extract on the intestinal health of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus)

Mulberry leaf extract (ELM) has the functions of promoting growth, antioxidant, improving intestinal microbial composition, thus providing a potential solution the occurrence of fish intestinal diseases. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to explore the effects of ELM on intestinal health of spotted sea bassLateolabrax maculatus. A total of 360 spotted sea bass (9.00 ± 0.02 g) were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups. Fish in each group were given feed with varying ELM concentration (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 g/kg) for 52 days, respectively. Results show, dietary intake of 9 g/kg ELM increased the weight gain, specific growth ratio and feed intake of the spotted sea bass (P<0.05). Meanwhile, dietary intake of 9 g/kg ELM increased the activity of enteric trypsin, amylase and lipase (P<0.05). The enteric catalase activity was improved in fish fed with 3 g/kg ELM (P<0.05), while a limited effect of ELM on the activity of enteric superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and content of malonaldehyde was observed (P>0.05). ELM improved the morphology of fish intestine, as manifested in significant improvement in the length of intestinal villi, thereby increasing the surface area of the intestinal tract (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, dietary intake of ELM significantly increased the intestinal microbial ACE, Chao1, and Shannon indexes of fish (P<0.05), indicated that the intestinal microbial composition and the abundance of the dominant flora of fish were improved. The above results suggested that the dietary supplementation of about 9 g/kg ELM can improve the growth performance, enteric antioxidant capacity, and intestinal morphology and microbial composition, therefore improving the intestinal health of spotted sea bass. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the application of ELM in improving the enteric health of spotted sea bass, and providing a potential solution the occurrence of fish intestinal diseases.

Coptis chinensis, and extracts of guava and mulberry leaves present good inhibiting potential on obesity and associated metabolic disorders in high-fat diet obesity mice model.

This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of Coptis chinensis (CC), BALASAN (combinational guava leaf extract and mulberry leaf extract), and CC/BALASAN (CC/BAL) on high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and to explore possible mediating mechanisms in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Oil red-O stain was used to test the effects of CC, BALASAN, and CC/BAL on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Additionally, real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation and inflammation-related genes in adipose tissue of mice that were fed a high-fat diet. CC, BALASAN, and CC/BAL inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and exhibited excellent inhibitory ability against the expression of PPARγ and RXRα genes associated with adipocyte differentiation. Replenishing mice with a high-fat diet with CC, BALASAN, and CC/BAL reduced body weight gaining and blood glucose and plasma cholesterol levels. CC also effectively reduced liver weight, whereas BALASAN and CC/BAL had no inhibitory effect. In addition, CC effectively inhibited the expression of C/EBP-α in adipose tissue. Interestingly, BALASAN not only inhibited the expression of C/EBP-α, but also that of PPARγ, RXRα, and TNFα. Such data indicated that CC, BALASAN, and CC/BAL may have potentially beneficial effects against obesity and associated metabolic disorders by down-regulating the PPARγ/RXRα pathway.

Study on the effect of plant extracts as low carbon green admixtures on the performance of cement mortar

The pollution of the environment by chemical admixtures for cement and concrete and the carbon emission in the production of cement and other concrete raw materials have attracted increasing attention from scholars. In order to improve the physical and mechanical properties of cement, eliminate pollution and reduce carbon emission, this paper uses natural plant extracts (cactus sativus extract and mulberry leaf extract) as admixtures to make cement mortar. The consistency, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, chloride ion penetration resistance and microstructure of the mortar were tested and analyzed, the effects of different admixtures of natural plant extracts on the physical and mechanical properties of cement mortar were investigated. The results show that the consistency of the cement mortar was increasing with the increase of the admixture of cactus sativus extract and mulberry leaf extract; the admixture of cactus sativus extract and mulberry leaf extract did not change the hydration reaction and hydration products. When the admixture amount was lower, the extracts could promote the hydration reaction, improve the internal crystal morphology and generate more C-S-H, thus improving the physical and mechanical properties of cement mortar. The physical and mechanical properties of the cement mortar were optimized when the amount of mulberry leaf extract was 0.15% of the cement mass, and the overall performance was improved more compared with that of cactus extract. With the increase of amount of admixture, the viscosity of the system increases due to plant extracts, and the air bubbles formed during mortar mixing cannot be discharged and form micro-pores inside, resulting in the reduction of physical and mechanical properties. As a low carbon green admixture, plant extract is worthy of further research and promotion.

Mulberry leaf extract reduces abdominal fat deposition via adenosine-activated protein kinase/sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c/acetyl-CoA carboxylase signaling pathway in female Arbor Acre broilers

This experiment was carried out to investigate the mechanism of action of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) in reducing abdominal fat accumulation in female broilers. A total of 192 one-day-old female Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were divided into 4 diet groups, with each group consisting of 8 replicates with 6 birds per replicate. The diets contained a basal diet and 3 test diets with supplementation of 400, 800, or 1,200 MLE mg/kg, respectively. The trial had 2 phases that lasted from 1 to 21 d and from 22 to 56 d, respectively. The growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, fatty acid composition, serum biochemistry and mRNA expression of genes related to fat metabolism in liver were determined. The results showed that, 1) dietary supplementation with MLE had no significant impact on broilers final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), or feed to gain ration (F/G) (P > 0.05), but linearly reduced abdominal fat accumulation in both experimental phases (P < 0.05); 2) the total contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and eicosadienoic acid, were increased quadratically as a result of dietary supplements of 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg MLE (P < 0.01), while the total contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA), such as teracosanoic acid were decreased (P < 0.01); 3) the addition of 800 or 1,200 MLE mg/kg to the diet linearly reduced total cholesterol (TC) in the serum and liver (P < 0.05). Adenosine-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mRNA expression in the liver was quadratically increased by the addition of 800 or 1,200 MLE mg/kg to the diet (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and acetyl-CoA carboxylate), fatty acid synthase (FAS) were linearly decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MLE can be employed as a viable fat loss feed supplement in fast-growing broiler diets since it reduces abdominal fat deposition in female AA broilers via the AMPK/SREBP-1c/ACC signaling pathway. MLE can also be utilized to modify the fatty acid profile in female broilers (AA) at varied inclusion levels.

A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study to Evaluate Postprandial Glucometabolic Effects of Mulberry Leaf Extract, VitaminD, Chromium, and Fiber in People with Type2 Diabetes.

Reducing postprandial (PP) hyperglycemia and PP glucose excursions is important for overall glycemic management. Although most therapeutic lifestyle interventions that reduce caloric intake would affect this, there is no particular nutritional intervention favored. We evaluated the effects of a novel natural food adjuvant combining mulberry leaf extract (MLE) with other bioactive ingredients, in people with type2 diabetes (T2D) originating from Asia, on improving PP glucometabolic response in a randomized controlled exploratory crossover, two-center study (USA, Singapore). A 2-g blend of 250mg MLE [containing 12.5mg of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)], fiber (1.75g), vitamin D3 (0.75μg), and chromium (75μg), compared with a similar blend without the MLE, was sprinkled over a 350-kcal breakfast meal (55.4g carbs) and PP blood glucose (primary exploratory endpoint), insulin, and incretin hormones (GLP-1, GIP) were evaluated in blood samples over 3h. Changes in incremental areas under the concentration curve (iAUC) and maximum concentrations (Cmax) were compared. Thirty individuals (12 women, mean age 59years, HbA1c 7.1%, BMI 26.5kg/m2) were enrolled and the MLE-based blend relative to the blend without MLE significantly reduced glucose iAUC at 1h (- 20%, p < 0.0001), 2h (- 17%, p = 0.0001), and 3h (- 15%, p = 0.0032) and Cmax [mean (95% CI) difference - 0.8 (- 1.2, - 0.3) mmol/L, p = 0.0006]. A statistically significant reduction in 1h insulin iAUC (- 24%, p = 0.0236) was observed, but this reduction was no longer present at either 2h or 3h. No difference in GLP-1 was seen, but GIP response (iAUC and Cmax) was less with the MLE-based blend. The observation of a significant glucose reduction paralleled with a significant lower insulin response supports a reduced gastrointestinal glucose absorption. These results support the use of a 2-g natural blend of MLE, fiber, vitaminD, and chromium in T2D as a convenient dietary adjuvant to improve PP glucometabolic response. gov identifier NCT04877366.

Comprehensive Analysis of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Properties of Morus nigra L.

The framework of this study was a comprehensive investigation of Morus nigra L. extracts, with the aim to establish the correlation between chemical composition and antioxidant/hepatoprotective activity of a series of black mulberry extracts obtained from aerial parts of the plant. Black mulberry leaf (MLEE), bark (MBEE), juice (MJ) and fresh fruit (MFEE) extracts were obtained using the conventional Soxhlet extraction, while the supercritical CO2 extraction procedure was employed for preparation of the seed oil (MSO). Analysis of the chemical composition was performed using spectrophotometric, HPLC and GC methods. For the evaluation of antioxidant activity, in vitro FRAP and DPPH assays were applied. In Haan strain NMRI mice with streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress, in vivo antioxidant activity and liver tissue integrity were examined. The content of polyphenolic compounds was the highest in MBEE (68.3 ± 0.7 mgGAE/g) with the most abundant compounds being polyphenolic acids, followed by MLEE (23.4 ± 0.5 mgGAE/g) with the flavonoids isoquercetin and rutin being present in a significant amount. An analysis of MSO revealed a high content of γ-linoleic acid. The highest antioxidant activity in vitro (FRAP and DPPH) was observed for MLEE, MBEE and MSO. Beneficial effects were confirmed in vivo, with lower values of hepatosomatic index, potentiation of the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, a lower rate of lipid peroxidation and reduced positivity for the P450 enzyme in animals treated with MLEE, MBEE and MSO. Black mulberry leaf and bark extracts as well as seed oil exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Apart from the confirmed biological properties of the fruit and leaf extracts, the observed activities of black mulberry seed oil and bark extract imply its importance as a sustainable source of phytochemicals.

Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Morus alba (White Mulberry) Leaf Extract as Potential Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents.

In this study, we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Morus alba or white mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and assess their antibacterial and anticancer potential. The GC-MS analysis of MLE confirmed the existence of phenolic compounds, serving as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The MLE-AgNPs were spherical, with an average particle size of 20-44.5 nm and a face-centered cubic structure. EDX spectra confirmed the formation of AgNPs, and a negative zeta potential value (-14.5 mV) suggested their physicochemical stability. Excellent antibacterial activity was demonstrated by MLE-AgNPs against Acinetobacter baumannii strains with a MIC of 2 μg/mL, while good activity was observed against other Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria with a MIC of 32 μg/mL. In vitro cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells) and MCF-10A (normal human mammary epithelial cells) were investigated by the MTT assay. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) against MCF-7 cells were 18 and 33 μg/mL for MLE-AgNPs and MLE, respectively, with no effect on normal MCF-10A cells. Altogether, the results support the high antibacterial and anticancer potential of biosynthesized AgNPs by white mulberry leaf extract.

Effects of the timing of acute mulberry leaf extract intake on postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy adults: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study

Background/ObjectivesGlucose tolerance is controlled by the internal clock and is worse in the evening. From a chrononutrition perspective, diabetes prevention requires evaluating the antidiabetic effects of the timing of functional ingredients and nutrient intake. The purpose of this study was to investigate the timing effects of acute mulberry leaf extract (MLE) intake on postprandial glucose levels in young adults.Subjects/MethodsTwelve young adults underwent four trials. Blood samples were collected in a fasting state and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after eating a mixed meal. The study had a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial design involving: (1) morning placebo trial (08:00 h; MP trial), (2) evening placebo trial (18:00 h; EP trial), (3) morning MLE trial (08:00 h; MM trial), and (4) evening MLE trial (18:00 h; EM trial).ResultsThe incremental area under the blood glucose curve (iAUC) in the EM trials was significantly lower than that in the EP trials (P = 0.010). The postprandial glucose concentrations 120 min after the meal were significantly lower in the EM trials than those in the EP trials (P = 0.006). The postprandial insulin concentrations at 120 min were significantly lower in the MM trials than those in the MP trials (P = 0.034). Moreover, the postprandial insulin concentrations 180 min after the meal were significantly lower in the EM trials than those in the EP trials (P = 0.034).ConclusionsMLE intake in the evening, but not in the morning, was effective in improving glucose tolerance.Trial registrationClinical trial reference: UMIN 000045301; website of trial registry: https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000051340.

The palliative effect of mulberry leaf and olive leaf ethanolic extracts on hepatic CYP2E1 and caspase-3 immunoexpression and oxidative damage induced by paracetamol in male rats

This study investigated the possible protective role of mulberry leaf (MLE) and olive leaf (OLE) ethanolic extracts against paracetamol (PTL)–induced liver injury in rats compared to silymarin as a reference drug. Initially, MLE and OLE were characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Then, forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: the negative control group orally received distilled water for 35 days, the PTL-treated group (PTG) received 500 mg PTL/kg b. wt. for 7 days, the MLE-treated group (MLTG) received 400 mg MLE/kg b. wt., the OLE-treated group (OLTG) received 400 mg OLE/kg b. wt., and the silymarin-treated group (STG) received 100 mg silymarin/kg b. wt. The last three groups received the treatment for 28 days, then PTL for 7 days. The GC–MS characterization revealed that MLE comprised 19 constituents dominated by ethyl linoleate, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, and squalene. Moreover, OLE comprised 30 components, and the major components were 11-eicosenoic acid, oleic acid, phytol, and à-tetralone. MLE and OLE significantly corrected the PTL-induced normocytic normochromic anemia, leukocytosis, hypercholesterolemia, and hypoproteinemia. Moreover, the MLE and OLE pretreatment considerably suppressed the PTL-induced increment in serum levels of hepatic enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Furthermore, the PTL-induced depletion in antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, and the rise in hepatic malondialdehyde content were significantly reversed by the MLE and OLE pretreatment. Besides, MLE and OLE pretreatment significantly protected the hepatic tissue against PTL-induced DNA damage, pathological perturbations, and increased caspase 3 and CYP2E1 immunoexpression. Of note, OLTG showed better enhancement of most indices rather than MLTG. Conclusively, these findings imply that OLE, with its antioxidant and antiapoptotic capabilities, is superior to MLE in protecting against PTL-induced liver injury.

Fabrication of mulberry leaf extract (MLE)- and tasar pupal oil (TPO)-loaded silk fibroin (SF) hydrogels and their antimicrobial properties.

Biocomposites have gained tremendous advantages over synthetic composites due to their biocompatibility, sustainable degradation, and ability to easily combine with other substances. In the present study, we have prepared silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel, mulberry leaf extract (MLE), tasar pupal oil (TPO), and their composites, such as TPO-loaded SF hydrogel and MLE-loaded SF hydrogel, and characterized them by using a phase contrast microscope (PCM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) SEM- EDX, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, 1H-NMR was used for profiling of mulberry leaf extract and GC-MS was used to find tasar pupal oil composition. Further, the disc diffusion method evaluated their antimicrobial activities against S. aureus, E. coli, A. flavus, and A. brassicae. PCM, SEM, and FTIR results validated the conjugation of MLE and SF hydrogel composite; 1H-NMR confirmed the 41 metabolites in MLE, and GC-MS established the composition of tasar pupal oil. Since both composites, such as TPO-loaded SF hydrogel and MLE-loaded SF hydrogel, reduced the S. aureus and E. coli activities at all tested concentrations, the antibacterial results were unambiguous in their conclusion. S. aureus could only be inhibited by SF hydrogel at a high concentration (300g/ml), despite suppressing E. coli growth at all tested concentrations. At 300g/ml, MLE demonstrated antibacterial action against S. aureus. Furthermore, at a dosage of 300g/ml, TPO inhibited both S. aureus and E. coli. Both mulberry leaf extract (at 200 and 300g/ml) and the MLE-loaded SF hydrogel composite displayed antifungal activity against A. flavus at all tested concentrations (100, 200, and 300g/ml).

Mulberry leaf extract and neochlorogenic acid ameliorate glucolipotoxicity-induced diabetic nephropathy in high-fat diet-fed db/db mice.

Diabetic nephropathy, a major diabetes complication, is often exacerbated by glucolipotoxicity. The potential benefits of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and its primary component, neochlorogenic acid (nCGA), in combating this condition have not been extensively explored. High-fat diet-fed db/db mice were employed as a model for glucolipotoxicity-induced diabetic nephropathy. The mice were treated with MLE or nCGA, and their body weight, insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profiles, and kidney function were assessed. In addition, modulation of the JAK-STAT, pAKT, Ras, and NF-κB signaling pathways by MLE and nCGA was evaluated. MLE and nCGA did not significantly decrease blood glucose level but effectively mitigated the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on blood lipid profile and kidney function. Improvements in body weight, insulin sensitivity, and kidney structure, along with a reduction in fibrosis, were observed. Both MLE and nCGA regulated lipid metabolism abnormalities, significantly inhibited the accumulation of glycosylated substances in glomeruli, and modulated crucial signaling pathways involved in diabetic nephropathy. Although they do not directly affect blood glucose level, MLE and nCGA show significant potential in managing glucolipotoxicity-induced diabetic nephropathy by targeting lipid metabolism and key molecular pathways. The present findings suggest MLE and nCGA may be promising therapeutic agents for diabetic nephropathy, and further exploration in human patients is warranted.

Effect of mulberry leaf or mulberry leaf extract on glycemic traits: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mulberry leaf (ML) and mulberry leaf extract (MLE) have numerous biological properties, such as regulating sugar and lipid metabolism, reducing blood glucose, and increasing insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials to examine the effect of ML/MLE supplementation on glycemic traits in adults, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting plasma insulin (FPI). Twelve clinical trials (615 participants) fulfilled the eligibility criteria for the present meta-analysis, which included sensitivity analysis and GRADE (grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation) certainty. Based on the heterogeneity between included studies, a random effects model was applied in the meta-analysis, and the results are expressed as WMD (weighted mean differences) with 95% CI (confidence intervals). Meta-analysis showed that ML/MLE supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in FBG by -0.47 mmol L-1, HbA1c by -2.92 mmol mol-1, and FPI by -0.58 μIU mL-1. In addition, subgroup analysis indicated that long-term supplementation of ML/MLE (≥8 weeks) was more effective for regulation of the glycemic traits in the non-healthy and baseline FPG >6.1 mmol L-1 subgroups. Glycemic regulation by ML/MLE may be attributed to the phytochemicals they contain, which are mainly 1-deoxynojirimycin, flavonoids, phenolics, and polysaccharides.

Improved sleep outcomes and next-day cognitive function in adults following clinical testing of a powder -based drink containing Mulberry leaf extract and a natural source of Tryptophan

Improved sleep outcomes and next-day cognitive function in adults following clinical testing of a powder -based drink containing Mulberry leaf extract and a natural source of Tryptophan

The effect of 8 weeks of combined exercises with supplemental consumption of mulberry leaf extract on the serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21, glucose and insulin in elderly men with type 2 diabetes

The effect of 8 weeks of combined exercises with supplemental consumption of mulberry leaf extract on the serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21, glucose and insulin in elderly men with type 2 diabetes

Effects of a Nutritional Supplement Combination on Blood Glucose Measurements in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

We studied the effect of a dietary supplement on blood glucose. This prospective, single-arm, unblinded clinical interventional study investigated the impact of a nutritional supplement combination on fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin (A1c) levels, which were measured before and after the intervention. The supplement, which consisted of organic mulberry leaf extract, LactoSpore probiotics, and Fenumannan prebiotic, was given to adult (age ≥21 years) prediabetics and adults with type 2 diabetes (A1c &gt;5.60 mg/dL). The study protocol comprised six phases including initial and final tests for fasting glucose and A1c, and a 12-week period of supplement administration. The statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS and Intellectus Statistics. A total of 24 participants completed the study. A reduction of 0.94% in the A1c level and 40.52% in the fasting glucose level were found. These preliminary findings suggest that the nutritional supplement combination might be clinically effective in reducing fasting glucose and A1c in prediabetic adults and those with type 2 diabetes.

A case study on the content of 1-Deoxynojirimycin in some mulberry varieties (Morus Alba L.) cultivated in Bulgaria

In recent years, more and more attention has been given to the naturally occurring alkaloids due to their unique bioactive properties. In particular, 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), an iminosugar derivative, has been attracting growing attention as anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and cardioprotective agent. This alkaloid is detected in various parts of the mulberry plant, such as leaves, latex, and root bark. The predominant active substance in the mulberry leaf extract is 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), known for its role as a blood sugar level regulator. The present research aims at analyzing the impact of vegetation stages and mulberry variety on the content of 1-deoxynojirimycin in dried mulberry leaves. It has been concluded that the vegetation stage and variety have an effect on the content of 1-deoxynojirimycin in mulberry leaves, as the values of DNJ are the highest in the end of July and the lowest in the middle of June. The highest DNJ content is detected for the following varieties: Kokuso 21, Kinriu and Italian106; and the lowest content in Bulgarian 24 and Kokuso 27 varieties.

Analisis DSSC menggunakan mulberry powder dan buah naga sebagai fotosensitizer

Fabrication prototype of DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell) using mulberry powder from mulberry leaf extract (Morus Alba L.) and dragon fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) as photosensitizers has been carried out. The test was carried out by testing the I-V characteristics at a light distance of 10, 20 and 30 cm from the material sample. The test results show that the chlorophyll of mulberry and dragon fruit is capable of producing an electric current which is a characteristic of the resistance of organic materials. In DSSC with mulberry powder dye, the greatest power was found at a halogen lamp distance of 10 cm with a power of 257.77 mW. Whereas in DSSC with red dragon fruit flesh dye, the greatest power was obtained at 162.35 mW with the halogen lamp distance from the DSSC device being 10 cm. DSSC testing using mulberry powder and dragon fruit showed that the power produced on mulberry powder leaves was higher than dragon fruit. The results of the I-V characteristic test on the DSSC device show a linear graph.