Mulberry Ethanol Extract Research Articles

Mulberry Ethanol Extract and Rutin Protect Alcohol-Damaged GES-1 Cells by Inhibiting the MAPK Pathway.

Mulberry extract has been proven to have the effect of resisting alcohol damage, but its mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the composition of mulberry ethanol extract (MBE) was identified by LC-MS/MS and the main components of MBE were ascertained by measuring. Gastric mucosal epithelial (GES-1) cells were used to elucidate the mechanism of MBE and rutin (the central part of MBE) helped protect against alcohol damage. The results revealed that phenolics accounted for the majority of MBE, accounting for 308.6 mg/g gallic acid equivalents and 108 substances were identified, including 37 flavonoids and 50 non-flavonoids. The treatment of 400 μg/mL MBE and 320 μM rutin reduced early cell apoptosis and the content of intracellular reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and increased glutathione. The qPCR results indicated that the MBE inhibits the expression of genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, including p38, JNK, ERK and caspase-3; rutin inhibits the expression of p38 and caspase-3. Overall, MBE was able to reduce the oxidative stress of GES-1 cells and regulated apoptosis-related genes of the MAPK pathway. This study provides information for developing anti-ethanol injury drugs or functional foods.

Hepatoprotective effects of different mulberry leaf extracts against acute liver injury in rats by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory response.

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of various mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extracts (MLEs), including mulberry ethanol extract (MEE), aqueous extract (MAE) and a combination extract (MCE) against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury in rats. It aimed to explore the possible molecular mechanism of the liver-protecting function of mulberry leaves and provide a reference for choosing the appropriate extraction method. The results showed that the three extracts contained different amounts of phenolic compounds, 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and polysaccharides. MLEs markedly improved the pathological status of rat liver tissue, decreased the levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MDA, while increased the levels of GSH, SOD and CAT in the D-GalN/LPS-treated rats at the same time. MEE, with the highest amount of total phenolics, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity corresponding to the protein expression level of Nrf2 and HO-1. MCE significantly suppressed the expression of apoptosis-related dot-like protein (ASC) and Caspase-1 and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, thereby showing high anti-inflammatory activity. These results indicated that the active components from mulberry leaves protected rats against acute liver injury, attributed to a reduction in both oxidative stress and inflammatory response. The protective effect may be implicated in regulating the Nrf2, NLRP3 and MAPK signaling pathways.

Black mulberry ethanol extract attenuates atherosclerosis-related inflammatory factors and downregulates PPARγ and CD36 genes in experimental atherosclerotic rats.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the pathological basis of various vascular diseases and currently is seriously affecting human health. Numerous studies have paid more attention to natural medicines with anti-AS properties. As a traditional Uygur folk medicine, black mulberry fruits are conventionally used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in southern Xinjiang of China, and their underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Our previous study revealed that the ethanol extract of black mulberry (EEBM) inhibited AS development by improving lipid metabolism abnormalities, enhancing anti-oxidative activities, and reducing atherosclerotic lesions of atherosclerotic rats. Based on this, our objective was to further investigate the effects of EEBM on the expression of AS-related inflammatory factors and the key genes PPARγ and CD36 of the ox-LDL-PPARγ-CD36 feed-forward cycle in experimental atherosclerotic rats. Black mulberry fruits were extracted with acid ethanol and chromatographed on an AB-8 macroporous resin to obtain EEBM. All experimental rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal, model, model plus simvastatin (5 mg/kg d·body weight), and model plus low-dose and high-dose EEBM groups (105 and 210 mg/kg d·body weight, respectively). Serum levels of the inflammatory factors were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ and CD36 in atherosclerotic rats' liver tissue and thoracic aorta were determined by Q-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. EEBM at high dose effectively attenuated the abnormally expressed AS-related inflammatory factors of TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9, and CRP in atherosclerotic rats by 41.5%, 66.1%, 77.5%, and 79.5%, respectively. After treatment with high dose EEBM, the elevated-expressions of PPARγ and CD36 at the mRNA and protein levels in atherosclerotic rats were found to be obviously downregulated at both levels. These results demonstrate that EEBM might lessen the AS-related inflammatory reaction, and then inhibit the formation of ox-LDL, consequently downregulating the expression of PPARγ and CD36 at the mRNA and protein levels, thus reducing macrophage-foam-cell formation and prohibiting the development of atherosclerotic plaque through the ox-LDL-PPARγ-CD36 feed-forward cycle, which can effectively prevent the occurrence and development of AS in atherosclerotic rats.

Mulberry ethanol extract attenuates hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high-fat diet–fed mice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common complications of obesity. Mulberry is an important source of phytochemicals, such as anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavonoids, which are related to its antioxidant activity. In this study, we developed a hypothesis that mulberry exerted beneficial effects on metabolic disorders and evaluated the influence of the mulberry ethanol extract (MEE) on high-fat diet–induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Thirty-six male C57BL/6J mice were assigned into 3 groups and fed either a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet with or without supplementation with MEE. Our results showed that administration of MEE reduced diet-induced body weight gain, improved high-fat diet–induced hepatic steatosis and adipose hypertrophy, alleviated insulin resistance, and improved glucose homeostasis. Analysis of hepatic gene expression indicated that MEE treatment changed the expression profile of genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that MEE supplementation protected mice from high-fat diet–induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. Moreover, the protective effects of MEE were associated with the induction of fatty acid oxidation and decreased fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis.

Effects of mulberry heartwood extract on genes related to lipid metabolism

Scientific evidence exists that extracts from different parts of Morus nigra (mulberry tree), mainly fruits, leaves and root bark, exhibit various beneficial effects, such as antiviral, antihyperglycemic, antiatherogenic and hypotensive activity. Although it is known that the heartwood has a specific phytochemical composition, the biological effects of this part of the plant are not yet clarified. This study examines the effect of 40% ethanol infusion from mulberry heartwood on the expression of three genes related to lipid metabolism: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBPα) gene, adipogenic transcriptional factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) genes in adipocytes. Results obtained present that treatment with two concentrations of mulberry ethanol extract decreased expression of aP2 messenger RNA as compared to controls. Based on these results we concluded that heartwood mulberry extract had beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and could be a potential source for search of active compounds for treatment of metabolic disorders related to adipose tissue metabolism.

Mulberry leaf extract intake reduces hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats fed high-fat diet

This study evaluated the antioxidant activity and anti-diabetic effect of mulberry (Morus alba L. wielkolistna zolwinska) leaf extracts in diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet. After initial 4-week high-fat diet, streptozotocin was injected in Wistar rats to induce non-obese type 2 diabetes. After confirmation of diabetes, animals were treated with mulberry dried leaves, leaf-derived ethanol or acetone extracts added to high-fat diet for 4 weeks. Mulberry ethanol extract with higher level of phenolics – chlorogenic acid and flavonol glucosides was more effective than acetone extract or dry leaves in the lowering of blood glucose, increasing insulin level and markers of antioxidant activity. The results confirm key mechanisms related to the effect of mulberry and its bioactive components on modulation of glucose metabolism through correcting hyperglycaemia, increasing insulin secretion, and improving antioxidant status in STZ-induced non-obese diabetic rat model. Antidiabetic effects exerted by mulberry leaves might depend on the extraction process.

오디 및 블루베리 추출물을 이용한 과립제조 및 품질특성

오디 및 블루베리 추출물의 이화학적 특성을 살펴보았고 추출물을 이용하여 과립을 제조하였으며 다양한 품질특성을 분석하였다. 오디, 블루베리 추출물의 추출조건에 따른 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드함량은 물 추출물보다 50% 에탄올 추출물에서 높았으며 오디 추출물이 블루베리 추출물보다 높았다. 추출조건에 따른 총 안토시아닌함량은 오디 50% 에탄올 추출물이 470.91 mg/100 g으로 가장 많이 함유되어 있었다. 전자공여능은 오디 추출물이 우수하였고 전반적으로 물 추출물보다는 50% 에탄올 추출물이 높았으며 ORAC값은 50% 에탄올 추출조건에서 오디, 블루베리 각각 335.37 <TEX>${\mu}moles\;TE/g$</TEX>와 238.14 <TEX>${\mu}moles\;TE/g$</TEX>로 분석되어 오디 추출물이 블루베리 추출물보다 항산화능이 우수함을 확인하였고 추출물의 superoxide radical 소거 활성은 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며 50% 에탄올 추출물이 물 추출물보다 높음을 알 수 있었다. 오디 추출물 과립의 총 폴리페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 4.83 mg/mL와 3.49 mg/mL로 분석되어 블루베리 과립보다 함량이 높았다. 안토시아닌 함량은 오디 과립이 76.26 mg/100 g이었고 블루베리 과립이 75.26 mg/100 g으로 유사하였다. 오디 및 블루베리 과립의 전자공여능은 오디가 45.09%로 블루베리 24.10%보다 우수하였으며 ORAC 값의 경우도 오디가 87.65 <TEX>${\mu}moles\;TE/g$</TEX>였고 블루베리는 57.59 <TEX>${\mu}moles\;TE/g$</TEX>값을 보여주어 오디의 항산화 활성이 우수함을 확인하였다. 오디 및 블루베리 과립은 저장기간에 따른 뚜렷한 색도의 변화가 관찰되지 않았으며 안토시아닌 함량도 미비하게 감소하여 과립의 주요 유용성분인 안토시아닌색소의 안정화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. The quality characteristics of granules prepared from water and 50% ethanol extracts of mulberry and blueberry were investigated. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of mulberry and blueberry were higher in the 50% ethanol extract than those in the water extract. Total anthocyanin content was highest in the 50% mulberry ethanol extract (470.91 mg/100 g). Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of the mulberry and blueberry extracts was 335.37 <TEX>${\mu}moles\;TE/g$</TEX> and 238.14 <TEX>${\mu}moles\;TE/g$</TEX>, respectively. Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the mulberry and blueberry extracts increased with an increase in extract concentration. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of granules from the mulberry extract were 4.83 mg/mL and 3.49 mg/mL, respectively. Total anthocyanin content of granules from the mulberry and blueberry extracts was 76.26 mg/100 g and 75.26 mg/100 g, respectively. Electron donating ability and ORAC of granules from the mulberry and blueberry extracts were 45.09% and 24.10%, 87.65 <TEX>${\mu}moles\;TE/g$</TEX> and 57.59 <TEX>${\mu}moles\;TE/g$</TEX>, respectively. Granules that were stored for 7 weeks at room temperature had low anthocyanin content degradation and Hunter color values (L, a, and b).

Systemic absorption of antioxidants from mulberry (Morus alba L) leaf extracts using an in situ rat intestinal preparation

Consumption of antioxidant-rich foods is thought to be capable of increasing our body antioxidant levels, but little is known about their systemic bioavailability. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the systemic absorption of antioxidants from the aqueous and ethanol extracts of mulberry leaves by using an in situ rat intestinal preparation. After an overnight fast, the carotid artery of an anesthetized rat was cannulated, followed by isolation of a short length (8-13 cm) of the duodenum, jejunum, or ileum. Blood samples were collected from the artery before and at various times after administration of the extract or vehicle into the isolated intestinal segment. The collected plasma samples were assayed for their total antioxidant activity (TAA). There was a transient increase in the plasma TAA for animals given the aqueous extract at the ileum, but not when given at the duodenum or jejunum. This suggests that the water-extracted antioxidants need to be hydrolyzed, probably by bacteria, before absorption. For animals given the ethanol extract, significant increase in the plasma TAA occurred at different times for duodenal, jejunal, and ileal segments. This indicates that the ethanol-extracted antioxidants are more readily absorbed. The absorption of these antioxidants probably involves several different mechanisms, and may be influenced by the vehicle of administration. In conclusion, the antioxidants in mulberry leaves are absorbed to different extents throughout the small intestine of rats. Furthermore, this in situ preparation may be used to screen for systemic bioavailability of antioxidants in herbal samples.