Muffle Furnace Research Articles

Sintering behavior of ceramic ethylene‐propylene‐diene rubber/pyrophyllite/zinc borate composites

AbstractCeramic polymer materials have great future applications in the field of fireproof materials. However, ceramic polyolefins have shortcomings such as few available inorganic fillers, high sintering temperature, and low flexural strength. Therefore, achieving rapid sintering of ceramic ethylene‐propylene‐diene rubber (EPDM) is an urgent problem that needs to be solved. Herein, we prepared ceramic EPDM materials using pyrophyllite as aggregate and zinc borate as flux. The materials were prepared using a mixer and sintered in a muffle furnace at 850 and 1000°C. The flexural strength of the sinter residue was tested by a material testing machine. The microstructure changes during the ceramification process were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and x‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that the EPDM filled with pyrophyllite and zinc borate had a flexural strength of 2.6 MPa after sintering at 850°C. After sintering at 1000°C, its flexural strength further increased up to 12.3 MPa. The SEM results indicated that as the temperature increased, the zinc borate melted and filled in the space among pyrophyllite particles, and the zinc borate and the pyrophyllite were sintered into a dense whole. The TG, DTG and DTA testing results indicated that the melting and decomposition behaviors of the pyrophyllite‐zinc borate mixture changed compared with pure pyrophyllite and zinc borate. The XRD results indicated that during the sintering process, the crystalline structure of the zinc borate and the pyrophyllite gradually transformed into a quartz‐based crystalline structure. It is promising that the ceramic polyolefin materials are prepared by the pyrophyllite/zinc borate combination.

Adsorption of Black MNN reactive dye from tannery wastewater using activated carbon of Rumex Abysinicus

Background A high concentration of Black MNN reactive dye in untreated tannery wastewater can cause adverse effects on public health and environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the adsorptive performance of Rumex Abyssinicus-based activated carbon (RAAC) to remove Black MNN reactive dye from tannery wastewater.Method The stem of Rumex Abyssinicus was impregnated with 50 % diluted phosphoric acid at the ratio of 1:3 (w/w biomass to acid) and then it was carbonized in the muffle furnace at 600°C. The Box-Behnken experimental design of 34 was used to optimize the removal efficiencies under the response surface methodology.Significant findings Characteristics of the adsorbent were described by SEM for surface morphology with high cracks, FTIR spectrometry for multi-functional groups (OH at 3443.08 cm−1, aromatic C = C 1633.78 cm−1, vibrational and stretching motion of -OH 1205.65 cm−1and vibrational motion of CO-C 1045.46 cm−1), BET with specific surface area of 3619.7 m2/g, and X-RD with amorphous structure. The maximum dye adsorption of 99.9 % was observed at experimental conditions of 150 mg/L, 0.25 mg/100 mL, pH 2, and 90 min. The experimental data were evaluated in terms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Spis isotherms which showed the Langmuir model was found to be the best fit with the experimental data at R2 0.99. This shows that the adsorbent surface is homogeneous and monolayer. Furthermore, the kinetic study confirms that the Pseudo second-order model best describes the experimental data at R2 0.99. Finally, statistical analysis showed that the experimental values are almost the same as the predicted data which were indicated by the Adjusted R2 0.99 and predicted R2 0.97. In conclusion, Rumex Abyssinicus is a good precursor material for adsorbent development to remediate industrial and municipal wastewater.

Seagrass meadows serve as buffers for metal concentrations in the fish species Sparisoma cretense in the Canary Islands (Atlantic EC, Spain)

The escalation of marine pollution caused by heavy metals has emerged as a burgeoning global concern, drawing substantial attention due to its detrimental effects on both biodiversity and public health. This research project, conducted in the vicinity of two Canary Islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria), was designed to evaluate the presence of metal pollutants in Sparisoma cretense, a fish species of considerable commercial significance. The investigation encompassed two distinct ecological settings: rocky terrains and seagrass meadows. To assess metal concentrations, a total of six metals (Aluminum, Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Lead, and Zinc) were scrutinized. This was achieved through the incineration of collected samples in a controlled environment using a muffle furnace, followed by the determination of metal levels using optical emission spectrophotometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). The outcomes of the study brought to light noteworthy disparities between the two islands, as well as within the rocky areas and seagrass meadows themselves. Particularly, higher concentrations of metals were identified in specimens originating from the rocky areas. Conversely, specimens hailing from the seagrass meadows exhibited lower instances of metal contamination.

Influence of the oxidation on the optical properties of Mo-Si-Ti, Ta-Mo-Cr-Al and Ta-Mo-Cr-Ti-Al alloys

Three refractory element-based alloys were oxidized for 6 h at 1100 °C in air inside a muffle furnace and the way the oxidation, especially through the evolution of the surface composition and roughness, affects the optical properties of these materials is discussed here. The ternary Mo-20.0Si-52.8Ti (at%) serves as an example of Mo-based alloys, while the equimolar Ta-Mo-Cr-Al (TMCA) and Ta-Mo-Cr-Ti-Al (TMCTA) are typical of the class of oxidation-resistant refractory compositionally complex alloys. The normal spectral emissivity of these three samples was increased due to the oxidation process. Oxidized TMCA and TMCTA exhibit a solar absorptivity higher than that of state-of-the-art Ni-based alloys used for solar receivers in concentrated solar power plants. Thus, the two refractory compositionally complex alloys are considered promising candidates for solar thermal energy conversion application.

Enhanced Sunlight-Powered Photocatalysis and Methanol Oxidation Activities of Co3O4-Embedded Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanostructures.

The contamination of water by organic substances poses a significant global challenge. To address these pressing environmental and energy concerns, this study emphasizes the importance of developing effective photocatalysts powered by sunlight. In this research, we achieved the successful synthesis of a novel photocatalyst comprised of polymeric carbon nitride (CN) nanosheets embedded with Co3O4 material, denoted as CN-CO. The synthesis process involved subjecting the mixture to 500 °C for 10 h in a muffle furnace. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the formation of CN-CO nanostructures, which exhibited remarkable enhancements in photocatalytic activity for the removal of methylene blue (MB) pollutants under replicated sunlight. After 90 min of exposure, the degradation rate reached an impressive 98.9%, surpassing the degradation rates of 62.3% for pure CN and 89.32% for pure Co3O4 during the same time period. This significant improvement can be attributed to the exceptional light captivation capabilities and efficient charge separation abilities of the CN-CO nanostructures. Furthermore, the CN-CO nanostructures demonstrated impressive photocurrent density-time (j-t) activity under sunlight, with a photocurrent density of 2.51 μA/cm2 at 0.5 V. The CN-CO nanostructure exhibited excellent methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) activity with the highest current density of 83.71 mA/cm2 at an optimal 2 M methanol concentration, benefiting from the synergy effects of CN and CO in the nanostructure. Overall, this study presents a straightforward and effective method for producing CN-based photocatalysts decorated with semiconductor nanosized materials. The outcomes of this research shed light on the design of nanostructures for energy-related applications, while also providing insights into the development of efficient photocatalytic materials for addressing environmental challenges.

STUDYING THE COMPOSITION OF LOCAL RAW MATERIAL SAPONITE MINERAL RICH IN MAGNESIUM OXIDE AND RECOVERING CHLORIDE-CHLORATE FROM IT

One of the saponite sand deposits in the territory of Uzbekistan is Uchtut, located in the Central Kyzylkum plains of the Navoi region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was determined that the main layer of saponite is 1.7-1.9 m apart in some places, 10-15.0 cm thick (40-60% saponite), and in some places it is in the form of two layers. 15.0-20.0 cm (20-40% saponite). The mineralogical composition of saponite obtained from the Uchtut deposit was studied by chemical, X-ray phase, IR spectroscopic, differential thermal analysis, as well as gamma-spectrometric methods. The main mineral in the deposit is saponite, which is a multi-purpose mineral raw material and has been found to contain high levels of magnesium and calcium. The saponite mineral was roasted in a muffle furnace at different temperatures. The cinder was leached in three different percentage solutions of acid, as a result, magnesium chloride was obtained by roasting the saponite mineral at a temperature of 600-800C, and leached using the hydrocloric acid decomposition method, and in the next step by treating it with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.

Testing of Post‐fire Brittleness for Certain Standard Duplex and Lean Duplex Stainless Steel Grades

AbstractThe results of post‐fire brittle cracking susceptibility tests conducted on samples made of selected duplex type stainless steel grades exhibiting austenitic‐ferritic structure, in particular on standard duplex X2CrNiMoN22‐5‐3 steel and on lean duplex X2CrMnNiN21‐5‐1 steel, are presented and widely discussed. General conclusions are based on the force‐displacement graphs obtained by the instrumented Charpy impact test. Prior to the test all samples have been subjected to simulated fire action following the steady‐state heating regime and then cooled down to room temperature. Two heating levels have been considered, namely 600°C and 800°C. The first of these levels has been considered as to low, while the second as sufficiently high, to induce in the considered steel structural changes of permanent character. For comparison, two groups of samples have been tested. Samples belonging to the first group have been heated for one hour (simulation of a short fire), while the ones belonging to the second group have been heated for ten hours (simulation of a long fire). In addition, two alternative cooling modes have been considered, i.e. slow cooling in the muffle furnace and rapid cooling in water mist. The toughness tests on samples made of both steel grades have been conducted at two different temperature values, that is at +20°C to simulate the continued service in summer conditions and at ‐20°C to simulate this future service in winter conditions.

Synthesis of an Activated Carbon Based on Cardoon Waste and its Comparison to a Commercial Carbon in Terms of Physicochemical Characterization and Organic Dye Adsorption Performance

The present study aims to evaluate the possibility of using low-cost adsorbents based on Cardoon waste for the depollution of industrial effluents. After characterization of the raw cardoon waste [1], the carbonization was carried out at 350 °C in a muffle furnace. In order to show the performance of the method used to prepare this activated carbon (PC), a comparative study with a commercial carbon (CC) is performed. The obtained activated carbon and the commercial carbon were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDX, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Approximate analyses of moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content and fixed carbon content, acid-base surface functions, pH at zero charge and iodine value were performed. The obtained results indicate that the main characteristics of the activated carbon prepared at 350 °C are practically similar to those of the commercial carbon; a homogeneous porous surface, an interesting percentage of carbon, a high thermal stability and a disorganized graphitic crystalline structure, the iodine adsorption values on the two carbons are 409.887 mg/g for PC and 430.191 mg/g for CC. The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on both carbons was performed. The kinetics and isotherms of MB adsorption on the two carbons were evaluated. According to the obtained results, the use of the prepared carbon in effluent treatment can be put into perspective.

Impact of prolonged heating on the color and crystallinity of bone

Duration of an anthropogenic fire event is one aspect of fire use and maintenance that is linked to combustion feature function but has low archaeological visibility. In this study, we describe the transformations to fresh, modern cortical bone with prolonged exposure to heat in order to evaluate the utility of archaeological bone for the recognition of long duration thermal alteration. Cores of bovid cortical bone were heated exposed to air at 300, 550, and 750 °C in a sequence of experimental trials in a Nabertherm muffle furnace for periods of 10 minutes, 9 hours, and 48 hours, plus an extensive cooling period on heat retaining sediments (gravel or gravel compacted with fine quartz sand) to mirror the smoldering and extinguishing of actualistic fires. After heating, bone cores were analyzed with a color tool, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction to evaluate changes in structure, composition, and crystallinity of bioapatite as a function of different temperature thresholds and time. Results indicate that prolonged heating in air induces specific structural and chemical changes in bone compared to shorter duration burned counterparts. Coloration changes also demonstrate that white coloration, a primary characteristic utilized by zooarchaeologists to record information about burning intensity, is not an exclusive indicator of calcination at moderate to high temperatures but may also result from long duration exposures at low temperatures.

Effect of Temperature Storage on Chemical Properties of Lokio Leaves (Allium chinense G Don)

Lokio (Allium chinense G Don) is widely used as seasoning in cooking because it contains amino acids that contribute to taste. Lokio is easily damaged during physical and chemical storage, affecting its quality. The study aims to determine the chemical changes of lokio leaves during storage. This study used a randomized design group with 3 temperature treatments, namely room temperature (30 ⁰C), air conditioning (20 ⁰C), and refrigerator (10 ⁰C). Weight loss was tested using a digital scale, color was tested using a chromameter, water content was tested using thermogravimetry, fat using Soxhlet, protein using Kjeldal, and ash using a muffle furnace. Reducing sugars were tested using the DNS method, amino acids using HPLC, and volatile compounds using GC MS Headspace. The data was analyzed using ANOVA then continued with Duncan test if the treatment has a significant difference (p < 0.05). In the room temperature treatment, the best treatment was obtained for 2 days of storage, AC storage for 4 days, and refrigerator temperature for 14 days of storage. Of all the best treatments for each storage temperature, the best treatment was obtained in the storage treatment using AC temperature (20 ⁰C) for 4 days. The treatment found that Lokio has a water content of 92.247%, fat of 2.47%, protein of 19.05%, ash of 14.20%, carbohydrates of 64.28%, and reducing sugar of 11.24 mg/ml. The major volatile compound content of the total storage is trimethyl sulfide and glutamic acid is the most amino acid in lokio leaves.

Luminescence performance of bismuth activated Ba3Lu2B6O15 phosphors

Bi3+ activated Ba3Lu2B6O15 phosphors were synthesized by sintering at 910 °C for 24 h under air in a muffle furnace. The phase, luminescence properties and potential applications in LED devices were investigated. X-ray diffraction results indicate the successful doping of Bi3+ ions in Ba3Lu2B6O15 host. The diffuse reflectance and excitation spectra demonstrate the excitability on UV light. Upon the excitation at 365 nm, the Bi3+ activated Ba3Lu2B6O15 phosphors show narrowband blue emission with the peak at 417 nm. The highest emission intensity with the quantum yield of 85.7% and ΔEa value of 0.215 eV is generated by the Ba3Lu1.90Bi0.10B6O15 phosphor. The light characteristics of the UV-pumped LED devices containing the Ba3Lu1.90Bi0.10B6O15 phosphor demonstrate the potential application of Bi3+ activated Ba3Lu2B6O15 phosphors in the lighting field.

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D) on sargassum activated carbon

The production of activated carbon was carried out by impregnating the sargassum with a 85% H3PO4 solution in a mass ratio of 1/3 sargassum/ H3PO4, with an impregnation time of 15 hours. The production of activated carbon from sargassum was carried out in a pyrolytic muffle furnace with a controlled nitrogen atmosphere. Sargassum samples were collected on the beaches of the Dominican Republic. Sargassum activated carbon has a specific surface area of ​​754 m2/g and the 2,4-D adsorption was pH dependent.

Carnauba Straw as Feedstock for Solid Biofuel Production

Carnauba straw (<em>Copernicia prunifera</em>), residual biomass derived from wax extraction, was evaluated as a potential feedstock for bioenergy production. The characterization was carried out using elemental analysis, proximate analysis, Higher Heating Value (HHV), FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and FRX. The carbonization, using a Muffle Furnace, was applied as a thermal conversion technique to improve the fixed carbon content, and preliminary densification was done to assess the potential for future production of briquettes. The C, H, N, O, and S percentages were 44.43%, 5.34%, 2.25%, 46.17%, and 1.81%, respectively. The percentage of fixed carbon (14.17%) increased to 31.10% (250°C) and 35.68% (300°C) after carbonization. At 400°C, the HHV presented a decrease of 9.62%, and ash content increased by 177.66%. FTIR spectra showed bands characteristic of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin at 3414 - 3393 cm<sup>-1</sup> (O-H) and decrease of absorbance of 74.01% to 81.37% after carbonization; 1738 – 1603 cm<sup>-1</sup> (C=O), with reduction in the order of 73.94% to 78.31%, and 48.97% to 73.76%, when compared to the absorbances of the biomass in nature. The SEM of the carnauba straw in nature presented the main structural components (cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose). After carbonization, evidence of degradation and coal formation was observed, which corroborates with the decrease in the HHV and increase of ash. The FRX was inserted in the SEM images, and the elements detected were Ca, K, and S. The quantities and order of abundance in biomass natural and carbonized were compatible with other biomasses used as biofuel. The carnauba straw in natural and carbonized was densified to understand the characteristics of the compacted material. The sample carbonized at 300°C presented a solid with the potential for future production of briquettes. All results follow other reported biomasses and could lead to further investigation of the carnauba straw as feedstock for solid fuel production without or in a mixture with other agricultural residues.

Modeling of the process of heating of chip-powder dispersions of ferrous metals in the pass-through muffle furnace of hot briquetting. Message 3

It has been established that the optimal productivity of a 3,5 m high furnace in terms of the highest energy efficiency of its operation is 500 kg of chips per hour. It follows from the calculations and their analysis that it is practically possible to increase the productivity of the furnace by varying not only the operating parameters (power of the gas burner and inductor), but also the design parameters (furnace height, muffle flow area, number of burners and their effective location relative to the muffle).

Adsorption of methylene blue dye onto modified activated carbon produced from groundnut shells

In this research work, groundnut shells agricultural byproducts were utilized for the production of modified groundnut shell based activated carbon (MGSAC) through the use of phosphoric acid and ethylene-diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) as an activating agent and a modifier, respectively. A three factor, two-level full factorial design (FFD) was employed for the exploratory design of experiments (DoE). The independent process variables are temperature, activation time, and activating agent concentration for the production of MGSAC in a muffle furnace. The product yield and methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption were considered as the performance indicators for the process. Regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of process variables on the responses of the process parameters. From the analysis, it was found that the activation temperature has the most significant effects on the MGSAC product yield and the activation time for the adsorption of MB dye. The results obtained showed that the best operating conditions for production of MGSAC were carbonization temperature of 450°C, activation time of 30 min and activating agent concentration of (35 mmol Na2EDTA; 50% H3PO4) which resulted in the product yield of 55.5% MGSAC, and 99.6% MB dye adsorption. It was also observed that experimental values obtained were in good agreement with the values predicted by the model. Hence, the two-level FFD DoE technique demonstrated worthwhile features in disclosing the dominant factors that affect the production of modified groundnut shell based activated carbon. The products appear to be promising adsorbents for the adsorption of cationic MB dye from wastewaters.

Effect of bio-mineral oil blend quenchant on the mechanical properties of carburized mild-steel

In this study, the effect of bio-mineral oil blend quenchants on the mechanical properties of carburized mild steel was experimentally studied and reported. The tensile, hardness, impact, and microstructural test specimens were prepared in line with ASTM standards. Prepared specimens were then buried in a 50:50% ratio mixtures of eggshell/date-seed particulates as carburizing medium in a sealed packed cylindrical crucible. The carburization was then carried out in a muffle furnace at 950 oC for 3 h soaking time at 5 °C/min heating rate and thereafter quenched in different percentage blends of bio-mineral oils. Before the mechanical test and microstructural examination, samples were tempered at 200 oC for 1 h.Results from the experimental findings revealed that water and bio-mineral oil blend quenchants significantly influenced the mechanical properties and microstructure of carburized mild steel in varying degrees depending on the quenching media. Specimen quenched in 100% groundnut oil yielded the maximum yield tensile strength (805.43 MPa) and hardness at the surface edge (173.8 HV) equivalent to 106.7 and 87.66 percentage increment however, the best combination of mechanical properties (tensile strength 738.66 MPa, strain 17.12%, hardness 169.5 HV and impact strength 51.1 J) was obtained in the specimen quenched in 60/40% groundnut oil and SAE40 oil blends respectively. The enhancement in the mechanical property was due to the grain refinement in the microstructure of the bio-mineral oils quenched specimen. The 60/40 groundnut/SAE40 oil blend is therefore recommended for metallurgical heat treatment of mild steel for critical industrial applications.

Evaluation of the Mechanism of Phosphate Removal Using Oyster Shell Powder in Aqueous Environments.

Eutrophication is caused by the inflow of nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, into closed waterbodies from wastewater. Calcination of oyster shells greatly increases their capacity for phosphate removal; however, information available on this mechanism and the capacity for phosphate removal under different initial pH values and temperatures is less. Herein, we investigated the utilization of oyster shells for phosphate removal under different pH and temperature conditions. Oyster shell powder (OSP) was calcined in a muffle furnace at temperature ranges of 200-1000 °C. Each OSP sample was added to a phosphate solution and the suspension was shaken under different pH and temperature conditions. The main component of OSP changed from CaCO3 to CaO after calcination at approx. 800 °C. The amount of phosphate removal by the calcined OSPs at 800 and 1000 °C was higher than that removal by the other OSPs. Further, the amount of calcium elution from the OSPs calcined at 800 and 1000 °C was higher than that elution from the other OSPs. This was because the solubility of CaO was higher than that of CaCO3. The amount of phosphate removal by the OSP and calcined OSPs at 200-600 °C was the highest at pH 5-7, and increased with increasing reaction temperature. These findings suggested that the mechanism of phosphate removal may involve adsorption in the OSP and OSPs calcined at 200-600 °C, whereas it is associated with coagulation settling and adsorption in the OSPs calcined at 800 and 1000 °C.

Investigation of the Usage Properties of Steel Slag as Pigment in Low-Temperature Glaze

The evaluation of industrial wastes in the ceramics industry has been the subject of research studies in recent years. This study investigated the use of steel slag as a colouring pigment in ceramic glazes. The colour effects of 45 compositions created with a triple-phase diagram with steel slag, CoO, and Cr2O3 on low-temperature glaze composition were determined. The microstructural evaluation of the selected colours by SEM and EDX analysis were carried out.The prepared glaze compositions were applied by pouring on the high silica ceramic body. Glazed tiles were sintered in a muffle furnace at 950 ℃ and then L*a*b colour and gloss brightness values were measured. By using steel slags instead of Fe2O3, black glazes were obtained in the triple diagram.

Biodiesel Production Using a Banana Peel Extract-Mediated Highly Basic Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst

Greener methods for the production of nanoparticles (NPs) are highly investigated to minimize the harmfulness of chemical synthetic processes. In this study, CaO (calcium oxide) NPs were synthesized using extracts of banana (Musa acuminata) leaves. The precipitate of Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide) obtained from the precursor Ca(NO3)2 (calcium nitrate) was calcined at 900 °C in a muffle furnace to form CaO. The catalytic activity of the prepared CaO was studied in transesterification of soybean oil. From the 1H-NMR analysis, a high soybean oil conversion of 98.0% was obtained under the optimum reaction conditions of 8 wt% of catalyst loading, 2 h reaction time, and a 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio at 65 °C temperature. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopic studies of the product proved the formation of biodiesel. The CaO nanocatalyst was characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, FT-IR, XPS, and BET analyses. The average diameter of the catalyst was determined as 46.2 nm from TEM analyses. The catalyst can be used successfully even after five active reaction cycles without substantial loss in the activity of the catalyst.

Zn-g-CN photocatalyst for dye photodegradation in aqueous medium its fabrication and characterization

This study focuses on the formation of photocatalyts Zn/g-CN composite's, characterization, and inquiry for the degradation of Rhodamine B dye in aqueous medium. Thermal calcination of urea produced graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN). The heterojunction between Zn and g-CN increased the photocatalytic activity of g-CN. Zn and g-CN were subjected to a 3-hour, 550°C thermal treatment in a muffle furnace to create the heterojunction. Various analytical techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV visible spectroscopy were applied for the investigation of physicochemical properties of synthesized g-CN and Zn/g-CN composite. Analyzing the catalytic breakdown of dyes under the influence of sun light was done in a Pyrex glass beaker. For the study of dye degradation, the impact of various experimental variables including catalyst dose, temperature, and dye concentration was examined. The UV-visible spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the reaction mixture. The findings showed that Zn/g-CN nanocomposite has superior catalytic properties to pure g-CN. Using the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy of the catalyst for the degradation of rhodamine B dye was found to be 30.06 kJ/mol, significantly less than the activation energy of bare g-CN, which was 40.06 kJ/mol.