Mudflow Disaster Research Articles

Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Korban Bencana Lumpur Lapindo Pada Kawasan Permukiman Di Desa Panggreh

May 29 2006 is the day when the Lapindo Mud disaster occurred in Sidoarjo Regency. This natural disaster is a disaster where the ground releases gas along with hot mud with a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius. The Lapindo Mud disaster has inundated several villages located in several sub-districts in Sidoarjo Regency, where until now the condition of hot mudflow around the center of the eruption is still increasing. The village of Panggreh, situated in the Jabon District, Sidoarjo Regency, serves as a resettlement area for the victims of the Lapindo Mudflow. The region has a settlement where a portion of the Lapindo mudflow disaster victims have been relocated. The objective of this study is to comprehend the socio-economic situation of the Lapindo Mud Disaster victims in Panggreh Village. This research applies primary and secondary data collection methods along with descriptive qualitative research methodology that uses photo mapping techniques. The study's findings reveal that the educational facilities in Panggreh Lengap village are in excellent condition, the buildings were still sturdy and very decent, the educational services were very good. Health facilities and services are also good. The economy of the middle to lower class community. The majority of people feel the negative impact of moving their residence because of the Lapindo.

COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO DISASTER MITIGATION IN THE IMPACTED AREA OF MUDFLOW DISASTER

The impact of the mudflow disaster in Sidoarjo, Indonesia, which is still being felt by the community since 2006 until now, sets a background against which this review of disaster mitigation efforts that have been carried out so far is conducted. This study aims to find out the community response to disaster mitigation efforts that have been carried out in the hope that the programs remain evaluable, more targeted and more relevant to community needs. This research was conducted by a survey method using questionnaire and interviews and by quantitative-descriptive research data analysis. The results showed that the level of community understanding of disaster mitigation was very good, and the community participation was quite good, but the relevance of the mitigation activities conducted was felt to be still not meeting the community expectations and they have to achieve a desirable level of sustainability. Therefore, a greater level of community involvement in mitigation activities is required to create disaster preparedness and resilient villages.

Dynamics of natural discharge of the hydrothermal system and geyser eruption regime in the Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka

The total deep component natural mass discharge Qd (defined in terms of chloride mass discharge Qcl) of the Valley of Geysers, on an average ranges from 280 kg/s from 1961 to 1984, to 230 kg/s after 2015. Post 2012, discharge measurements reveal a seasonal variation: the discharge increases (340–370 kg/s) during the winter-frozen period, and decreases during the summer flooding period (≈100 kg/s). Long term annually averaged Qd is 274 kg/s, Qcl is 0.247 kg/s and heat flow is 265 MW. In the course of using high-frequency (min−1) observations specific conductance measurements from 2017 to 2020, the total natural discharge was found to be cycling due to the internal cycling of geysers. It was mostly sensitive to the Bolshoy and Velikan geysers with averaged intervals between eruptions of 60 min and 70 min, respectively. The tracer chloride method estimates the volume of hot water erupted from geysers. This method yielded the following estimates: 5–34 m3 of hot water cyclically erupted from the Bolshoy geyser; 0.5–4.5 m3 erupted from the Velikan geyser between 2018 and 2020, and 24–144 m3 erupted before the 2014 mud-flow disaster; and 289–330 m3 erupted from the Grot geyser between May–June 2012. The seasonal features of natural discharge mentioned above may be explained in terms of cold-water infiltration into a two-phase geyser geothermal reservoir, especially if gas-phase condensation induces vacuum conditions, which may further reduce some thermal discharge features.

The Utilization of Lapindo Mud Waste for Aluminium Sulfate Production

The Lapindo mudflow disaster in East Java Province, or also known as LUSI (LUmpur “mud”-SIdoarjo) has become spectacular longest ongoing disaster in recent memory since 2006. The utilization of volcanic Lapindo mud could be the promising solution to prevent further environmental damage. The chemical composition of Lapindo mud contained of 44.1% SiO2, 23.7% Fe2O3, 13% Al2O3, 7.02% CaO, 5.35% MoO3, 2.53% K2O, 1.84% TiO2 and 0.7% Na2O. Aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) or “alum” have been widely used as coagulation compound in water treatment, paper and textiles industry. Aluminium sulfate can be synthesized from aluminium oxide (Al2O3) from Lapindo mud with acidic solutions (H2SO4). The aim of this work was to synthesize aluminum sulfate from Lapindo mud by using extraction process. The impact of H2SO4 concentration and heating time to the production of aluminium sulfate have been investigated. The results showed that the aluminium sulfate can be synthesized from Lapindo mud by using H2SO4. Based on XRF analysis, the variation of heating time and H2SO4 concentration affect the aluminium sulfate conversion. The increasing of heating time and H2SO4 concentration directly enhance the conversion until reach the optimum condition. The optimum condition for aluminium sulfate synthesis from Lapindo mud (75.78% conversion) was found to be 90 min for heating time with H2SO4 concentration of 80%

The Vulnerability of Settlements in The Areas Impacted by Lapindo Mudflow Disaster, Sidoarjo

The Lapindo Hot Mudflow Disaster is a disaster case that occurred in 2006 in Sidoarjo Regency, East Java, and has become a hot issue at the national, even international level. After 14 years, it turns out that until now the impact of the disaster has not completely subsided. The settlements that were impacted by the mudflow disaster but still inhabited by the community looked vulnerable because many were damaged, cracked and the floors slowly subsided due to land subsidence. This study aims to determine the level of vulnerability of community settlements in areas impacted by the Lapindo mudflow disaster, which uses quantitative analysis methods by collecting data using questionnaires in 3 study villages, namely Glagaharum Village, Gedang Village and Kalitengah Village. The results of research data analysis using scoring techniques using 2 formulas as well as Statistic Descriptives and Means Plots show that the three villages have a moderate level of vulnerability and Kalitengah village has the highest level of vulnerability. The results of data analysis with the Kruskal Wallis statistical test show that the Village Location factor has a significant effect on the Vulnerability Level in this study, which means that the closer the village is to the mud embankment, the level of vulnerability will also increase. From the results of this vulnerability study, data on the condition and availability of disaster emergency infrastructure, which is part of the adaptive capacity variable, still needs to be improved, because it can be a factor in reducing the level of vulnerability to support disaster risk reduction programs and strengthening community resilience to disaster that may arise in the future.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MUDFLOW WITH A TWO-DIMENSIONAL DEPTH-AVERAGED MODEL

This study is motivated by the need to mitigate damages caused by mudflow disaster, which is occurring frequently due to intensive forest clearing and uncontrolled land use at highland. Numerical modelling of mudflow is challenging as the propagation speed and rheological behavior of the flow relies on the accuracy of the numerical scheme and choice of rheological model. In this study, a two-dimensional depth-averaged model was developed to simulate a simplified mudflow event. In order to capture shock in mudflow, the finite volume method (FVM) with third order accurate Monotonic Upstream-centered Scheme of Conservation Laws (MUSCL) scheme was adopted in the numerical model and the model was verified against a benchmark partial dam-break problem. By assuming that the mudflow has high amount of fine mud suspension. the rheological model was represented by a simplified Herschel-Bulkley model. Numerical results showed that the Herschel-Bulkley model could reproduce the viscoplastic behavior of mudflow well, especially in the estimation of final longitudinal flow spreading (2% difference compared to experimental value) and depth of peak wave (8.8% maximum difference). The robustness and stability of the model was demonstrated by simulating a simplified mudflow event with obstacles.

Perbaikan Tanah Lunak Kombinasi Preloading dengan Prefabricated Vertical Drain Studi Kasus Rencana Tanggul Lapindo Porong

Sidoarjo mud is a volcanic mudflow disaster which until now still emits massive mud, therefore the PPLS plans to increase the construction of the embankment on the east side of the main embankment area to increase the strength of the embankment so that it can anticipate if one day there is an overflow so it does not penetrate the area. other. In the previous soil investigation stage, it was shown that the embankment area had subgrade with a relatively small N-SPT value with a thick soft soil layer up to a depth of 30 meters. The construction of this embankment is planned to be built on subgrade conditions which are classified as soft soil so that in the process before the construction of the embankment is very necessary with the improvement of the subgrade.The method of improving soft soil with thickness is proposed using a combination of preloading with PVD to accelerate settlement.To obtain a design height of 5.50 m, the required initial embankment height is 6.77 m with a compression of 1.307 m. The preloading system without the combination of PVD the time a consolidation degree of 90% (U = 90%) for 82.34 years. While the combination preloading system with PVD size 10 x 0.5 cm with a rectangular installation pattern and installation distance (S) 0.80 m, the time consolidation degree 90% (U = 90%) for 3 weeks. Implementation of gradual hoarding at a rate of 0.5 / week for 14 weeks

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Menuju Desa Tangguh Bencana di Area Terdampak Bencana Lumpur Lapindo, Sidoarjo

The economy is one of the important factors that influence the condition of vulnerability of community after a disaster. This study aims to determine the factors that are of interest to the community in starting a business by SWOT analysis of community empowerment programs in areas impacted by the Lapindo mudflow disaster, Sidoarjo, and the implementation of programs towards disaster resilient villages. The method used is a combination of quantitative and qualitative with questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The results showed that people's awareness of the importance of family savings as a disaster preparedness increased significantly even though some respondents experienced a decrease in income. The results of the SWOT analysis of the training alternatives offered to the community indicate that the factors of ease of obtaining raw materials, small initial capital requirements, mastery of the production process and market access of the products produced will attract the interest of the community to run a business. The participation of village communities in the study areas to help reduce the impact of disaster risks related to the environment around the settlements, can be encouraged by forming disaster resilient villages managed by the community themselves with the full support of the government.
 Keywords: Vulnerability, community empowerment, disaster resilient villages

The mudflow disaster at Villa Santa Lucía in Chilean Patagonia: understandings and insights derived from numerical simulation and postevent field surveys

Abstract. The evaluation of potential landslides in mountain areas is a very complex process. Currently, event understanding is scarce due to information limitations. Identifying the whole chain of events is not a straightforward task, and the impacts of mass-wasting processes depend on the conditions downstream of the origin. In this paper, we present an example that illustrates the complexities in the evaluation of the chain of events that may lead to a natural disaster. On 16 December 2017, a landslide occurred in the Yelcho mountain range (southern Chile). In that event, 7 million m3 of rocks and soil fell on the Yelcho glacier, depositing 2 million m3 on the glacier terminal, and the rest continued downstream, triggering a mudflow that hit Villa Santa Lucía in Chilean Patagonia and killing 22 people. The complex event was anticipated in the region by the National Geological and Mining Survey (Sernageomin in Spanish). However, the effects of the terrain characteristics along the run-out area were more significant than anticipated. In this work, we evaluate the conditions that enabled the mudflow that hit Villa Santa Lucía. We used the information generated by Sernageomin's professionals after the mudflow. We carried out geotechnical tests to characterize the soil. We simulated the mudflow using two hydrodynamic programs (r.avaflow and Flo-2D) that can handle the rheology of the water–soil mixture. Our results indicate that the soil is classified as volcanic pumices. This type of soil can be susceptible to the collapse of the structure when subjected to shearing (molding), flowing as a viscous liquid. From the numerical modeling, we concluded that r.avaflow performs better than Flo-2D. The mudflow was satisfactorily simulated using a water content in the mixture ranging from 30 % to 40 %, which would have required a source of about 3 million m3 of water. Coupling the simulations and the soil tests that we performed, we estimated that in the area scoured by the mudflow, there were probably around 2 800 000 m3 of water within the soil. Therefore, the conditions of the valley were crucial to enhancing the impacts of the landslide. This result is relevant because it highlights the importance of evaluating the complete chain of events to map hazards. We suggest that in future hazard mapping, geotechnical studies in combination with hydrodynamic simulation should be included, in particular when human lives are at risk.

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER POLLUTION AREAS BASED ON THE KERNEL DENSITY METHOD FOR LAPINDO MUDFLOW DISASTER OF SIDOARJO

The Lapindo mudflow disaster in Sidoarjo Regency which occurred on May 29, 2006 is a natural event that is classified as high risk. This disaster has a significant impact, especially for the water pollution caused by various conditions due to the Lapindo mudflow disaster. The purpose of the study is to mapping the location and analyze the distribution of water pollution based on the kernel density method. This research uses spatial approachment through descriptive-quantitative, qualitative and explorative methods. Primary and secondary data are both used in the research. The research results showed that water pollution is found on the north, west, south and east sides of the Lapindo mudflow disaster area in villages in three sub-districts namely Porong, Tanggulangin, and Jabon with the highest radius of pollution risk maximum of 1 Km from the center of the mudflow. The results of the distribution of water pollution areas based on the method of kernel density showed that the distribution of the highest water pollution leads to the north and west sides of the center of the mudflow.

Phases and Dynamics of the Social Movement Process in Indonesia: A Case Study on LAPINDO Mudflow Disaster Victims against the Government

This study focused on mapping the phases and dynamics of the social movement process of Lapindo mudflow disaster victims in Indonesia. This study was analyzed by using a qualitative. The subject of the study was determined by purposive sampling in which all elements involved in the social movement of mudflow disaster victims. The data were collected by using in-depth interview, observation, FGD, and documentation. The stages of the analysis process involved data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusion. The results of the study indicated that the social movements were mapped into three phases: (1) the period of the emergence of the pre-social movement ideas; (2) the period of stabilization and consolidation of the social movements; and (3) the period of the social movement decline. Meanwhile, the dynamics of the social movements of Lapindo mudflow were based on three aspects: (1) political opportunity; (2) mobilizing structure, and (3) cultural framings.

Analysis of GIS-Based Disaster Risk and Land Use Changes in The Impacted Area of Mudflow Disaster Lapindo

The mudflow disaster Lapindo in Sidoarjo Indonesia, that has occurred since 2006, until now still poses a risk of danger to residential settlements in the impacted areas. This study aims to make disaster risk analysis and land use changes in disaster impacted areas since before the disaster occurred until now. This research is expected to be very useful as a basis for developing spatial policies in the region. The method used is quantitative based on satellite imagery, then GIS-based data is analyzed quantitatively. GIS-based disaster risk analysis can be used as a reference in spatial revisions that can anticipate spatial regional developments, especially for the needs of residential settlements. Observations from satellite imagery show a very significant level of change in residential land which is now 42.1% and the level of disaster risk varies with the medium-high index. With the results of this study, in an effort to improve the resilience index of the region, planning the location of residential land should use land outside the impacted area in order to ensure the safety and security of the community.

The strength properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer specimens incorporating mud-volcanic and limestone variations

The use of mud-volcanic and fly ash as cement replacement materials is one alternative solution to overcome environmental issues due to the mudflow disaster and polution from cement production process. This paper objective is to identify the use of mud-volcanic and class C fly ash with high calcium content as waste materials in the development of fly ash geopolymer incorporating limestone. The variations of limestone to fly ash are 0.10:0.60, 0.2:0.5, 0.30:0.40, 0.40:0.30, and 0.50:0.20, respectively. The mud-volcanic ratio was kept at 0.30 to maintain the total weight of specimen at 1.00. The compressive strength was performed at 7, 14 and 28 days age, and the specimens were cured at ambient temperature. The depth penetration test was performed by vicat test. The results show that the highest strength value of 16.38 MPa was achieved by fly ash/mud-volcanic geopolymer with ratio of limestone to fly ash of 0.30:0.40. The initial setting time of 90 minutes indicates that the early reaction of fly ash/mud-volcanic geopolymer shows a comparable setting time to the normal concrete with initial setting time of 45 minutes. These results indicate that fly ash and mud-volcanic can be used as cement replacement materials.

Social adaptation and resilience on disaster, the case of Sidoarjo mudflow

Sidoarjo Mudflow disaster has been happen since 2006. It changed landscape, natural resources, and alsothe land use. It developed social problems such as difficulties of catching fish and lack of water quality. This research aims to observe social adaptation and resilience as an effect from Sidoarjo Mudflow disaster. This research used spatial information as tools to describe and analyze major environmental problems. It examined data Landsat 7 and 8 Imagery between 2005-2018 to explore spatial information regarding changes from Sidoarjo Mudflow to social adaptation. This research also usedindepth interview to calculate social impact from Sidoarjo Mudflow and to produce social adaptation and resilience map on Sidoarjo Mudflow. This research analyzed the impact of mudflow distribution pattern and social adaptation in the way of retrospective view. The results of this research were social adaptation and resilience maps shows that The community of fishermans change their area of fishing and fishing intensity regarding Sidoarjo Mudflow disaster. The society could adapt to the environmental changes impacted by Sidoarjo Mudflow.

KEBERTAHANAN KULTURAL DAN RELIGI DI AREA PERMUKIMAN TERDAMPAK BENCANA LUMPUR LAPINDO SIDOARJO, JAWA TIMUR

Indonesia is a disaster-prone country, therefore efforts for Disaster Risk Reduction are very useful to do.This paper aims to examine the cultural and religious roles of settlement in areas affected by the Lapindo mudflow disaster in Sidoarjo. The method used in this study is the study of relevant literature from research that has been done before. From the results of the literature review, it was concluded that culture and religion became capital for the people who were maintained even though their settlements were now scattered. Culture and religion also become identities which are very influential factors for the resilience of settlements which up to now still have vulnerability, so that anticipation and adaptation need to be carried out as preparedness for possible future disasters.

Enhancing the Strength of Volcanic Mud-based Class C Fly Ash Geopolymer Specimen by Limestone Inclusion

Volcanic mudflow disaster has brought negative impacts in the area around the mudflow. The contents of mud are predominantly silicate and aluminate, which are the primary constituent materials of fly ash-based geopolymer specimen. However, the main issue of fly ash-based geopolymer is the requirement of heat curing due to the low calcium in fly ash precursor. The aim of this research is to identify the effect of limestone inclusion on strength properties of volcanic mud-based class C fly ash geopolymer mortar. The volcanic mud was obtained from Sidoarjo mud in East Java Indonesia. The alkaline activator solution was prepared by mixing 10 Molar sodium hydroxide with sodium silicate with the ratio of 0.67. The compressive strength test was carried out at the age of 28 days. The specimens were cured at room temperature. The results show that the addition of 30% limestone in volcanic mud-based class C fly ash geopolymer specimen gives the highest strength at 28 days. It also improves the setting time rate due to the calcium addition. However, further addition of limestone tends to reduce the strength. This might attribute to the decrease of silicate and aluminate contents in geopolymer specimen along with the limestone addition.

KRITIK ATAS TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN DALAM BENCANA LUMPUR LAPINDO

In Lapindo mudflow disaster, the process of sale and purchase mechanism of sinking assets is legitimated by Presidential Decree 14/2007 (Perpres 14/2007), claimed by Lapindo as their social responsibility. In the discussion over the causes of the disaster, this scheme also raises controversy. If it was caused by an earthquake, why the company is willing to spend money to buy survivors’ assetas as form of social responsibility? On the other hand, the mechanism made conflict among the survivors. I used qualitative method; using indepth interview, observation, and literature study. I chose some informants from different side to get various perspective, such as Lapindo and survivors, in order to get the corporate social responsibility narratively and its critics. Using the concept of governmentality of Foucault, I reveal the process of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the ecological crisis in Sidoarjo is only a way to cover the mistakes that have been made, not to recover the survivors’ social and ecological conditions. The mechanism above implied to mudflow disaster management.

Post-Disaster Recovery Process Based on Social Resettlement Model

Lapindo mudflow disaster in Sidoarjo has caused a tremendous impact for the community, especially in the region of Porong and surrounding areas, not just the impact in the form of the destruction of the physical-ecological environment but also the social environment. In disaster management, disaster management conducted through four phases, namely: mitigation preparedness, emergency response, and recovery. The recovery phase includes rehabilitation and social reconstruction. This study aims to examine how efforts performed in the recovery phase post Sidoarjo mud disaster based on the model of social resettlement. It found that the Sidoarjo mudflow disaster recovery phase included social rehabilitation process consisting three programs, namely social assistance, protection and recovery. Social reconstruction effort postdisaster resettlement consisting three social models, namely model of full social resettlement, mix-social resettlement, and free social resettlement. The model of full social resettlement was the best model and fit reconstruction and social rehabilitation of post-disaster.

1985年11月のネバド・デル・ルイス火山の噴火と泥流災害

1985年11月のネバド・デル・ルイス火山の噴火と泥流災害

Addressing the environmental risk from the mudflow disaster in Sidoarjo

This research focuses on disaster mitigation of Sidoarjo Mudflow since 2005 until 2018. This research aims to analyze and mapping mudflow pattern since 2005. It uses Geographical Information System or spatial information as tools to describe and analyze major environmental problems. It examines data Landsat 7 and 8 Imagery between 2005 and 2018 for calculating the area of impact from Sidoarjo Mudflow. It takes further analysis from research which using Landsat Imagery to calculating sedimentation in Mahakam Rivers. Moreover, addressing the environmental risk at Madura Gulf from Sidoarjo Mudflow in the last few years, this research analyzes the impact of mudflow distribution pattern in and social adaptation in retrospective view. This research found that sedimentation fom the mudflow is making more difficult to calculate the impact and composing mitigation plans. To address the environmental risk from the mudflow disaster, explores spatial information regarding changes from Sidoarjo Mudflow to social adaptation, such as adaptation to looking for fishing area and fishing intensity.