Mudanjiang City Research Articles

Identification and Trend Analysis of Ecological Security Pattern in Mudanjiang City Based on MSPA-MCR-PLUS Model

Identification and Trend Analysis of Ecological Security Pattern in Mudanjiang City Based on MSPA-MCR-PLUS Model

Landscape pattern prediction method based on ANN-CA-Markov coupling model

The simulation and prediction of landscape patterns can provide a reference for the formulation of ecological space security policies and management and control measures. Therefore, it is necessary to use objective and accurate scientific methods to make accurate simulation predictions. In this study, the quantitative prediction of the Markov model is combined with the advantages of the space-time simulation of the CA model, and the artificial neural network (ANN) module is used for calculation and coupling correction. The Kappa coefficient and the FoM (figure of merit) index are used to test the simulation accuracy. Based on this process, the changes of the landscape pattern in Mudanjiang City at three time points in 2000, 2010 and 2020 were analyzed, and the simulation prediction was made based on this. The experimental results show that the CA-Markov model using the ANN module for coupling correction can be tested for accuracy in the study area, and its Kappa coefficient is 0.834 and the FoM index is 0.001. The model meets the requirements of the landscape pattern for the accuracy of simulation and prediction, and the prediction and analysis of the study area is carried out, and the accurate prediction results are obtained.The results of the study were: Looking at the change in landscape pattern over the 20 years from 2000 to 2020, significant changes occurred in the areas of arable land and artificial surface. The total area of arable land decreased by nearly 130 km2, while the area of artificial surface (i.e., built-up land) increased by about 167 km2. The forest area initially decreased and then increased, with an overall increase of approximately 56 km2, while the water and grassland areas first increased and then decreased. In terms of spatial distribution, the changes in agricultural and forest land are mainly concentrated in the central area where urban development is intensive and in the northern forest area. The results of this study are quite important for policy formulation, according to which it was found that human activities, especially urbanization, have led to a decrease in the area of forested land, and therefore the implementation of the natural forest protection policy can lead to a sustained increase in the area of forested land.

Construction of Traditional Village Health Development Evaluation System Based on Ecological and Cultural Health Theory

Abstract Traditional villages, as spatial carriers with rich cultural resources, are important cornerstones for cultural inheritance and promotion, and their ecological and cultural symbiosis has been formed in the process of long historical development, which contains rich ecological wisdom. To comprehensively analyze the development status of traditional villages and plan and design future development, this study is guided by the theory of ecological and cultural health, selects the evaluation elements of the target level, criterion level, and indicator level, and devotes itself to constructing an evaluation system of the healthy development of traditional villages, and applies the hierarchical analysis method and the entropy weight method to determine the index weight, to establish a comprehensive evaluation model of the healthy development of traditional villages. By evaluating the healthy development of traditional villages in Ning’an City, Mudanjiang City, and Heilongjiang Province, the study verifies the feasibility of the evaluation system constructed by the study for the healthy development of traditional villages. It proposes corresponding healthy development strategies for the evaluation analysis to provide reference ideas for traditional villages’ ecological and cultural health and sustainable development.

A Study on the Effectiveness of Business Environment Policy Implementation in Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province: Taking the Reform of Management and Service as an Example

In recent years, the poor business environment in Northeast China has become a key factor restricting the regions economic development. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), in order to deepen the reform of administrative system and promote the transformation of government functions, China has pushed forward the reform of releasing management and providing services, which has optimised the local business environment to a certain extent. However, in some areas of Northeast China, such as Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, the reform of release of management and service to improve the business environment is not obvious. This paper analyses the effectiveness of the implementation of relevant policies to optimize the business environment in Mudanjiang City, summarizes the relevant reasons and puts forward recommendations, namely, from the deepening of the style of the organs to rectify the situation, the implementation of policies and measures, improve the business environment, and improve the business environment. This paper analyses the effectiveness of policy implementation from three aspects, i.e. deepening organ style rectification, comprehensive implementation of policies and measures, and perfecting enterprise landing environment, and seeks to improve the poor business environment in the northeast region from the policy area and achieve economic revitalisation.

Chilling injury monitoring and intensity identification of dryland maize in Heilongjiang.

Accurate and timely access to large-scale crop damage information provides an essential reference for responding to agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation needs and ensuring food production security. This study aims to reveal the new characteristics of low-temperature cold damage to maize in the context of climate warming. Taking Heilongjiang, one of the provinces with the highest latitude, the most significant climate change and the largest maize production in China, as the study area, we combined meteorological stations and MODIS remote sensing data to spatially identify the occurrence and intensity of cold damage to maize based on the growing season temperature distance level index, and to assess the extent of cold damage. The main findings are as follows. (1) The frequency and intensity range of cold damage in the growing season (May-September) in Heilongjiang Province from 1991 to 2020 against climate warming showed a decreasing trend. Among them, the average temperature from 1991 to 2000 was 17.777°C, with seven occurrences of maize cold damage years, of which five years were widespread cold damage and two years was regional cold damage. The average temperature from 2000 to 2010 was 18.137°C, with cold damage three times, of which two years were regional cold damage and one year was widespread cold damage. The average temperature from 2010-2020 was 18.130°C, with one maize cold damage year occurring, which was regional cold damage. The frequency of maize chilling injury decreased significantly from 1991 to 2020, from 0.23 in 1991-2000 to 0.1 in 2000-2010 and finally to 0.03 in 2010-2020. (2) Based on the good consistency between MODIS_LST data and temperature data from meteorological stations, it can be used for temperature remote sensing estimation model for spatially extensive cold damage monitoring and intensity discrimination. (3) Taking 2009 as an example of a large-scale cold damage year, the spatial discrimination of maize cold damage intensity shows that the spatial distribution of chilling injury intensity has no obvious geographical features. The intensity of cold damage was mainly mild cold damage. According to administrative regions, the scope of chilling injury was the largest in Mudanjiang City, Heihe City, and Jixi City, accounting for 91.56%, 86.25%, and 84.91%, respectively. The areas with the most extensive range of severe chilling injuries were the Great Khingan Mountains region, Heihe City, Mudanjiang City, Yichun City, and Jixi City. In the context of climate warming, the frequency and intensity range of maize cold damage showed a decreasing trend from 1991-2020 in Heilongjiang Province. The results of cold damage identification based on MODIS_LST data are accurate and can improve the spatial accuracy. The results of the study provide reference and guidance for dealing with the occurrence and defence of spatially refined cold damage. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Medicinal Value, Biological Characteristics, and Domestication of the Wild Mushroom Pholiota adiposa (Agaricomycetes).

Pholiota adiposa is an important edible and medicinal mushroom with high nutritional and medicinal effects. The fruiting body of wild fungi collected from Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, was identified by morphological description and molecular identification, the biological characteristics and domestication of the fungus was determined by single factor and orthogonal tests. The wild strain isolated was determined to be Ph. adiposa based on morphological characteristics, sequence alignment between ITS and nLSU, and phylogenetic relationship analysis. The single factor results revealed that the optimal carbon source, nitrogen source, culture temperature, and pH for the mycelia growth of Ph. adiposa were glucose, yeast paste, 25°C, and pH 6.5-7.0, respectively. Orthogonal test showed that the optimal formula for mycelia culture was fructose 20 g/L, yeast extract 6 g/L, KH2PO4 1 g/L and MgSO4 2.5 g/L. The highest single bag yield of the fruiting body of Ph. adiposa was 24.96 g in the culture medium formula of sawdust (20%), wheat bran (10%), soybean powder (1%), and quicklime powder (1%). The results will provide basic information for the protection, utilization and domestication of the resources of Ph. adiposa.

Molecular Detection of Candidatus Coxiella mudorwiae in Haemaphysalis concinna in China

Objective: Coxiella burnetii and Coxiella-like endosymbionts (CLEs) have been widely discovered in various ticks, animals, and even human beings. To estimate the possible origin of C. burnetii and its relatives CLEs, the prevalence of C. burnetii and CLEs has been intensively surveyed all over the world. Method: In the present study, the possible infection of C. burnetii and CLEs in host-seeking Haemaphysalis concinna was performed with meta-transcript analysis with tick specimens harvested from Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang province, China. The meta-transcript results were subsequently confirmed by the specific sequence of partial 16S rRNA. Results: A total of three arrays of gene transcripts were harvested, including pyrophosphate-fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase-eda-thiol-disulfide isomerase and thioredoxin-greA, carB-carA-DnaJ-DnaK-grpE-ppnk, ropC-ropB, and ubiA-non-canonical purine NTP pyrophosphatase-hemK-prfA, which suggest the infection of Candidatus Coxiella mudorwiae in H. concinna. The high identity of the 16S rRNA gene of Candidatus C. mudorwiae achieved in our study strongly supports our meta-transcripts analysis. Conclusion: The prevalence of Candidatus C. mudorwiae in hard ticks has been discovered in China. More detailed surveys are imperative to clarify the emergence of CLEs and their implication in the epidemiologic characteristics of Q fever.

Dental Dentition of Middle-aged and Old People in Mudanjiang City

Dental Dentition of Middle-aged and Old People in Mudanjiang City

Analysis of Plant Composition and Diversity on Urban Square in Mudanjiang City, China

In order to provide scientific basis for landscaping of square in Mudanjiang city, the rationality of plant application in 14 urban squares was analyzed by 10/20/30 “rule of thumb” states. The results showed that there were 38 common species which belonged to 15 families and 28 genera. The relative abundances of the most common species, genera and families were 39.8, 43.2 and 49.1%, respectively, which were all higher than the standard of 10/20/30 “rule of thumb” states, indicating that there was still some unreasonable phenomena in the square greening. The plant diversity index was quite different, and the Marglef index and Shannon-Wiener index were positively correlated with the square area and green area. The Pielou index had a positive correlation with the distance and a negative correlation relationship with the green rate.
 Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 277-287, 2021 (June)

Ceramsite production from sediment in Beian River: characterization and parameter optimization.

In order to realize pollution control and resource recovery, sediment from Beian River in Mudanjiang City China was used for ceramsite production. The maximum content of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and organic matter (OM) in sediments of Beian River were 2975 mg kg−1, 2947 mg kg−1 and 29.6%, respectively. So, it should be treated properly for resource utilization. The orthogonal experiment of L16 (45) was adopted to determine the best conditions for ceramsite production and the result demonstrated that the sewage sludge ratio of 15%, binder ratio of 5%, pre-heating temperature of 450°C, sintering temperature of 1150°C and firing time of 23 min were the optimum conditions. The corresponding product met with the standard of CJ/T 299-2008 and the heavy metal leaching experiment showed it was lower than the threshold of China's industrial standard. Thus, it demonstrated that ceramsite production was a feasible way for utilization of sediment.

Spatial difference and mechanisms of influence of geo-economy in the border areas of China

Border areas are both important territorial security barriers and portals to the outside world. Considering the complicated geopolitical environment of China’s inland borders, analysis of the current status and mechanisms of influence of geo-economy in border areas is of great significance. Namely, this analysis is important towards leveraging traditional advantages to accelerate China’s development in border and minority areas. Based on a comprehensive analysis, our study constructed a framework to analyze the geo-economy in border areas, and also introduced three indexes: local economy, export-oriented economy and local development. In addition, our study systematically described geo-economic evolution in the border areas of China. We also analyzed the mechanism of geo-economic spatial differentiation in these border areas by using geographical detectors. Our results indicated that the level of geo-economic influence in border areas has grown steadily with significant spatial differentiation. The absolute geo-economic dominance of Northeast China gradually declines over time. Areas with geo-economic advantages are highly dispersed, showing a spatial polarization pattern with several polar nuclei including Mudanjiang city (Northeast China), Baotou city (Inner Mongolia), Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture (Xinjiang), Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and the city of Chongzuo (Yunnan-Guangxi area). Geo-economics in border area is mainly influenced by national policies, the development level of neighboring countries, as well as the desire of these countries to cooperate with China in bilateral trade. Favorable policies, traffic, cultural proximity and other factors also impact the geo-economics of border areas significantly. The Inner Mongolia and Tibet areas are mainly influenced by neighboring countries, while Northeast China and Xinjiang are mainly affected by Chinese policies; the Yunnan-Guangxi area is influenced by a combination of these factors. At the end of the study, we provide our recommendations for developing policies that further geo-economic advantages in complex geopolitical environments and in areas with varied development.

松花江流域沿江重点监控企业水环境潜在污染风险分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 松花江流域沿江重点监控企业水环境潜在污染风险分析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201412042408 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,中国科学院生态环境研究中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 吉林省引进高层次创新人才计划;全国生态环境十年变化(2000-2010年)遥感调查与评估项目(STSN-13-06) Analysis of the potential contamination risk of riverside key monitored enterprises on the aquatic environment of the Songhua River Basin Author: Affiliation: Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,,,Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为防控松花江流域水污染风险、优化流域内沿江产业带布局,分析了松花江流域沿江企业潜在污染风险的大小和分布,并揭示导致不同区域间水环境潜在污染风险空间差异的原因。基于《2012年废水国家重点监控企业名单》,本研究将沿松花江(到三级支流)1km范围内的45家重点废水产生企业识别为松花江流域水环境潜在污染风险源。以沿江企业和重点区域的废水产生量与对应河段的水质状况表征水环境潜在污染风险源强弱与流域水体对潜在污染风险的缓冲能力,并以区域总人口数、第二产业产值及珍稀濒危物种分布情况反映流域社会-经济-自然复合生态系统对潜在污染风险的敏感程度开展评价。结果表明:牡丹江市辖区(牡丹江中游河段)因潜在污染风险源强、水体对潜在污染风险的缓冲能力低且自然生态系统对潜在污染风险的敏感程度高,是松花江流域受沿江企业产生的水环境潜在污染风险最严重的地区;长春市辖区(饮马河、伊通河部分河段)、伊春市辖区(汤旺河全部河段)与敦化市(海浪河全部河段、牡丹江部分河段)由于较低的水体缓冲能力和较高的生态系统敏感程度,应加强水环境潜在污染风险的防治;污染风险源强的吉林市辖区(西流松花江部分河段)与七台河市辖区(倭肯河部分河段),须提高本区域对潜在污染的风险管理能力以降低污染事故发生的可能性。最后,针对不同行业类型、区域潜在污染特点与水污染风险特征,从加快污水处理研究、评估污染治理经济手段、建立产业准入机制及完善污染防治立法等多方面提出流域水环境污染风险管控的相关建议。 Abstract:The Songhua River Basin (SRB) is located in the northern part of Northeast China, and includes the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Jilin Province, and Heilongjiang Province. The SRB is also known as the Northeast Old Industrial Base and has a reputation for industrial production, which had some negative impacts on the aquatic environment of the Songhua River. Research on the levels and patterns of the aquatic contamination risk posed by the riverside enterprises in the SRB are valuable for controlling water contamination risk and optimizing the riverside industrial layout. Thus, it is essential to investigate the industrial enterprises generating wastewater in the basin and to estimate their risk of contaminating the aquatic environment. Based on theList of National Key Monitored Enterprises Generating Wastewater in 2012, we identified 45 key enterprises distributed within 1 km of the river banks, as potential sources of contamination. We assessed the risk level of these sources by calculating the annual volume of wastewater generated by the enterprises and estimated the buffering capacity of the local waters by analyzing the background water quality. We also evaluated the sensitivity of the social-economic-natural complex ecosystem to potential water contamination by investigating the total population of the districts, the secondary industrial outputs of the districts, and the distribution ranges of rare and endangered species. The results showed that Mudanjiang City (with the middle reaches of the Mudan River) suffered the most serious contamination risk because of the large volume of wastewater generated annually, the low buffering capacity of the local waters, and the high sensitivity of the natural ecosystem to potential water contamination. Changchun City (with part of the reaches of the Yinma and Yitong Rivers), Yichun City (with all reaches of the Tangwang River) and Dunhua City (with all reaches of the Hailang River, and part of the reaches of the Mudan River) showed the low buffering capacity and the high sensitivity, and thus risk prevention should be strengthened in these districts. In addition, owing to the large volume of wastewater generated annually, Jilin City (with part of the reaches of the West-flowing Songhua River) and Qitaihe City (with part of the reaches of the Woken River), particularly the former with the higher sensitivity of its social and economic ecosystems, should improve the capacity of risk management to reduce the possibility of water contamination in these districts. This study analyzed the levels and patterns of potential water contamination risk, and revealed the causes of spatial differences in the risk of aquatic environment contamination among riverside areas in the SRB. Moreover, it provided a reference for development of riverside industrial zones, prevention and emergency response to sudden water pollution accidents, and long-term risk management of water pollution. In the short term, the key riverside enterprises should improve the efficiency of their wastewater treatment and effectively control the risk of pollution. In the long term, it is important to accelerate the adjustment of the industrial layout and to improve legislation for pollution prevention and control. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Assessment of the surface water quality ranking in Mudan River using multivariate statistical techniques

The present research deals with the important issue of assessing surface water quality ranking by combining the use of two advanced multivariate statistical techniques: Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOM) and the Hasse diagram technique (HDT). The object of the study is the Mudan River of Mudanjiang city region, China. Samples were collected on a regular monthly basis in 2007–2011 from all sampling sites along the river, involving six major water quality parameters. The grouping of water parameters and the clustering of sampling events by the use of SOM has helped in their pre-processing for application of the HDT. The HDT orders clusters according to the pre-clustered water sampling events. The water quality was ranked against norms established by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China in order to assess in detail the water quality of the whole river system. The resulting map of the spatial and temporal changes in the water quality at each sampling site was specifically described by ArcGIS.

Suggestions on Forest Ecological Compensation—Taking Mudanjiang City as an Example

The forest ecological compensation is an important factor to balance the interests of different areas for sustainable development and environment protection. Mudanjiang City in Heilongjiang Province of China is rich of forest resources. The forestry coverage rate reached 62.3% in 2014, after forestry conservation program from 2002. The authors explored the factors impacted on forest ecological compensation in Mudanjiang City, which was a demonstration as a case study, through experts’ evaluation scores and AHP methodology to analyze the forest ecological compensation factors and lay the foundation for the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism. At the same time, we provided an example to explore the effective way and speed up the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism. The study found that the main factors that determined forest ecological compensation in Mudanjiang City were ecology and natural resources. Based on the analyses, some suggestions were put forward to promote the mechanism in a sustainable way.

黑龙江省20世纪森林变化及对氧气释放量的影响

随着对大气环境质量研究的深入，大气中氧气含量变化也引起了关注。森林是固碳释氧的重要生态系统，黑龙江省近百年来，森林面积减少了37.163%，估算由此导致的森林氧气释放量变化，对研究大气氧气含量变化具有重要意义。以黑龙江省1900年、1949年、1986年和2009年为时间断面，采用C-FIX模型及碳氧平衡方法，模拟并分析了20世纪黑龙江省森林氧气释放量及其变化。结果表明：（1）黑龙江省20世纪森林面积减少了106667.570 km²，森林覆盖率减少了23.568%。除樟子松（<em>Pinus sylvestris </em>var.<em> mongolica</em>）林、针阔混交林面积有所增加外，其它树种的森林面积均减少，其中云冷杉（<em>Picea asperata </em>and<em> Abies nephrolepis</em>）林及红松（<em>Pinus koraiensis</em>）林面积减少超过80%，空间上以松嫩平原及三江平原减少最为显著；（2）森林年氧气释放量百年来减少了5621.560万t，减少近三分之一，其空间变化明显，西南部森林氧气释放量由百年前的最高区域变为最低区域，三江平原释放氧气的森林区域明显减少；（3）百年来各行政区森林年氧气释放量除伊春微弱增加外，其余均呈减少趋势。其中大庆市、齐齐哈尔市减少显著，减少了90%以上；（4）控制实验表明，森林面积变化导致黑龙江省区域森林年氧气释放量减少了50%。人类活动引起的森林面积减少，是导致黑龙江省森林氧气释放量减少的主要因素。;Through recent extensive studies on air quality, researchers have paid more attention to changes in oxygen content in the atmosphere. Studies show atmospheric oxygen in the lower atmosphere has a slow diminishing trend. The forest ecosystem is an important source of carbon sequestration and oxygen release, so, oxygen content is directly impacted by the change of forest area. Therefore, it is essential to examine the deforestation process and evaluate its impact on the changes of oxygen content in the atmosphere. Heilongjiang Province is the area in China primarily focused on forest resources and coverage, however, during the past century approximately 37.163% of the forest area has been converted to other land uses. We selected Heilongjiang Province as the research area, as it provided greater significance to study the variation of oxygen content in the atmosphere due to the estimated change of oxygen release caused by deforestation. According to historical references and remote sensing image data, we rebuilt the forest spatial distribution of Heilongjiang Province in 1900, 1949, 1986 and 2009. Using the C-FIX Model and carbon-oxygen balance method, this research simulated and analyzed the quantity and changes of oxygen released by the forest ecosystemof Heilongjiang Province.Analyses of the results suggest four major conclusions. First, the forest area of Heilongjiang has decreased by 106667.570 km², or approximately 23.568% during the last century (1900-2009). Except for <em>Pinussylvestris </em>var.<em> mongolica </em>forest and Coniferous and broad leaved mixed forest, the geographic areas of all other forest types have decreased, within which the areas of <em>Piceaasperata</em> and <em>Abiesnephrolepis </em>forest and <em>Pinuskoraiensis</em> forest have decreased by more than 80%.Spatially, significant forest loss can be found in the Songnen and Sanjiang Plains. Second, during the last century, the quantity of oxygen released has been reduced by 56.2156 million tons, or approximately one-third of that in 1900. The oxygen production in the Southwest was the highest in 1900, but became the area with the lowest production in 2009. Moreover, a significant decrease of forest oxygen production occurred in the Sanjiang Plain. Third, the quantity of oxygen released from almost all administrative regions of Heilongjiang presents a decreasing trend, with the exception of Yichun. Among these regions, the quantity of oxygen released has reduced more than 90% in Daqing City and Qiqihar City; over 50% in Jiamusi City, Suihua City, and Jixi City; over 25% in Shuangyashan City, Qitaihe City and Heihe City; less than 10% in Daxinganling Region and Mudanjiang City. Fourth, during the past century,the total amount of oxygen released by <em>Picea asperata</em>and <em>Abies nephrolepis</em> forest has reduced by 91.855%, 78.905% by <em>Pinuskoraiensis</em> forest, and by 25.043% and 23.936% by deciduous mixed forest and <em>Larixgmelini</em> forest, respectively. However, the total amounts of oxygen released by Coniferous and broad leaved mixed forest and <em>Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica</em> forest increased by 20.356% and 48.209%,respectively. <em>Piceaasperata</em>and <em>Pinus koraiensis</em> forest released the most amount of oxygen per unit area; <em>Larixgmelini</em> forest and <em>Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica</em> forest released less. Finally, the results of the control experiments suggest that forest oxygen production in Heilongjiang is only approximately half of the amount in 1900.Moreover, forest degradationdue to human activities is one of the major factors that leads to the decrease of the quantity of oxygen released.

Complete genome sequence analysis of tick-borne encephalitis viruses isolated in northeastern China

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes lethal encephalitis in humans, posing a growing public-health problem in many European and Asian countries. TBEV is currently endemic in northeastern China, but the complete genome sequences of Chinese TBEV strains have not been reported. During a TBE outbreak in 2010 in Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, China, two TBEV strains were isolated from serum samples of two patients, and the complete sequences were determined and compared with other known TBEV strains. Both Mudanjiang isolates consisted of 10,774 nucleotides and encoded a single open reading frame coding for a polyprotein of 3414 amino acids, and a unique deletion of 364 nucleotides in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) was recorded. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequence of the E protein and the nucleotide sequence of the 3'UTR revealed that the Mudanjiang isolates are closely related to the Senzhang and Sofjin-HO strains and belong to the Far Eastern subtype of TBEV. These findings provide insight into the evolutionary relationships among Chinese TBEV isolates and are useful for laboratory diagnosis and vaccine development for TBEV.

Study on the Affect of Returning Farmland to Forest Project on Regional Ecological Risk in Mudanjiang City

Study on the Affect of Returning Farmland to Forest Project on Regional Ecological Risk in Mudanjiang City

First Report of Brown Rot on Plum Caused by Monilia polystroma in China.

In August 2008, mummies of dwarf sweet plum (Prunus aitianli) fruit covered with grayish, conidial tufts were found in an orchard in Mudanjiang City of Heilongjiang in China. Conidial masses were touched with a sterilized wire loop and streaked onto the surface of water agar (WA) plates. After incubating at 22 ± 2°C for 16 to 24 h, individual germinated spores were picked out with a sterilized scalpel blade under a microscope in a laminar flow cabinet, and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) in petri dishes. Mycelium grew an average of 10.7 mm per day on PDA and formed a white-to-grayish colony with irregular, black stroma 12 days after incubation at 22 ± 2°C under 12-h light/12-h dark. The average size of stroma was 8.19 cm2 per petri dish 37 days after incubation in the dark. The conidia were one-celled, hyaline, lemon-shaped, 15.2 (10.8 to 18.9) × 10.9 (8.3 to 16.3) μm, and arranged in branched monilioid chains on inoculated apples. The PCR products of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 1 and 2 and 5.8S gene of the ribosomal RNA amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4 was directly sequenced in both directions using the PCR primers. The sequence of the Monilia polystroma isolate (GenBank Accession No. GU067539) was identical to the reference isolate of M. polystroma (CBS102686), containing five nucleotides that distinguish it from Monilinia fructigena (1,3). The pathogen was identified as M. polystroma on the basis of morphological characteristics (3) and the sequence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 1 and 2 and 5.8S gene of the ribosomal RNA. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating surface-sterilized, mature plum and apple fruit wounded with a nail, with a mycelial plug (5 mm in diameter) of the fungus at each wound. Fruit treated with plain PDA plugs were used as a control. Inoculated fruits were placed in a sterilized moist chamber at room temperature (23 to 28°C). Fifteen plums and nine apples were used in each of two replicated tests. All inoculated fruit developed typical brown rot symptoms 4 days after inoculation, while the control fruit remained healthy. M. polystroma was reisolated from the inoculated fruit and identified by the above methods. M. polystroma was first reported on apple in Japan (3) and it was recently discovered in an apple orchard in Hungary (2). Although the occurrence of Monilinia fructicola, Monilinia laxa, and Monilinia fructigena (teleomorphs of the three Monilia spp.) in China have been documented, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of M. polystroma in China.