Mucosal Color Research Articles

Clinical Review and Management of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders with Epithelial Dysplasia

Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) comprise any disorders, tumors, in addition to any microscopic alterations that have a risk of malignant development of cancers of the mouth. When epithelial dysplasia is detected in an oral lesion, it is termed as a precancerous lesion. Finding: Several changes in the color or thickness of normal oral mucosa might be detected during the clinical diagnosis of the oral lesions. Leukoplakia of the oral cavity is a clinical name for one of the most predominant OPMDs of the oral mucosa. When comparing oral examination with naked eyes to planning to apply staining with special stain or using an image of optical fluorescence, the incidence of patients with oral epithelial dysplasia may rise, as well as the clearing of the lesion boundary. Increased size of more than 2cm2, the presence of colored regions with a red hue, the presence of lichenoid process characteristics, and severe epithelial dysplasia are all considered risk factors. One-third of premalignant lesions may progress to cancer, whereas the other two-thirds may stay stable or regress without progressing to malignancy. Conclusion: It is critical to research the patients' unique characteristics, which include psychological, genetic, dietary, and dental problems. When epithelial dysplasia is present in an oral lesion, it is termed a precancerous lesion. Oral potential malignant diseases with epithelial dysplasia may or may not develop into carcinoma and may or may not be recurrent.

Melanomas malignos do rebordo alveolar na maxila: apresentação de um caso

A case of primary malignant melanoma on the upper alveolar ridge is reported in a thirsty six year old white woman. A partiar prohthetic denture acted probably as an irritative agent producing prechange of color of alveolor mucosa. Radiumtherapy was done as a palliative treatment. The death due to general metastasis occurred in les e than one yeer. The surgical treatment should be done preferently.

Bronchoscopy and cricothyrotomy: results from cadavers embalmed with Thiel’s method compared to other embalming methods and living subjects

Purpose: Cricothyrotomy and bronchoscopy were performed on cadavers embalmed according to Thiel’s method, and the results compared with findings from other types of cadavers and living subjects, to assess the suitability of such specimens for medical teaching and research.
 Methods: Blind cricothyrotomy was performed in 40 cadavers using two different devices (Cook and Portex sets) on each of 20 cadavers and the procedures were recorded by a monitoring fibreoptic bronchoscope placed in the larynx. Bronchoscopy was performed on another 22 cadavers. All procedures were videotaped and evaluated by board certified anatomists and anaesthetists. Tissue behaviour, ligament resistance, palpability of anatomical structures, mucosal colour and cadaver flexibility, especially during jaw thrust and tongue lift, were evaluated and qualitatively compared to conditions found in the living and to reports of studies using specimens embalmed with the classic formalin method. Where the procedures caused mucosal lesions, the damaged was assessed during subsequent dissection.
 Results: The cadavers were life-like in all criteria evaluated. Portex and Cook cricothyrotomy was feasible in all cases. Bronchoscopy was feasible in all cadavers without difficulty. Jaw thrust and tongue lift was never limited and lobar bronchi were always reached. Further advancement was limited in half of the cases by either the preservation liquid or the diameter of the segmental bronchi; in the remaining half, advancement into the smaller airways was limited only by their diameter.
 Conclusion: Cadavers fixed according to Thiel’s method are highly useable, life-like specimens for teaching and researching cricothyrotomy and bronchoscopy. The data obtained are transferable to the living, so research findings should be valid and teaching effective.

Optical Efficacy of Titanium Nitride-Coated Abutment Material on Soft Tissue Discoloration: A Spectrophotometric In Vitro Analysis.

The objective of this investigation was to assess the extent of mucosal discoloration caused by different CAD/CAM abutment materials and to determine the influence of mucosa thickness on the subsequent color, with a particular focus on titanium nitride. In a pig maxilla, a trapdoor-shaped mucosa flap was prepared unilaterally. Several CAD/CAM abutment materials were used to assess a number of clinical scenarios. Varying mucosa thicknesses were simulated by connective tissue grafts harvested at the contralateral side of the palate, resulting in layer thicknesses of 1.5, 2, and 3 mm. Titanium (Ti), zirconia (ZrO2), and titanium nitride (TiN) served as test specimens with and without ceramic veneering. Color differences (ΔE) and deviations in brightness (L), chroma (C), and hue (H) were determined spectrophotometrically, comparing the measured value of the native tissue and the results obtained with different materials at varying mucosa thicknesses. All tested specimens caused a mucosa discoloration in comparison to the native tissue, diminishing with increasing mucosa thickness. The use of TiN demonstrated the least mucosa discoloration in thin soft tissue of 1.5 mm, with a mean ΔE value of 1.93 (P = .004). While ZrO2 revealed a comparable ΔE value of 2.13 (P = .022) at a tissue thickness of 1.5 mm, Ti showed the highest mucosa discoloration above the visibility threshold of ΔE = 3.1, with a mean ΔE value of 4.07 (P = .002). Ceramic veneering of the Ti samples led to a considerable reduction in soft tissue discoloration, with a resulting ΔE value of 2.2. The veneering of TiN and ZrO2 samples with porcelain, on the other hand, had no noticeable effect on the mucosa color. CAD/CAM abutment materials cause an adverse soft tissue color shift that decreases with increasing mucosa thickness. In thin peri-implant mucosa, titanium nitride and zirconia lead to the least discoloration. Due to their positive optical properties and mechanical superiority compared with ceramic abutments, gold-hue titanium nitride-coated CAD/CAM abutments could be a clinical alternative in cases of thin peri-implant mucosa.

Haemobartonellosis in a Domestic Cat in Indonesia: a Case Study

Haemobartonellosis is a disease caused by Haemobartonella felis or Mycoplasma haemofelis, which attacks red blood cells. Ctenocephalides felis could transmit Haemobartonellosis. Further, vertical transmission from mother to offspring and blood transfusion from infected animals could transfer the disease to other animals. This report aimed to describe the diagnosis and medical treatment of haemobartonellosis in a domestic cat in Indonesia. Physical examinations and blood analysis were carried out. The cat weighed 1,4 kg with 39,3°C temperature, CRT was three seconds, mucosa looked pale, and many Ctenocephalides felis fleas were found. The clinical symptoms detected were weakness, loss of appetite, and hair loss. A blood test indicated normocytic normochromic anemia. The rod-like formation within erythrocytes in blood smear was observed. Infection with Hemobartonella felis was diagnosed based on the blood test and the presence of numerous Ctenocephalides felis. Doxycycline was administrated at 10 mg/kg BW once a day for 21 days. The cat recovered clinically after 21 days, with a good appetite, normal mucosal color, and normal temperature

Thymol and eugenol microemulsion for Rhiphicephalus sanguineus sensu lato control: Formulation development, field efficacy, and safety on dogs

The present study aimed to develop a microemulsion formulation containing thymol and eugenol for field control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato on dogs, as well to evaluate its safety and the physical characteristics of the formulation. The microemulsion using thymol and eugenol (5.0 + 5.0 mg/mL) had as vehicles water, propylene glycol, polysorbate 80 and canola oil. On the next day the preparation (formulation freshly prepared) and after 24 months, the size of the microemulsion droplets, polydispersion index (PdI), organoleptic properties (color, viscosity), and presence of precipitate in the microemulsion were evaluated. For the field assay, on day -1, 10 English Cocker Spaniel dogs were experimentally infested with 200 larvae, 100 nymphs and 30 adults of R. sanguineus s.l. On day 0, after tick counts, the animals were divided into two groups: treated with the freshly prepared microemulsion (10 mL/kg), and control, which received the vehicle (10 mL/kg). Tick counts on dogs were performed daily for three more days. Engorged females were recovered from the dogs and their biological and reproductive parameters were monitored. The dogs’ clinical parameters (temperature, mucosa color, and general physical condition) were evaluated daily. In addition, blood samples were collected before infestation to verify hematological (packed cell volume) and biochemical parameters (total serum protein, albumin, globulins, creatinine, urea, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase). Freshly prepared and 24-month aged microemulsions had droplets with mean sizes of 30.94 nm and 27.93 nm, and PdI values of 0.214 and 0.161, respectively. In addition, no difference in the organoleptic properties and no precipitation formation were observed, indicating physical stability. Treatment with the microemulsion resulted in reduction of larvae (p < 0.05) parasitizing the dogs on day 1 while the number of nymphs and adults was not reduced (P> 0.05). In the evaluation of the reproductive biology of engorged females, the larval hatchability (%) was compromised (p < 0.05), and the microemulsion had control rate of 85.5 %. The microemulsion and its vehicles did not change the clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters of the dogs. We concluded that the microemulsion was efficient against R. sanguineus s.l. by reducing the number of larvae and affecting the reproductive parameters of engorged females, safe for dogs, and stable (physical stability) during a two-year interval.

Etawa Goat Estrus Quality with Estrus Synchronization

Background: Estrus synchronization is a way to get a herd of cattle estrus at the same time. This method can increase the reproductive success of livestock, thereby increasing production and population. Purpose: To determine the estrus quality from estrus synchronized Boerja goats, in Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency. Method: Estrus synchronization using an intra-vaginal sponge contains hormone progesterone, combined with the injection of the hormone GnRH. an intra-vaginal progesterone sponge was inserted for 14 days. After 14 days, the goats were injected with the GnRH hormone, then placed in a cage with the male and observed for estrus quality. Result: the average onset of estrus was 40.6 hours, the average color of the goat's vulvar mucosa when estrus was 2.3 (dark pink), the average presence of mucus was 1.9 (excess vulvar mucus), the average mucus color is 2.8 (white), and the average temperature increase of the vulva when the goat is in estrus is 0.4 ° C. Conclusion: The observations showed that the estrus quality of the goats was very diverse and not all goats were able to show the maximum estrus quality. It can be due to genetic factors, body condition, and feed nutrition.

Effect of moxibustion and acupuncture on gastric mucosal cell apoptosis and expression of NF-κB, Bcl-2 in chronic atrophic gastritis rats

To observe the effect of moxibustion and acupuncture on apoptosis in gastric mucosal cell and expression of NF-κB, Bcl-2 in chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) rats, so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improvement of CAG. Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into normal, model, moxibustion and acupuncture groups, with 12 rats in each group. The CAG model was established by gavage of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) solution and irregular diet for 12 weeks. Moxibustion or acupuncture was applied to "Zusanli" (ST36) and "Zhongwan" (CV12) for 15 min, once daily for two weeks in the moxibustion or acupuncture group. The histopathological changes of the gastric mucosa were observed by HE staining. The apoptosis index of gastric mucosa was measured by TUNEL method. The gene expression levels of NF-κB and Bcl-2 were detected by real-time PCR. After modeling, the color of gastric mucosa was pale and dark, with low folds and significant bleeding points. The glands in lamina propria were atrophied, arranged disorderly, and the numbers were significantly reduced, with inflammatory cells infiltrated. Those histopathological changes were evidently milder in the moxibustion and acupuncture groups. Compared with the normal group, the apoptosis index, NF-κB and Bcl-2 gene expression of the model group were significantly increased (P<0.01). After the treatment, the apoptosis index, NF-κB and Bcl-2 gene expression were significantly reduced in the moxibustion and acupuncture groups (P<0.05，P<0.01). The NF-κB expression was lower in the acupuncture group than that of moxibustion group (P<0.01). Moxibustion and acupuncture therapy can improve the injury of gastric mucosa in CAG rats, which may be associated with its function in down-regulating the expression of NF-κB and Bcl-2 genes in the gastric mucosa.

Videolaryngoscopic evaluation of hypopharyngeal lesions caused by PLMA and I-gel: A randomised controlled clinical trial

ObjectiveThe ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) and I-gel, both second-generation supraglottic airway devices have been compared in previous studies but with inconsistent results regarding their safety and efficacy. Their influence on the hypopharyngeal mucosa have not been evaluated before under videolaryngoscopy. MethodsOne hundred ASA I-II patients, aged 18–70 years who underwent elective surgery were randomly allocated for airway management with the I-gel or ProSeal laryngeal mask airway. Mucosal oedema, mucosal colour change and nodularity were evaluated with videolaryngoscopy. Insertion times, oropharyngeal leak pressure and complications were assessed. ResultsFor the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway, the mean insertion time (28 ± 15 vs. 18 ± 9.91, P < 0.001) and oropharyngeal leak pressure at the time of insertion (27 ± 7 vs. 23 ± 5, P = 0.01) were significantly higher than the I-gel. With the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway, the incidences of dysphagia were higher at 1 and 12 hours postoperatively (30% vs.12%, P = 0.024) and (16% vs. 4%, %, P = 0.046). A significant relationship was found between hypopharyngeal hyperemia and dysphagia (P = 0.001). ConclusionThe use of the I-gel resulted in fewer complications than the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway and seems to be advantageous over the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in adults under general anaesthesia.

Demarcated redness associated with increased vascular density/size: a useful marker of flat-type dysplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Background and study aims Recent advances in endoscopic equipment and diagnostic techniques have improved the detection of dysplasia in the inflamed mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). However, it remains difficult to endoscopically identify flat-type dysplasia which has been formerly recognized as invisible dysplasia. Patients and methods In this retrospective, single-center study, we endoscopically identified 10 cases of flat-type-predominant dysplasia by targeted biopsy among 38 intramucosal dysplasia lesions from patients with UC who underwent surgical or endoscopic resection from 2007 to 2017. Their endoscopic and histological features were examined, including color changes, intramucosal vascular density/size, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Results All flat-type-predominant dysplasias were endoscopically recognized as demarcated red-colored areas and histologically diagnosed as low- (LGDs) or high-grade dysplasias (HGDs). Immunohistochemical examination using resected specimens revealed that flat-type dysplasia was characterized by significantly increased CD34-positive vascular density (LGDs, 1.7-fold, P < 0.01; HGDs, 2.2-fold, P < 0.01) and size (LGDs, 1.03-fold, P < 0.01; HGDs, 1.11-fold, P < 0.01) in the mucosa, compared to adjacent non-neoplastic areas. Increased numbers of vessels were observed at the base of the mucosa in LGDs, whereas HGDs contained increased/enlarged vessels throughout the mucosa. Moreover, VEGF expression was elevated in all dysplastic epithelia. Conclusions Demarcated red-colored areas, histologically characterized by an increased vascular density/size in the mucosa, are an endoscopic sign of formerly invisible flat-type dysplasia in patients with UC and should be considered for targeted biopsy. Prospective studies focusing on the mucosal color change for their early detection would be desirable in the future.

Linked colour imaging versus white-light colonoscopy for the detection of flat colorectal lesions: A randomized controlled trial.

Linked colour imaging is an image-enhanced endoscopy system that emphasizes the red portion of the mucosa's colour. Our aim was to compare the effectiveness of linked colour imaging with white-light colonoscopy for the detection of flat-type colorectal polyps. This was a single-centre, randomized controlled trial. Enrolled patients were those aged ≥50years undergoing cap-assisted colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. They were randomized in a 1:1 ratio for observation using linked colour imaging or white-light colonoscopy. All colorectal polyps detected were removed or biopsied. The primary outcome was the number of flat-type polyps per patient in patients in whom flat polyps were detected. Secondary outcomes included adenoma and polyp detection rates. There were 302 subjects randomized: 152 to linked colour imaging and 150 to white-light colonoscopy. There were no differences in the clinical features between the two arms. The number of flat polyps detected per patient using linked colour imaging was approximately twice that with white light (2.9±3.0 vs 1.2±1.6, p=0.045). Linked colour imaging also proved superior to white-light colonoscopy in terms of adenoma and polyp detection rates [adenomas 66% (101/152) vs 49% (73/150), p=0.0024; polyps 69% (105/152) vs 55% (82/150), p=0.013]. The ratio of polyps detected in the right colon compared with those detected in the left colon was significantly greater using linked colour than white-light imaging (168/64 vs 93/84; p<0.001). Compared with white-light colonoscopy, linked colour imaging improved adenoma and polyp detection rates, including detection of flat-type colorectal polyps.

Characterization and sustainable anti-ulcer activity of hydrogels based on acid-diol reactions

Hydrogels have been applied in biomedical field to facilitate drug delivery and wound closures. However, there is a need for a more sustainable chemical approach. The objective of this study was to prepare oral hydrogels based on dynamic interactions between boric acid and chitosan or bioactives-rich extract of Mangifera indica leaf, and assess their physicochemical and sustainable gastro-protective qualities. The leaves of Mangifera indica were collected, dried, powdered and extracted with methanol using soxhlet extractor. The extract was characterized by Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS). Hydrogels were prepared using varied combinations of diol-based chitosan and extract (1:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:0, 0:1) in mixtures with boric acid. The pH, viscosity, sedimentation volume, redispersibility, Fourier Transform-InfraRed Spectroscopy (FTIR), release of phytoconstituents and anti-ulcer activities of the hydrogels were investigated. The GCMS result revealed the presence of diols, quinoline derivatives and other compounds. The formulations showed pH range of 1.5–6.2 and viscosities were mostly greater than 400 mPa/s. The values of redispersibility number and sedimentation volumes of the formulations expressed the relative physical stabilities of the batches and compatibility was assessed from FTIR spectra. The hydrogels were found to have gastro-protective effects and effectively released entrapped bioactives in extract. Test hydrogels showed significantly high anti-ulcer activities and provision of barrier functions against toxic substances. Furthermore, preparations containing the extract showed less adverse changes in colour of gastric mucosa. Oral hydrogels based on boric acid, chitosan and methanol extract of M. indica leaves show promising properties in ulcer treatment.

Implant soft tissue Dehiscence coverage Esthetic Score (IDES): A pilot within- and between-rater analysis of consistency in objective and subjective scores.

To introduce an esthetic index for assessing the outcomes of peri-implant soft tissue dehiscence/deficiency (PSTD) coverage and test its within- and between-reviewer reliability. Photographs of 51 single PSTDs at baseline and after treatment were provided to four periodontists from three centers. The examiners were asked to rate each case at two timepoints with the Implant soft tissue Dehiscence/deficiency coverage Esthetic Score (IDES) that involved the evaluation of the post-treatment level of the soft tissue margin, peri-implant papillae height, mucosa color, and mucosa appearance (summing up to a total score of 10). Variance components analysis was conducted using multilevel regression fit in a Bayesian framework for obtaining uncertainty intervals for fractional variance contributions and intraclass correlation values (ICC) of the IDES, and for each of its four clinical variables. Regression models showed reproducible esthetic evaluation among the examiners (inter-reliability) and negligible intra-reviewer variability (assessment of the same case at different timepoints). The ICC for the variability in the assessment of the overall IDES was 0.86, and for the individual components ranged from 0.78 to 0.87. Additionally, there was a strong similarity between the raters' IDES values, and their subjective esthetic response, by the same raters. The IDES showed persistent judgment among the 4 reviewers, and only a slight intra-reviewer variability across timepoints. Within its limitations, this study suggests that the proposed novel score can be a reliable tool for evaluating the esthetic outcomes of PSTD coverage, which can aid in standardization of esthetic assessments following the treatment of a PSTD.

MANAGEMENT OF ORAL SUBMUCOSAL FIBROSIS (OSMF) WITH PANCHGAVYA SHUKTA SHODHAN GANDUSHA AS A DINACHARYA PROCEDURE

The rate of tobacco in addition to above conditions consumption in various forms in recent years is viewed as an emerging epidemic. The symptoms of OSMF may include burning sensation in mouth, intolerance to spicy, pain in mouth, changes in color of oral mucosa, difficulty in opening of mouth. Mukha rogas have been mentioned in Ayurved, with various treatment modalities especially Gandusha and is one of the im-portant Upakrama in Dincharya. Panchagavya is prepared by mixing five products of cow and used in tra-ditional many applications. Shukta varga includes acidic and partially alcoholic preparations of self-generated nature. Application of Panchagavya externally can reduce the Kaathinyata (Hardness) under the Twacha (skin) of oral cavity.

Rumen morphometry and sorting behavior of fattening male goat fed pelleted and unpelleted TMR with two levels of wheat straw

Abstract The physical form of the diet and level of straw in fattening total mixed rations (TMR) can influence sorting behavior and rumen morphometry. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to evaluate two levels of wheat straw (WS) in conventional and pelleted TMR on feed sorting behavior, rumen morphometry, the thickness of stratum corneum (SC), and color of reticulorumen mucosa. Thirty-two Beetle male goats (8 goats/treatment) were assigned to one of the four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: CTMR15 and CTMR 25 (conventional TMR containing 15 and 25 % WS, respectively), the PTMR15 and PTMR25 (pelleted TMR containing 15 and 25 % WS, respectively). In PTMR, the WS was ground to 8 mm and then pelleted. Feed sorting behavior of goats fed conventional TMR was evaluated twice weekly using Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS). At the end of the experiment, goats (n = 8/treatment) were slaughtered and rumen tissues preserved for further rumen morphometric examination. The CTMR25 fed goats consumed more medium ( 8 mm) and short (> 1.18) particles. There was a significant interaction (P 0.05) by the PF or the SL in the diet. The thickness of stratum corneum (SC) (18.55 μm) was highest (P

Gross Mucosal Features Of Stomach And Type Of Poison: An Autopsy Study

The study is designed to know the colour and state of stomach mucosa in all the poisoning death cases where an autopsy was conducted. The state of stomach mucosa in various poisons differs, probably due to preservatives, constituents or the poison by itself. But these changes remain static for a given poison irrespective of age, sex, stomach wash fluids, or the treatment adopted. Total 62 cases of death due to poisoning were studied at District Hospital Vijaypur from April 2019 to July 2021. Photographs of stomach mucosa were taken, viscera preserved and sent to RFSL through the police concerned. After receiving a chemical analysis report from the police, an opinion as to the cause of death chemical nature of poison is evident. It was compared with photographs of similar poisons. It was observed that the colour& state of mucosa was similar for specific poison subjected to variation in depth of colour, and there is a difference in colour and state of mucosa from one poison to another.

Application of linked color imaging in the diagnosis of early gastrointestinal neoplasms and precancerous lesions: a review.

Introduction:Minimally invasive endoscopic resection is often effective in the management of early gastrointestinal tumors. However, advanced and more effective methods of endoscopic examination are required to improve the rate of diagnosing early gastrointestinal tumors.Discussion:The development of dye-based image-enhanced endoscopy (d-IEE) and equipment-based image-enhanced endoscopy (e-IEE) has helped improve the diagnostic rate of early gastrointestinal tumor using endoscopy. In some special cases, these methods are still not accurate in diagnosing lesions. On the basis of these e-IEEs, a new endoscopic technique, linked color imaging (LCI), that combines a specific short wavelength narrow band of light with white light, has been developed.Conclusion:In this article, we summarized the characteristics of LCI and the development of research regarding digestive tract examination.Plain language summary Application of linked color imaging in early gastrointestinal neoplasms At present, the complete diagnosis of early gastrointestinal tumors and precancerous lesions can be made by gastrointestinal endoscopy. With the improvement of therapeutic instruments and operators’ experience, endoscopic therapy can often achieve significant effect in the treatment of early gastrointestinal tumors. The development and spread of equipment-based image-enhanced endoscopy (e-IEE) mode has helped improve the diagnosis rate of early gastrointestinal tumors under endoscopy. However, in some special cases, these methods are still not accurate for the diagnosis of lesions. On the basis of these E-IEEs, a new endoscopic technique, linked color imaging (LCI), has been developed, which combines a specific short wavelength narrow band of light with white light. LCI can significantly improve the diagnostic rate of all types of gastrointestinal mucosal lesions. Tumor lesions and inflammatory lesions can be distinguished by observing the mucosal microvascular structure and color difference. LCI helps detect early gastrointestinal mucosal lesions by taking advantage of the differences in light absorption of different wavelengths and contrast of enhanced colors in the later stage.

Оценка воздействия глифосата при низких концентрациях в кормовых зерновых культурах на биохимические показатели крови и органы лабораторных мышей

Chemical methods for managing invasive plants in agriculture are dominant at present. Glyphosate-containing preparations are used as a desiccant and for drying of crops during pre-harvest period. Residual quantity of glyphosate founded in the grains of different crops was between 0.70 and 33.0 mg/kg. For example, the herbicide concentration in oats grown in the UK was about 0.9-14 mg/kg. As the result, herbicide is found in the environment, forage, food staff, animal tissues and human biomaterial. Chemical methods of analysis cannot conclude the toxic effects of herbicides on the environment, warm-blooded animals and humans. The purpose of the study was to examine the toxic effect of glyphosate on biochemical blood assays and organs of the laboratory rodents. The evaluation of influence of glyphosate was based on studies using 48 rodents. Chronic toxicity effects were determined by feeding rodents with grains containing 7, 14, 28 mg/kg of glyphosate. The exposure time was more than 4 months. The criteria for toxicity were based on biochemical changes of blood cells and tissues of rodents. Significant deviations of laboratory rodents’ physiological standards of blood indicators were determined during the study. The results of laboratory researches demonstrate quantitative and qualitative changes of blood cells. Glyphosate intoxication in concentration of 7, 14, 28 mg/kg caused leukopenia, anemia, by reducing the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes. As it was intimated, the average reduction of number of leukocytes in blood by 30% and 66 % was founded in the group of rodents fed with grains containing 7 mg/kg of glyphosate after 4 and 6 months of the experiment; in the group of rodents fed with grains containing 14 mg/kg of glyphosate after 4 and 6 months of the experiment the average reduction reached 30% and 62 %; in the group of rodents fed with grains containing 28 mg/kg of glyphosate after 4 and 6 months of the experiment the average reduction reached 38 % and 73 %. The decrease of erythrocytes in blood of laboratory rodents demonstrates a greater dose-effect relationship in comparison with leukocytes. The average reduction of number of erythrocytes in blood by 23% and 28 % was founded in the group of rodents fed with grains containing 7 mg/kg of glyphosate after 4 and 6 months of the experiment; in the group of rodents fed with grains containing 14 mg/kg of glyphosate after 4 and 6 months of the experiment the average reduction reached 36% and 47%; in the group of rodents fed with grains containing 28 mg/kg of glyphosate after 4 and 6 months of the experiment the average reduction reached 43% and 59%. Qualitative changes in erythrocytes were determined by changes in size and shape of cells. Postmortem examination of laboratory rodents founded changes in the liver, small and large intestine. The hepatotoxicity of glyphosate was expressed by changes in liver size, consistency and color. Negative influence of herbicide on the gut walls of small and large intestine was also expressed by the changes of intestinal mucosa color, consistency. A group of rodents fed with grains containing 28 mg/kg of glyphosate faced more abnormal changes of gut walls of small and large intestine, being reflected by the appearance of splinter hemorrhages under the intestinal mucosa of small intestine. The study also determined the negative effects of glyphosate on mammalian reproductive function and the viability of the posterity of laboratory rodents. The results demonstrate that chronic toxicity of herbicides contributes to the deviation of hematological and biochemical indices of blood, negatively affects differentiative state of liver, gut walls.

Linked Color Imaging Focused on Neoplasm Detection in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract : A Randomized Trial.

Linked color imaging (LCI) is a new image-enhanced endoscopy technique that allows users to recognize slight differences in mucosal color. To compare the performance of LCI with white light imaging (WLI) in detecting neoplastic lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. A controlled, multicenter trial with randomization using minimization. (University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry: UMIN000023863). 16 university hospitals and 3 tertiary care hospitals in Japan. 1502 patients with known previous or current cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and undergoing surveillance for gastrointestinal cancer. WLI followed by LCI examination (WLI group) or LCI followed by WLI examination (LCI group). Diagnosis of 1 or more neoplastic lesions in the pharynx, esophagus, or stomach in the first examination (primary outcome) and 1 or more neoplastic lesions overlooked in the first examination (secondary outcome). 752 patients were assigned to the WLI group and 750 to the LCI group. The percentage of patients with 1 or more neoplastic lesions diagnosed in the first examination was higher with LCI than with WLI (60 of 750 patients or 8.0% [95% CI, 6.2% to 10.2%] vs. 36 of 752 patients or 4.8% [CI, 3.4% to 6.6%]; risk ratio, 1.67 [CI, 1.12 to 2.50; P= 0.011]). The proportion with overlooked neoplasms was lower in the LCI group than in the WLI group (5 of 750 patients or 0.67% [CI, 0.2% to 1.6%] vs. 26 of 752 patients or 3.5% [CI, 2.3% to 5.0%]; risk ratio, 0.19 [CI, 0.07 to 0.50]). Endoscopists were not blinded. LCI is more effective than WLI for detecting neoplastic lesions in the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. Fujifilm Corporation.

An Role of Yashtimadhu Siddha Til Tail Kawalgriha in the Management of Oral submucous fibrosis.(osmf)

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Oral submucous fibrosis (Osmf) is a chronic inflammatory condition of buccal mucosa with fibrosis,&amp; restricted mouth opening(trismus) characterized by discoloration of buccal mucosa, intolerance to spicy foods&amp; recurrent episodes of stomatitis.it is common in young population having the chewing habits of gutkha, pan masala, tobacco etc. It makes patients life miserable. As it is a precancerous condition it seeks attention towards this disease. Medical treatments with minor surgical options are available with unsatisfactory results. This study was aimed at finding the safe, effective &amp; cheap alternative remedy of osmf. This study conducted on 60 diagnosed cases of osmf fulfilling eligibility criteria randomly divided in two groups trial group 30 treated with yashtimadhu siddha til tail&amp; control group 30 treated with til tail+saindhav kavalgriha4 for one month with weekly follow-ups .Results in both the groups were encouraging with minimal differences, mouth opening capacity &amp; increased tolerance to spicy foods were the more appreciable results found in trial group. To get more results intervention can be extended for more periods. Before &amp; after mouth opening capacity inter Dental distance between central maxillary &amp; mandibular incisor teeth’s by venire caliper, along with color of buccal mucosa, pliability of mucosa, cheek retraction&amp; tolerance to spices were assessed for the outcome of treatments in both the Groups.&#x0D; Keywords- OSMF, Fibrosis, Kawal Griha, Siddha tail&#x0D; ABSTRACT&#x0D; Oral submucous fibrosis (Osmf) is a chronic inflammatory condition of buccal mucosa with fibrosis,&amp; restricted mouth opening(trismus) characterized by discoloration of buccal mucosa, intolerance to spicy foods&amp; recurrent episodes of stomatitis.it is common in young population having the chewing habits of gutkha, pan masala, tobacco etc. It makes patients life miserable. As it is a precancerous condition it seeks attention towards this disease. Medical treatments with minor surgical options are available with unsatisfactory results. This study was aimed at finding the safe, effective &amp; cheap alternative remedy of osmf. This study conducted on 60 diagnosed cases of osmf fulfilling eligibility criteria randomly divided in two groups trial group 30 treated with yashtimadhu siddha til tail&amp; control group 30 treated with til tail+saindhav kavalgriha4 for one month with weekly follow-ups .Results in both the groups were encouraging with minimal differences, mouth opening capacity &amp; increased tolerance to spicy foods were the more appreciable results found in trial group. To get more results intervention can be extended for more periods. Before &amp; after mouth opening capacity inter Dental distance between central maxillary &amp; mandibular incisor teeth’s by venire caliper, along with color of buccal mucosa, pliability of mucosa, cheek retraction&amp; tolerance to spices were assessed for the outcome of treatments in both the Groups.&#x0D;