Mucociliary Transport Time Research Articles

Newcastle Disease Viral Infection in Chicken Nasal Turbinate and Maxillary Sinus

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) B strain was inoculated intranasally and intrasinusly into unanesthetized chicken which were maintained on a standard commercial mash chicken diet until the age of 21 days after hatch. The lesions induced by NDV following intranasal inoculation usually produced a selective destruction of significant portions of the inner surface of the turbinate scroll, but sinus lesions, though sometimes present in NDV infection, were not common. The chicken sinus was infected by intrasinus inoculation. These results were supported by the amount of virus and mucociliary transport time in the turbinate and sinus. It is suggested that mucus hypersecretion of ostial gland and/or mucociliary activity in the sinus be one of the most important factors in protecting against chicken sinus infection.

Diurnal activity of the nasal mucosa:Relationship between Mucociliary Transport and Local Production of Secretory Imtnunoglobulins

Within the ambit of the cyclic activity of the nasal mucosa the purpose of this study was to verify the existence of possible correlation between the rate of mucociliary transport (MCT) during the day and the circadian changes of the SIgA concentrations already found in a previous study. In the present work, a daily fluctuation of the SIgA concentrations was confirmed and it was shown that the values decrease from the greatest limit at 4.00 a.m. to the lowest at 10.00 a.m. Circadian changes of the MCT times are also shown. Moreover, the comparison of the data pertaining to these two parameters showed opposite patterns: when the mucociliary transport velocity decreases, the secretory immunoglubulins reach the highest levels. The phase-displacement of the two examined functions thus makes it possible to compensate cyclic impairments of one activity with contemporary improvement of the other.

Role of mucus and cilia in nasal mucociliary clearance in healthy subjects.

Large interindividual variations of nasal mucocilliary clearance across healthy subjects have been previously described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the respective role of the nasal mucus quality and ciliary activity in determining nasal mucociliary clearance and to study changes in these variables across time and with environmental conditions. In 20 healthy nonsmoking volunteers, the in vivo nasal mucociliary clearance was measured with the saccharin test. Then, nasal mucus and ciliated cells were collected. The in vitro ciliary beat frequency of the nasal cells was evaluated by a photometric analysis. The in vitro nasal mucus transport rate was evaluated by use of the frog depleted-palate model. The nasal mucociliary transport time (NMTT) of saccharin was greater than 30 min in seven subjects and was 13.6 +/- 6.1 min (mean +/- SD) in the remaining 13 subjects. NMTT was correlated to the in vitro transport rate of the nasal mucus (r = -0.75, p less than 0.001), but not to the ciliary beating frequency or to ambient temperature, relative humidity, or air pollution indices measured. Moreover, large intraindividual variations of NMTT, measured on two occasions 4 to 8 wk apart, were found to be significantly correlated with changes in mucus transport rate (r = -0.60, p less than 0.05).

Influence of topical phenylpropanolamine on tachyphylaxis and mucociliary clearance in the human nose.

Topical nasal phenylpropanolamine in a 2.5 per cent solution (PPA) was used in an evaluation of the possible development of tachyphylaxis and of possible effects on the mucociliary system after one week of treatment in healthy humans. The tendency of PPA to produce tachyphylaxis was evaluated by rhinomanometrie measurements of nasal airway resistance after repeated dose-response provocations. The mucociliary transport time was tested with the saccharine-dye test. No reduced dose-response effect or change in mucociliary transport time was found with PPA, thus indicating that one week of treatment does not contribute to such adverse effects.

Substance P and human nasal mucociliary activity

Substance P (SP), a potent inflammatory agent, has been found in sensory nerve fibres in the nasal mucosa in several experimental animals as well as in man. It may participate in the inflammatory response as part of the mucosal defence against foreign materials. In experimental animals SP has been found to increase mucociliary in airway mucosa. The present study was performed in order to find out the relationship between topically applied SP and nasal mucociliary function in humans. Thirteen healthy volunteers were challenged with 65 micrograms SP or placebo in a randomized cross over fashion and mucociliary transport time was determined each time using the saccharine dye test. The dose of SP was chosen after an open dose-response study. No statistically significant change in the mucociliary transport time was found after challenge with SP as compared to placebo. The possible reasons for this are discussed.

Interaction between mucociliary transport and the ciliary beat of chicken nasal mucosa.

We studied the relationship between the mucociliary transport time and the ciliary beat frequency in the chicken nares following water deprivation and topical administrations of cocaine, atropine, and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Dehydration produced progressive decelerations of mucociliary flow but not ciliary beat frequency. In vivo 5% cocaine resulted in decreased sinus mucociliary transport time, while application of 20% cocaine to in vitro tissues caused ciliary paralysis within 5 min. Topical atropine was seen to affect both mucociliary flow and the ciliary beat frequency. NDV infection induced deceleration of the turbinate clearance time after 72 h, but did not change ciliary beat frequency. By day 12, mucociliary flow remained unchanged although ciliary beat frequency decreased significantly. Our results support the general concept that mucus is more important than are the cilia in normal nasal mucociliary function.

Normal values of mucociliary transport time in young subjects.

The authors studied the behaviour of nasal mucociliary transport (MCT) in 54 (33 female/21 male) normal children aged between 3 and 12 years, in orthostatic and clinostatic positions. The nasal MCT time was recorded with the stained tracer method; vegetal coal powder was used since it fulfills the required characteristics: it is neither toxic, nor soluble and can be easily detected. The examinations were carried out at the same time of day on two consecutive days under the same conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The statistical analysis of the results indicated an average nasal MCT time of 9.96 +/- 2.61 min in the orthostatic (upright) position and of 9.98 +/- 2.31 min in the clinostatic (lying) position: these values should be considered normal. No statistically significant difference was noted attributable to sex or posture.

Ｎｅｗｃａｓｔｌｅ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ ｖｉｒｕｓ感染ｃｈｉｃｈｅｎ鼻粘膜における繊毛領域面積の定量的観察

Mucociliary function is governed by cilia, mucus, and their interaction. To play their role in mucociliary function, cilia must be present in large number. It has been reported that the ciliary area is reduced in acute and chronic inflammations of the upper respiratory mucosa. However, quantitative observations of the ciliary area in these conditions have not been reported. In this study, ciliary areas of the maxillary turbinate infected with the B strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were quantified with a scanning electron microscope and an image analyzer. The epithelial surface occupied by cilia was calculated by an image analyzer. The ciliary area was expressed as a percentage of the total area examined. Ninety 21-day-old chickens were inoculated intranasally with NDV. The ciliary area and mucociliary transport time were examined periodically. The ciliary area was reduced about 50% on day 5 and then recovered gradually to normal by day 21. The ciliary area was reduced by increasing amounts of inoculated virus. A negative correlation was noted between histopathologic severity and ciliary area. The mucociliary transport time in the NDV infected nasal mucosa increased as the percentage of the ciliary area decreased. In this study, reduction of the area occupied by cilia caused deceleration of nasal mucociliary transport. Quantitative analysis of the ciliary area can clarify the role of cilia in mucociliary dysfunction.

ウイルス感染と粘液線毛輸送能

Relationship between the susceptibility to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and mucociliary function in the chicken nose was studied.Intranasal inoculations of different amount of virus had similar effect on the mucociliary function, on viral amount recovered from throat swabs and on pathological changes of the chicken turbinate.The lesions induced by NDV following intranasal inoculation produced a selective destruction of significant portions of the inner surface of the turbinate scroll, but sinus lesions were not common. These results were supported by the amount of virus and the mucociliary transport time in turbinate and sinus.Deceleration of the mucociliary transport time induced by dehydration did increase the amount of NDV by 100 to 1000 times over the control values. 20% cocaine and atropine had little effect on the mucociliary function 30 minutes after administration, but susceptibility of nasal mucosa decreased about 10 times in cocaine and 100 to 1000 times in atropine. These results indicated that the susceptibility of nasal mucosa to NDV might be actually affected by the mucociliary function.

粘液線毛輸送

Relationship between the mucociliary transport time and the ciliary beat frequency in the chicken nose was studied under the conditions of the water deprivation, the administration of cocaine and atropine and Newcastle disease virus infection.Internal dehydration produced progressive deceleration of mucociliary flow without the influence on ciliary best frequency.Administration of 5% cocaine to the sinus decelerated the mucociliary transport time in vivo. 20% of cocaine caused the ciliary paralysis 5 minutes after application in vitro.Atropine neither had apparent effect on the mucociliary flow nor on ciliary beat frequency.NDV infection induced the deceleration of the turbinate clearance time but no effect on ciliary beat frequency on day 3. On day 14, ciliary beat frequency was significantly decreased, however, mucociliary flow was not influenced.These results indicated that the mucociliary function might be more important factor than the ciliary beat.

The effect of protein malnutrition on the susceptibility of the chicken nose to Newcastle disease virus.

The effect of protein malnutrition on the susceptibility of the chicken nose to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was studied. Chicks that were rendered acutely protein-deficient for 1 or 3 weeks from the time of hatching yielded approximately 10 times more NDV from their throats than did normally fed animals 7 days after inoculation with the virus. Serum antibody responses in the protein-deficient animals 14 days after inoculation of NDV was statistically lower than in the normally fed animals. These results were supported by the mucociliary transport time in the turbinate and sinus, as well as by the histological changes in the turbinate. This difference may thus be due to the fact that normally fed maturing chicks develop an increased resistance to virus which is depressed in protein-deficient animals.