Mucoadhesive Gel Research Articles

The Impact of Chlorhexidine Mucoadhesive Gel in the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia is the common cause of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit. Due to the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine, and the long-lasting result of mucoadhesive drugs, this study aimed to determine the effect of chlorhexidine mucoadhesive gel on the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critical patients. In this clinical trial, 64 ventilated patients were selected and randomly allocated into two groups. The first group received 0.2% chlorhexidine mucoadhesive gel and the second group received 0.2% chlorhexidine solution as a mouthwash. Every three days, the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was evaluated by the clinical score of pulmonary infection. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software version 20. There was no statistically significant difference in demographic characteristics between the two groups. In the control group, 25% of the patients had ventilator-associated pneumonia, while it was only 15.6% in the intervention group; however, the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia revealed no significant difference between the two groups (HR ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.49 to 1.83 p =0.356).In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between the number of days connected to the ventilator (p =0.854), the number of days hospitalized in the intensive care unit (p =0.423), and the death rate (p =0.634) between the two groups. Although no significant statistical difference was detected between chlorhexidine mucoadhesive gel and chlorhexidine solution in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia, the incidence of pneumonia in the mucoadhesive gel group was clinically less than in the control group. It is better to repeat the study with a larger statistical population.

Effectiveness of Biosurfactant Lipopeptide Adhesive Mucus Paste on the Healing Process of Oral Wounds: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a common lesion of the oral cavity, and many treatments have been introduced by researchers. Objective. This study aims to determine the effect of biosurfactant lipopeptide (Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) adhesive mucus paste on the healing process of oral wounds. Materials and Methods. The studied population included 36 people (age range, 20–41 years). The volunteers had a history of oral ulcers and were randomly assigned to 3 groups: positive control (mouthwash chlorhexidine 0.2%), biosurfactant lipopeptide mucoadhesive (A baumannii and P aeruginosa), and base groups. In this analysis, the 2-paired sample t test, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis test (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) were used. Results. On the second day of treatment, the efficacy index of the positive control group was higher than that of the mucoadhesive and the base groups (P = .04) and there was a significant difference between the mucoadhesive group and the positive control group compared with the base group (P = .001). On the sixth day of treatment, the positive control group was significantly different from the mucoadhesive and base groups in terms of wound size (P < .05). Conclusions. This study showed that the use of mucoadhesive gel formation containing lipopeptide biosurfactant reduces pain and wound size compared to mucoadhesive without biosurfactant lipopeptide treatment, but it has less effect than routine treatment. Therefore, other studies should be done.

Use of factorial design in formulation and evaluation of intrarectal in situ gel of sumatriptan.

The study's goal was to create an in situ intrarectal mucoadhesive gel of sumatriptan (SMT) combining mucoadhesive polymer (xyloglucan) and thermosensitive polymers (poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188) to prolong rectal residence time for treatment of migraines. Nine SMT mucoadhesive rectal in situ gel (RIG) formulas were created by mixing poloxamer 407 (18%, 19%, or 20%) with poloxamer 188 (5%), a mucoadhesive polymer at various doses (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) as well as SMT (25 mg/ml). The prepared suppositories underwent for mucoadhesive force, gelation temperature, and gelation time. When SMT and mucoadhesive polymer were added to the poloxamer mixture, the gelation temperature dropped; however, poloxamer 188 had the opposite effect. These polymers supported the prepared liquids' ability to adhere to mucous membranes and form a strong gel. The transition gelation temperature of the poloxamer solution rose as a result of the addition of poloxamer 188. The findings showed that the formula RIG5 which is composed of poloxamer 407 (19%), poloxamer 188 (5%), and xyloglucan (0.2%) had an ideal transition temperature of 36.33°C, gel strength of 44.66°C, mucoadhesive force of 6409°C, and in vitro drug release of 93.98% over an 8-hour period. In light of this, it can be said that SMT was successfully manufactured as RIG without causing any chemical reaction with its additives.

Effects of Mucoadhesive Gel Containing Propolis on Some Biochemical and Hematologic Parameters in Rats With Experimental Periodontitis

This study aimed to investigate the effects of propolis-containing mucoadhesive gel in experimentally induced periodontitis in rats. Propolis-containing mucoadhesive gel was prepared by using chitosan with a modified mechanical method. Thirty-five Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study. Rats were divided five groups as negative control, periodontitis + 50 mg/dl propolis, periodontitis + 100 mg/dl propolis, periodontitis + chitosan and healthy control. Experimental periodontitis was induced by placing ligatures on the inferior frontal teeth. After 11 days, the ligatures were removed, and gel applications were started. On the eighth day, blood samples were taken under anaesthesia. Haematological and biochemical analyses were performed from whole blood and serum samples. As a result of the statistical analysis, non-statistically significant decreases were determined in serum CRP, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the groups that were applied a mucoadhesive gel containing propolis. As a result, it was thought that mucoadhesive gel containing propolis might help treat periodontitis.

Thermo-responsive and mucoadhesive gels for the treatment of cystinosis

Mucoadhesive thermogels were developed by crosslinking poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) based polymers with chitosan and incorporating disulfide bridges, capable of releasing cysteamine upon interaction with mucin, for the treatment of cystinosis. Through crosslinking with chitosan and incorporating varying concentrations of the disulfide monomer into the polymer backbone, the extent of how mucoadhesive the developed thermogels were could be controlled. Through disulfide bridging with mucin, the thermogels released 6 to 10 μg of the conjugate model 2-mercaptopyridine over five days. Utilizing chitosan as the crosslinker, the developed thermogels were shown to degrade to a statistically higher extent following incubation with lysozyme, the highest concentration tear enzyme, by gravimetric and rheologic analysis. The developed thermogels were extensively tested in vivo utilizing a rat model in which materials were applied directly to the corneal surface and a rabbit model in which thermogels were applied to the inferior fornix. With the developed models, there was no adverse reactions or visual discomfort incurred following application of the thermogels. It has been demonstrated that the thermogels produced can be applied to the inferior fornix and release the stable conjugated payload over several days. The developed thermogel was designed to improve upon the current clinical treatment options for ocular cystinosis which are acidic topical formulations that require reapplication multiple times a day.

Designing Polymer-based Mucosa Membranes: Biomimicking

Mucoadhesion develops when a polymer adheres to the mucosal membrane through chemical or physical interactions. Adhesive materials are often employed in the manufacture of dosage forms for transmucosal drug administration via oral, nasal, esophageal, buccal and vaginal routes. This review covers some of the most prevalent synthetic methods for improving the mucoadhesive characteristics of polymeric materials. The buccal film and the oral dose form are two of these administration methods. Medication with a high blood perfusion rate can easily pass through the mucosal barrier of the mouth (oral mucosa). Drugs with low bioavailability and short half-life are simpler to administer. Buccal films, as opposed to traditional drug delivery systems, enable for the regulated and prolonged release of topical pharmaceuticals and are favoured over alternative approaches for delivering medications that are at risk of being lost because to the first pass effect, reduced permeability, enzyme degradation along with the gastrointestinal system's changing environment. Superior mucoadhesive qualities are found in hydrophilic polymers that have charged groups and/or non-ionic functional groups that can establish hydrogen bonds with mucosal surfaces. There are multiple ways for assessing the mucoadhesive characteristics of different dosage formulations. This review provides an overview of the properties of mucoadhesive and mucus gel, as well as the most commonly used procedures.

Formulation and evaluation of guava leaf extract gel for mouth ulcer management

The highlight of this study was preparation of microparticles using the extract of guava leaves which led to novel drug delivery of the herbal extract. The aim of the study was to formulate a microparticles loaded gel for management of mouth ulcer. The microparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method using the polymer, oil and liquid phase. Then the preparation of gel base was done with incorporation of microparticles. The evaluation of the microparticles and the gel was done. This study is an effort to develop a herbal gel for mouth ulcers offering better compatibility and lesser discomfort. We used Psidium guajava leaf extract microparticles for the preparation of gel. The gel formulations prepared were transparent and homogeneous within the pH range of 6 to 6.8. The formulation showed acceptable spreadability, extrudability and rheological properties. The formulation showed antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and E coli. Therefore, developed formulations have the potential to treat mouth ulcers. The Psidium gujava leaf extract microparticles loaded gel is a good mucoadhesive gel for mouth ulcer management. Therefore, herbal ingredients can be used for novel drug delivery and make it safe for administration with lesser risk of adverse reactions.

Formulation and Physical Characterization of a Polysaccharidic Gel for the Vehiculation of an Insoluble Phytoextract for Mucosal Application

Maintaining insoluble plant-based ingredients in suspension and ensuring long-term physical stability is particularly challenging for formulators of green cosmetics. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and applicative properties of gel and gel-cream topical formulations suitable for delivering an insoluble phytocomplex on the vaginal mucosa and maintaining its integrity. For this purpose, we studied the compatibility of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton phytocomplex (PFP), derived from in vitro plant cell cultures and presented as a powder finely dispersed in glycerin, with different classes of natural rheological modifiers (such as xanthan gum, sclerotium gum, succinoglycan, xyloglucan, diutan gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum derivative) in gel and gel-cream formulations, to meet the needs of the cosmetic market for naturalness and biodegradability. Through rheological and texture analyses, we studied the physico–mechanical properties of the samples, comparing the performances of the chosen polysaccharides to those of acrylic polymeric rheological modifiers, evaluating their contribution in terms of stability and applicative properties. Since a weak-gel rheological pattern proved to be the optimal one to keep the actives in suspension, the associations of tamarind seed polysaccharides with succinoglycan or scleroglucan were the most suitable for the formulation of mucoadhesive gels.

Development and optimization of candesartan cilexetil nasal gel for accentuated intranasal delivery using central composite design

The investigation was intended to create a mucoadhesive thermoreversible gel containing candesartan cilexetil for enhanced nasal drug delivery using a quality by design approach. Thermoreversible gel formulation bearing candesartan cilexitil was developed by cold method. The central composite design was used for the candesartan-loaded nasal gel optimization. The Pluronic® F-127 (poloxamer 407), carbopol 934P, and polyethylene glycol were used as independent variables while gelation temperature and drug content were taken as the dependent variables. The formulation optimized by design was further evaluated for pH, permeation study, and mucoadhesive strength. The optimized thermoreversible nasal gel formulation shows a gelation temperature of 27 ± 1 °C and drug content of 99.13 ± 0.55 %. The viscosity and pH of the optimized formulation were found to be 23.25 ± 0.36 Pa.S and 6.4 ± 0.1 respectively. Conclusion: The developed nasal gel formulation shows the enhanced delivery of candesartan cilexitil due to the presence of the permeation enhancer in comparison to the drug solution. The improved mucoadhesive strength, and the residence time of nasal gel of candesartan cilexitil for hypertension is of potential application and compliance.

Development and characterization of amphotericin B nanoemulsion-loaded mucoadhesive gel for treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis

Despite being recognized as the “gold standard” for treating azole-resistant vulvovaginal candidiasis, amphotericin B (AmB), an amphoteric molecule, has not been widely used due to serious issues with solubility and permeability. In light of the aforementioned, the objective of the present study was to increase AmB's therapeutic efficacy by formulating it into an o/w nanoemulsion (AmB-NE) system. Furthermore, to facilitate AmB-NE's retention within the vaginal cavity, it was loaded into a mixture of Carbopol® 974P and Aloe vera-based gel (CA gel). Briefly, in the present study, a kinetically stable batch of formulated AmB-NE having a globule size of 76.52 ± 3.11 nm, PDI of 0.342 ± 0.032, and zeta potential of -22.32 ± 0.88 mV was incorporated into the CA gel base. This AmB-NE loaded gel (AmB-NE gel) exhibited a non-Fickian/anomalous diffusion from the hydrophilic matrix. The texture analysis of AmB-NE gel revealed that the prepared gel was a non-drip, soft, easy to spread, and sufficiently cohesive gel that could reside in the vaginal cavity, which was confirmed by our ex-vivo retention test, which revealed that AmB-NE loaded gel could stay in the vaginal cavity for approximately 11 h. Ex-vivo skin permeation studies revealed that AmB-NE is 4.26 times more permeable than AmB-coarse gel, implying that AmB-NE facilitates AmB entry into the vaginal epithelial layers. Furthermore, in-vivo vaginal lavage studies revealed that AmB-NE gel permeated 7.03-fold more than AmB-coarse gel. Prepared AmB-NE gel was stable in refrigerated condition and showed no histopathological toxicity. Thus, the present study suggests that AmB-NE gel could eliminate the existing problem of AmB and that it could serve as an alternative option to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Tragacanth and xanthan gum natural polymers for formulation of clotrimazole mucoadhesive gel

Clotrimazole is an antifungal agent, widely used in vulvovaginal and oropharyngeal candidiasis. Currently available clotrimazole (especially vaginal) dosage forms, have some limitations, including: leakage, messiness and low residence time, which leads to poor patient compliance. Therefore, in this study, a clotrimazole mucoadhesive gel has been developed as a suitable strategy due to their high water content, increased local retention time, lubrication and patient compliance. Xanthan gum and tragacanth with different portions were utilized as natural mucoadhesive gel forming polymers. Gel formulations were subjected to physico-chemical evaluations including gel viscosity, FTIR spectroscopy, spreadability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of hydrogel chains, and release kinetic. Results demonstrated that among 8 developed formulas, formulation F1 showed the appropriate properties including controlled drug release (63.13% in 6h) with higuchi release kinetic, higher mucoadhesion (77.71 dyne cm-1) and drug content (94.47%) and relatively low spreadability (3.5 cm) which is suitable for local drug delivery. FTIR spectroscopy revealed there is not incompatibility between clotrimazole and other excipients in formulations. Combination of natural polysaccharides can form a proper mucoadhesive gel matrix for delivery of synthetic or natural drugs.

Assessment of Binary Agarose-Carbopol Buccal Gels for Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Characterization.

Agarose (AG) is a naturally occurring biocompatible marine seaweed extract that is converted to hydrocolloid gel in hot water with notable gel strength. Currently, its mucoadhesion properties have not been fully explored. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the mucoadhesive potential of AG binary dispersions in combination with Carbopol 934P (CP) as mucoadhesive gel preparations. The gels fabricated via homogenization were evaluated for ex vivo mucoadhesion, swelling index (SI), dissolution and stability studies. The mucoadhesive properties of AG were concentration dependent and it was improved by the addition of CP. Maximum mucoadhesive strength (MS) (27.03 g), mucoadhesive flow time (FT) (192.2 min), mucoadhesive time in volunteers (MT) (203.2 min) and SI (23.6% at 4 h) were observed with formulation F9. The mucoadhesive time investigated in volunteers (MT) was influenced by AG concentration and was greater than corresponding FT values. Formulations containing 0.3%, w/v AG (F3 and F9) were able to sustain the release (~99%) for both drugs till 3 h. The optimized formulation (F9) did not evoke any inflammation, irritation or pain in the buccal cavity of healthy volunteers and was also stable up to 6 months. Therefore, AG could be considered a natural and potential polymer with profound mucoadhesive properties to deliver drugs through the mucosal route.

Efficacy and safety of platelet lysate mucoadhesive gel in the treatment of patients suffering from an erosive form of oral lichen planus: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

Efficacy and safety of platelet lysate mucoadhesive gel in the treatment of patients suffering from an erosive form of oral lichen planus: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

Development of mucoadhesive adapalene gel for biotherapeutic delivery to vaginal tissue.

Purpose: Alternate formulation strategies need to be devised for improving the absorption and bioavailability of drug molecules administered through the intravaginal route. Enhancing the coating of vaginal mucosa can aid the achievement of this goal. The aim of the current study is to develop a mucoadhesive formulation having adequate adhesiveness, spreading, and viscosity profiles that can ensure good tissue absorption of adapalene upon intravaginal application. Method: A combination of mucoadhesive agents has been employed, including Carbopol-934, HPMC K-15M, and xanthan gum, in varying ratios to formulate five different gels. Furthermore, a cost-effective UV-spectroscopic analytical method was developed to quantify the amount of adapalene in tested samples, both of in vitro and in vivo origin. The analytical method was validated for different parameters, including specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, and ruggedness. The modified USP-II apparatus was used for dissolution studies, while in vivo pharmacokinetic validation was performed in a murine model. Result: Of all the tested formulations, on the basis of the rheo-mechanical attributes, ACX3 performed better than the rest, including the commercially available intravaginal reference product. ACX3 had an average adhesion time of 12 min and a spread diameter of 37 mm. It showed 35 mm as average distance travelled by the diluted sample for leakage assessment. The analytical method developed for the adapalene muco-adhesive gel was within the range for all the validation parameters. For further evaluating the performance of the formulation, dissolution studies were conducted in simulated vaginal conditions which showed 94.83% of drug release within 5 minutes, while on completion of 30 min, it was measured to be 92.90%. Moreover, approximately 67% of the administered drug was recovered after 5 min of administration as evaluated through tissue recovery procedures in mice. Conclusion: The study aided in development of a formulation which can enhance the muco-adhesion of the drug molecule, resulting in an improved pharmacokinetic profile. Moreover, it established an efficient assay method which can be employed for in vitro and in vivo quantification of adapalene in simulated and physiological fluids.

Porous cellulose-collagen scaffolds for soft tissue regeneration: influence of cellulose derivatives on mechanical properties and compatibility with adipose-derived stem cells

This study compares two types of bioresorptive cellulose, i.e., calcium-sodium salt of oxidized cellulose (OC) and sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). It investigates which type would be preferable as an implant material in terms of biocompatibility, biomechanical and biological properties, and also in terms of its behavior in combination with collagen fibrils (Col) in composite Col/OC or Col/CMC scaffolds. OC significantly supported the stiffness and elasticity of Col fibrils, whereas CMC significantly reduced these properties. OC also enabled a strong interaction with Col fibrils even in a moist environment, accompanied by a significant drop in elastic modulus. The addition of cellulose did not significantly influence scaffold porosity; however, changes in surface morphology and the lower swelling capacity of OC, with a degree of oxidation of its chains between 16 and 24%, supported the idea of improved cell-material interaction. The elasticity and the stiffness of Col/OC guided human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) to significantly higher adhesion, proliferation, and metabolic activity. On the contrary, the Col/CMC provided only limited mechanical support for the cells and inhibited their attachment and proliferation, although without any signs of cytotoxicity. This phenomenon could be used for future control of the differentiation of hADSCs towards a desired phenotype to generate advanced tissue replacements using modern methods of tissue engineering. The oxidation of cellulose resulted in a firmer scaffolding material, as required in vascular or skin tissue engineering. CMC is suitable for moist wound healing, e.g. as a mucoadhesive gel, where cell adhesion is not desirable.Graphical abstract

Utilization of propranolol hydrochloride mucoadhesive invasomes as a locally acting contraceptive: in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo evaluation

It was found that propranolol hydrochloride (PNL), which is a beta-blocker used for hypertension treatment, has a potent spermicidal activity through local anesthetic activity or beta-blocking effect on sperm cells subsequently it could be used as a contraceptive remedy. This study aimed to entrap PNL into invasomes (INVs) and then formulate it as a locally acting contraceptive gel. PNL-loaded mucoadhesive INVs were prepared via the thin-film hydration technique. The D-optimal design was utilized to fabricate INVs employing lipid concentration (X1), terpenes concentration (X2), terpenes type (X3), and chitosan concentration (X4) as independent variables, while their impact was observed for entrapment efficiency percent (Y1; EE%), particle size (Y2; PS), zeta potential (Y3; ZP), and amount of drug released after 6 h (Y4; Q6h). Design Expert® was bestowed to nominate the desired formula. The selected INV was subjected to further studies and formulated into a mucoadhesive gel for ex-vivo and in-vivo investigations. The optimum INV showed a spherical shape with EE% of 65.01 ± 1.24%, PS of 243.75 ± 8.13 nm, PDI of 0.203 ± 0.01, ZP of 49.80 ± 0.42 mV, and Q6h of 53.16 ± 0.73%. Differential scanning calorimetry study asserted the capability of INVs to entrap PNL. Permeation studies confirmed the desired sustained effect of PNL-loaded INVs-gel compared to PNL-gel, INVs, and PNL solution. Sperm motility assay proved the potency of INVs-gel to inhibit sperm motility. Besides, the histopathological investigation verified the tolerability of the prepared INVs-gel. Taken together, the gained data justified the efficacy of PNL-loaded INVs-gel as a potential locally acting contraceptive.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. hexane extract: phytochemical analysis, nanoencapsulation, and in silico, in vitro, and in vivo anti-photoaging potential evaluation

A shift towards natural anti-aging ingredients has spurred the research to valorize traditionally used plants. In this context, Rosmarinus officinalis L. was evaluated for its photoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-wrinkling properties. GC/MS and LC-ESI-HRMS based phytochemical profiling of rosemary leaves hexane extract resulted in the identification of 47 and 31 compounds, respectively and revealed rich content in triterpenoids, monoterpenoids and phenolic diterpenes. In vitro assays confirmed the antioxidant, anti-aging, and wound healing potential of rosemary extract along with a good safety profile, encouraging further development. A systematic molecular modelling study was conducted to elucidate the mechanistic background of rosemary anti-aging properties through the inhibitory effects of its major constituents against key anti-aging targets viz. elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. Development of rosemary extract lipid nanocapsules-based mucoadhesive gels was performed to improve skin contact, permeation, and bioavailability prior to in vivo testing. The developed formulae demonstrated small particle size (56.55–66.13 nm), homogenous distribution (PDI of 0.207–0.249), and negatively charged Zeta potential (− 13.4 to − 15.6). In UVB-irradiated rat model, topical rosemary hexane extract-loaded lipid nanocapsules-based gel provided photoprotection, restored the antioxidant biochemical state, improved epidermal and dermal histological features, and decreased the level of inflammatory and wrinkling markers. The use of rosemary hexane extract in anti-aging and photoprotective cosmeceuticals represents a safe, efficient, and cost-effective approach.

The Evaluation of Healing Properties of Galium verum-Based Oral Gel in Aphthous Stomatitis in Rats.

Although oral ulcers represent one of the most frequent oral mucosal diseases, the available treatment is not sufficient to provide complete ulcer recovery without side-effects. Therefore, the aim of our study was to prepare a mucoadhesive oral gel based on Galium verum ethanol extract (GVL gel) and reveal its healing effects in the model of aphthous stomatitis in rats. Rats with oral ulcers were divided into the following groups: control (untreated), gel base (ulcer was treated with the gel base, three times per day for 10 days), and GVL gel group (the ulcer was treated with GVL gel in the same way as the gel base). Animals from each group were sacrificed on days 0, 3, 6, and 10 for collecting blood and ulcer tissue samples. Healing properties of oral gel were determined by clinical evaluation, as well as biochemical and histopathological examinations. Our findings suggest a significant decrease in the ulcer size in GVL gel group, with healing effects achieved through the alleviation of oxidative stress, reduction in COX-2 immunopositivity, and increase in collagen content in buccal tissue. Significant ulcer repairing potential of GVL gel highlights this oral mucoadhesive gel as a promising tool for prevention and treatment of RAS.

Mucoadhesive and Antimicrobial Allantoin/β Cyclodextrins-Loaded Carbopol Gels as Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine.

Allantoin and its β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes 1:1 have been used to prepare carbopol-based mucoadhesive gels. The gelation process occurred by adjustment with glycerol 10% in the presence of triethanolamine. The structural features induced by the presence of allantoin and the corresponding β-cyclodextrins inclusion complexes have been first investigated by infrared spectroscopy highlighting strong interactions within the gels network and ideal crosslinks for the self-healing behavior. The hydrophilicity of the gels was investigated by the determination of the surface tension parameters and the free energy of hydration. The interfacial free energy values indicated prolonged biocompatibility with blood. The gels-water molecule interactions in terms of sorption, permeability, and diffusion coefficients were evaluated by dynamic vapor sorption analysis. The self-assembly process through intermolecular H-bonding, the high hydrophilicity, the mechanical performance, the hydrolytic stability in simulated biological media, the biocompatibility with normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells, the mucoadhesivity and antimicrobial activity on selected microorganism species (S. Aureus and C. albicans) of the allantoin-based gels recommend them as promising scaffold alternatives in regenerative medicine.

Development, in-vitro characterization and ex-vivo permeation study of metronidazole loaded mucoadhesive ethosomal gel for the local treatment of oral cavity infection

The present study deals with the formulation, characterization of Metronidazole loaded ethosomal gel for treating oral infection. The ethosomal system of Metronidazole comprises of 2-5% phospholipids, 20-50% ethanol, 10% of propylene glycol, 10% of cholesterol and 10% v/v aqueous phase. Cold method was applied to develop ethosome. The prepared Metronidazole loaded ethosome was evaluated for vesicle size, entrapment efficiency,The Optimized Ethosome formulation was converted in to ethosomal gel. The gel further evaluated for pH, Drug content, mucoadhesive strength and ex-vivo permeation study. The vesicle size of ethosome formulation MEF8 showed the lowest value of 324±1.32 µm. Formulation MEF8 showed the maximum entrapment efficiency of 86.11±0.11%. The mucoadhesive gel MEG8 formulated from optimized ethosome showed the maximum drug release 99.35% in 12 hr and ex-vivo oral mucosa permeation for MEG8 was found to be 1200µg/ml at 30minutes as compared to the pure drug.