Mucilage Concentration Research Articles

Effect of the use of ethanol and chia mucilage on the obtainment and techno‐functional properties of chia oil nanoemulsions

Chia oil contains a high content of linoleic and linolenic acid, which are essential for human metabolism. Chia nanoemulsion is a technique that can aid in preserving the components of this oil. This study aimed to develop and characterize chia oil nanoemulsions using chia mucilage as wall material. The nanoemulsions were developed varying the use of ethanol to check for any influence in the stability and the content of chia oil (0.043, 0.100, and 0.233 ml) and chia mucilage (0.125, 0.250, and 0.375 g) through high-speed stirrer. The smallest particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential suitable, high encapsulation efficiency, and stability of agitation were the parameters for choosing treatments with (T4E) and without (T4) ethanol with 0.375 g of chia mucilage and 0.233 ml of chia oil. The chosen nanoemulsions were characterized, being verified that the encapsulation was efficient. Also, during the stability evaluation, it was seen that the T4 presented smaller particle size and lower polydispersity index. The rheological parameters indicated that all nanoemulsions presented shear-thinning and semi-liquid viscoelastic behaviors. The nanoemulsions produced can be used in foods, because they facilitate the incorporation and preservation of the chia oil in food formulations and making them more nutritious. Novelty impact statement The development of chia oil nanoemulsion was performed using different concentrations of chia mucilage as an encapsulating material and varying the use of ethanol as an aid to the formation of drops. Physicochemical, morphological, stability, and technological characteristics were evaluated. Chia oil nanoemulsions with the addition or not of ethanol can be applied to food preserving chia oil from oxidation, in addition to facilitating the incorporation of oil into the food.

Fabrication, Characterization and Toxicity Evaluation of Chemically Cross linked Polymeric Network for Sustained Delivery of Metoprolol Tartrate

ABSTRACT Natural mucilages are auspicious biodegradable polymeric materials. The aim of the present research work was to elucidate the characteristics of quince mucilage-based polymeric network for sustained delivery of metprolol tartrate and its toxicity evaluation. Mucilage was extracted by hot water extraction, and characterization of quince mucilage was accomplished by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Different batches of quince mucilage polymeric network were prepared by free radical polymerization by utilizing varying ratios of quince mucilage, acrylamide and crosslinker. Degree of swelling depends on concentration of mucilage, monomer and also on crosslinking density of polymeric network. FTIR illustrates proficient grafting, and morphological (scanning electron microscopy) analysis signified porous design. Hence, quince mucilage-based design was encouraging for sustained delivery of metprolol tartrate and acute toxicity evaluation proved that mucilage-based network was safe for oral drug delivery system.

Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with flaxseed mucilage using co-extrusion technique

Aim This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of flaxseed mucilage on the co-extrusion microencapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Methods Core flow rate, chitosan coating, and flaxseed mucilage concentration were optimised for the microencapsulation of L. rhamnosus. The microbeads were characterised and evaluated on microencapsulation efficiency and cell released after 6 h of sequential digestion. Results The optimised parameters for the L. rhamnosus microencapsulation were 1.0 mL/min core flow rate, 0.4% (w/v) chitosan coating, and 0.4% (w/v) flaxseed mucilage. The L. rhamnosus microbeads with flaxseed mucilage in core and wall materials had a smooth surface with 781.3 µm diameter, the highest microencapsulation efficiency (98.8% w/w), lowest swelling (5196.7% w/w) and erosion ratio (515.5% w/w), and least cell release (<40% w/w) with 9.31 log10 CFU mL−1 after sequential digestion. Conclusions This study showed the protective capacity of flaxseed mucilage towards the L. rhamnosus GG during microencapsulation and gastrointestinal environment.

Carbonation of high-calcium lime mortars containing cactus mucilage as additive: a spectroscopic approach

Lime mortar is one of the oldest building materials. In Mexico, ingredients added to it to enhance its properties may include cactus mucilage, among others. We have evaluated the effect of adding, at two different concentrations, mucilage from Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear), Acanthocereous tetragonus (fairy castle cactus), and Hylocereus undatus (pitahaya or dragon fruit) in the accelerated carbonation of hydrated lime. The carbonation kinetics were followed by spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform mid-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that mucilage promoted carbonation, functioning as a positive catalyst. Analysis of the infrared (IR) absorption corresponding to the in-plane asymmetric stretching $${v}_{3}$$ of the $${\text{C}}{\text{O}}_{3}^{2-}$$ anion indicated that the carbonation rate increased with the percentage of mucilage, being directly dependent on the concentration of Opuntia and Acanthocereous mucilage at both concentration levels tested. SEM observations confirmed that the inclusion of mucilage promoted the creation of the aragonite polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

PREPARATION OF EDIBLE FILMS FROM TAMARIND MUCILAGE AND STUDYING THEIR PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION IN PACKAGING OF CHEDDAR CHEESE

The object of this study was to prepare Edible films from Tamarind mucilage solutions 0.5,1,1.5% and plasticized with glycerol 50% (w/w) of the mucilage. An increase in the thickness of the films and the elongation percentage were observed with an increase in the concentration of the mucilage, as it reached 0.06,0.09,0.11 mm and 26.7,30.2,33.4 %, respectively, while the tensile strength, solubility, and oxygen permeability rate decreased with the increase in the mucilage concentration and reached 15.62,12.81,9.78 MPa, 46.6,40.8,36.2 % and 32.91,28.78,25.55 ml / m². Day. respectively, The results showed the possibility of using tamarind mucilage films to produce cheddar cheese with good nutritional and qualitative properties.

Organ-oriented phytochemical profiling and radical scavenging activity of Alcea spp. (Malvaceae) from Iran

Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of flowers and herbage of three species of the genus Alcea were determined. Flowers showed high total phenolic content and yielded values ranging from 26.83 (Alcea aucheri var. lobata) to 82.59 (A. aucheri var. aucheri) mg GAE/g DW. Total anthocyanin content was highest (934.98 mg/ml) in the flowers of A. auchrei var. aucheri (A12), whereas the content was minimal (1.34 mg/ml) in the herbage of Alcea koelzii (A2). The highest total flavonoid content was recorded in A. koelzii (16.15 mg Q/g DW), while the lowest value was achieved in A. aucheri var. lobata (8.06 mg Q/g DW). The highest concentration of mucilage was recorded in the flowers from Alcea arbelensis (32%), whereas those of A. aucheri var. lobata yielded the lowest value (1.05%). Principal component analysis scatter plot, derived from all data for flowers in 13 Alcea specimens revealed a different quantitative phytochemical profile. The strongest radical scavenging activity, measured by DPPH method, was recorded in A. aucheri var. aucheri with an IC50 of 34.06 μg/ml.

Quitosano y mucílago de Opuntia ficus-indica (nopal) como base de una película polimérica comestible para la protección de tomates contra Rhizopus stolonifer

El quitosano es una materia prima extremadamente versátil para la producción de fibras y biomateriales. Como antifúngico, posee un mecanismo de acción relacionado con interacciones electrostáticas de las membranas celulares, siendo efectivo contra diversos hongos. Por otro lado, el mucílago de nopal (Opuntia) es una matriz polimérica con aplicaciones interesantes en el campo agrícola y alimentario como componente estructural de geles o suplemento dietético. En este trabajo se diseñó una película comestible basada en quitosano (antifúngico) y mucílago de nopal (estructurante) como una alternativa para la defensa de los cultivos contra las infecciones por hongos. Se realizaron diversas pruebas de homogeneidad y resistencia variando la concentración de quitosano, glicerol y mucílago para seleccionar la mejor composición para la película. Posteriormente se realizaron estudios estructurales y reológicos como elementos para la caracterización de la formulación elegida. Finalmente, se hicieron pruebas in vitro e in situ para evaluar el potencial antifúngico en la protección de frutos de interés. Con base en la caracterización cualitativa y fisicoquímica se determinó que la película con integridad homogénea en su estructura se obtuvo a concentraciones de 3% de glicerol, 2% de quitosano y 20% de mucílago de nopal. La película resultante tuvo una superficie homogénea, flexible, luminosa, ligeramente oscura y con viscosidad acumulativa, lo que significa que la viscosidad total es la suma de las viscosidades de cada componente. La película demostró un fuerte efecto antifúngico contra Rhizopus stolonifer en condiciones in vitro e in situ y aumentó la vida útil de los frutos probados. Los resultados mostraron el potencial del uso de esta película ecológica para la protección de frutas de interés, lo que la convierte en un producto polimérico atractivo para su aplicación en el campo

Jujube mucilage as a potential stabilizer in stirred yogurt: Improvements in the physiochemical, rheological, and sensorial properties.

Here, the mucilage of jujube was extracted and used as a natural stabilizer in the production of stirred yogurt. Yogurts were enriched with different concentrations of jujube mucilage (i.e., 0, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2%), and their physical, chemical and sensory attributes were analyzed during 21 days of storage at 4°C. The results showed that the protein and fat contents of the yogurts were not significantly different compared with each other, while higher ash contents were obtained in yogurts which contained higher concentrations of the mucilage. The acidity and proteolysis of the stirred yogurts were enhanced in the presence of mucilage, and they exhibited lower concentrations of diacetyl and acetaldehyde, although the differences were not significant among the samples of different treatments. The storage time had adverse and direct effects on the amounts of acetaldehyde and diacetyl, respectively. The effects of storage time and the presence of jujube mucilage in yogurts caused a significant decrease in the percentage of syneresis, while their viscosity and WHC values increased. The magnitudes of dynamic moduli (G, G''), complex viscosity (η*), and loss tangent (tan δ) of stirred yogurts increased by increasing the concentration of jujube mucilage. The yogurts which had been enriched with mucilage were preferred slightly less by tasters during the storage period, but these differences did not amount to a statistical significance. Generally, the results of the present study showed that the jujube mucilage can be potentially used as a natural stabilizer in stirred yogurt.

Coagulation/flocculation of textile effluent using a natural coagulant extracted from Dillenia indica.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of mucilage extracted from the fruit of Dillenia indica for enhancing coagulation in the treatment of textile effluent. The mucilage extraction was carried out in water at room temperature. The pH, concentration of coagulant FeCl3.6H2O, and concentration of mucilage solution were optimized with star-type central composite design (CCD). We were able to analyze the synergistic effects between the FeCl3.6H2O and mucilage concentrations: the process of coagulation/flocculation (CF) for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was more efficient at a low chemical coagulant concentration (8.00 mg L-1) and a higher natural coagulant (NC) concentration (15.00 mg L-1). This demonstrated the potential of this mucilage to treat textile effluents, with 67.66%% COD removal, 96.86% turbidity removal and 91.12% apparent color reduction. The characterization of the mucilage of Dillenia indica was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solid-state cross-polarization magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13C NMR), and the signals obtained indicated the presence of polysaccharides, which are responsible for enhancing the CF process.

Extraction processes and characterization of the mucilage obtained from green fruits of Pereskia aculeata Miller

Pereskia aculeata Miller is a cactus known for its non-toxic mucilage. This mucilage is usually extracted from its leaves and fruits, and is rich in the polysaccharide arabinogalactan and proteins, enabling its application as an emulsifier and a stabilizer in the food industry. In this work, the mucilage powder was obtained from green fruits of Pereskia aculeata Miller and characterized to determine its physicochemical, thermal, and microstructural properties. In addition, the technological characteristics of the reconstituted powder were evaluated. The freezing point of the solutions tested, regardless of the concentration of mucilage used, was on average −2 °C. Through the micrograph of the powder, it was possible to visualize an amorphous structure with high porosity and heterogeneity in relation to the average grain diameter. Infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of bands and peaks characteristic of polysaccharides and protein chains. By thermogravimetric analysis, the thermal degradation of these biopolymers was observed in the range of 290 °C to 350 °C. The glass transition temperature and melting point (endothermic event) of the material were observed at −5 °C and at 68 °C, respectively. All the mucilage solutions studied showed pseudoplastic behavior. Increasing the mucilage concentration of the medium contributed to the increase in the apparent viscosity, emulsification capacity, emulsion stability, and decrease in the mean size of the oil droplets. When compared to the mucilage powder extracted from the leaves, the mucilage powder extracted from the fruit showed approximately twice the protein content with low water activity and a clarified product with light yellow coloration.

Organic Additives for the Enhancement of Laminar Flow in a Brain‐Vessels‐Like Microchannel Assembly

AbstractOrganic polymers were extracted from okra, aloe vera, and hibiscus leaves and used as drag‐reducing additives (DRAs) to enhance the laminar flow in custom‐made microchannels that simulate the human brain vessels. The experiment was conducted using an open‐loop microfluidic system. The flow enhancement performance was evaluated as the function of percentage of flow increment of mucilage additives at different concentrations. Okra mucilage showed greater flow enhancement performance at higher mucilage concentration while both aloe vera and hibiscus mucilage performed better at lower additive concentration. The findings prove the potential of these organic polymers as DRAs to enhance the blood flow.

HIBISCUS LEAF MUCILAGE AS STABILISER FOR PHARMACEUTICAL DISPERSE SYSTEMS

Objective: Stable pharmaceutical disperse systems are defined as heterogeneous, biphasic systems as suspensions and emulsions, stabilized by third agent or stabilizer. The aim of the present investigation was to extract mucilage from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinesnsis L. and explore its ability to function as stabiliser for adult (10%w/v) and paediatric (2.4%w/v) paracetamol (PCM) suspensions and 2% v/v sunflower oil emulsions.&#x0D; Methods: Isolated mucilage powder was subjected to phytochemical tests to identify the major phytochemical constituents, FTIR spectroscopy to establish compatibility with formulation ingredients, X-ray diffractometry to determine the crystalline nature and viscosity study by Ostwald viscometer and swelling behaviour in water to determine the swelling index.&#x0D; Results: Qualitative phytochemical screening of the mucilage (HM) revealed the presence of non-reducing sugars, gums and mucilage. HM possesses a highly amorphous structure with extremely low overall crystallinity. The mucilage belongs to the class of carbohydrate as it contains–OH groups with intermolecular hydrogen bonding, with 1→4 glycosidic bonds which accounts for its high hydration capacity. Swelling index and relative viscosity of 0.5% w/v mucilage in water was found to be 1050 and 4.84 respectively at 25 °C. Although adult PCM suspensions containing 4% w/v mucilage exhibited poor redispersibility, paediatric suspension containing 1 and 2% w/v mucilage showed gradual settling of particles with good re-dispersibility and flowability. Emulsion activity index (EAI) values of the three emulsions (0.5, 0.75 and 1%w/v HM) were found to be close to 2 g. m-1 ml-1suggesting concentration independent activity of HM as an emulsifier. Emulsion stability index (ESI) values at 72 h showed comparatively less stability with increasing concentration of mucilage probably due to polysaccharide chain overlapping at high concentration leading to less effective surface coverage per unit gum concentration.&#x0D; Conclusion: Therefore, hibiscus leaf mucilage has the capacity to stabilize a suspension or emulsion based on its capacity to adsorb onto solid or liquid interfaces.

Preparation and Evaluation of Hair Conditioner Using Mucus of Hibiscus Leaves (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.)

Many ornamental plant growing in tropical and subtropical regions one is Hibiscus which is a native plant from East Asia. Conditioner is one of semi solid preparation used to hair after using shampoo. The porpose of the research is getting formulation hair conditioner from Hibiscus with various concentration. This research is a descriptive analytic in the laboratory. Conditioner making with mix oil phase and melted water. The indrediens to be use are dimethicone, sethyl alcohol, stearic acid, TEA, glycerin, methyl paraben, propyl paraben and aquadest. Physical stability tests carried out were organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test and cream type test with various concentrations of hibiscus leaf mucus which were 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%, and as a comparison were the formulations of conditioner preparations without using hibiscus mucus . The results showed that the manufacture of conditioner with variations in the concentration of mucilage of hibiscus leaves (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) and physical stability testing on formula 4 shows stable and softer textured results. The conclusion obtained is that formulas 1, 2, 3 and 4 have met the requirements of semi-solid preparations.

Effects of salts and sucrose on the rheological behavior, thermal stability, and molecular structure of the Pereskia aculeata Miller mucilage.

The rheological behavior, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the Pereskia aculeata Miller (OPN) mucilage treated with sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and sucrose were evaluated. The experimental design was divided in a fractional factorial 25-1 for the screening of factors (OPN, sucrose, NaCl, CaCl2, and pH) and then in a 5 × 3 × 3 full factorial (OPN, sucrose, and NaCl). The model solutions used for the screening of factors presented shear-thinning behavior and the OPN mucilage concentrations were the factors that had significant effect on the apparent viscosity. Sucrose addition increased the thermal stability of the OPN mucilage solutions. OPN mucilage, sucrose, and NaCl were the variables with significant effect on thermogravimetric responses. The samples presented Newtonian behavior in 0-1.25% OPN mucilage concentrations and non-Newtonian behavior adjusted by power-law in 2.50-5.00% OPN mucilage concentrations with predominance of elastic behavior, contributing to the formation of stronger gels. The presence of sucrose in the systems containing OPN mucilage changed their rheological properties and salt additions caused reduction in viscosity. The AFM results provided a better understanding of the mechanism of OPN mucilage interactions in different solutions that justify the changes in viscosities.

Extraction and Evaluation of Linseed Mucilage as Binding Agent in Prednisolone Tablet 20 mg

Great interest been have develop to discover new excipients to solve problem that faced us during formulation like incompatibility and compressibility that lead to slow down manufacturing processes. Linseed mucilage has properties that suggested it as useful additives and binding agent like inertness, nontoxic and viscosity. The purpose of the present study was to extract and evaluate linseed mucilage as binding agent in prednisolone tablets. The Linseed mucilage was extracted and evaluated for physicochemical properties using official procedures. Tablet was prepared by wet granulation. Granules evaluation revealed satisfactory results. Three formula were prepared that contain three different percent from linseed mucilage 3%, 5% and 7%.The hardness test result show great increase in tablet hardness 4.23, 5.59 and 7.76, respectively. The dissolution test was carried in Ph 1.2 for 2 hours and cumulative drug release 20.33%, 17.88% and 14.49% respectively .And at Ph 6.8 for 4 hours cumulative drug release 78.18%, 75.43% and 69.19%. The tablets formulated showed acceptable general appearance. Formula mucilage 7% showed the best flowbility of granules, hardness and friability when compared with formulas 3% and 5%.In weight variation test indicated that the type and concentration of mucilage used were not significant. When increase the percent of mucilage in formula combined with increase in tablet hardness. Invitro dissolution study indicated that the main factors which influence the amount of drug released were the pH of the medium used and concentration of the mucilage.

Potential of NMR relaxometry to unravel the properties of mucilage in several pore sizes

Soil-born exudates such as mucilage are known to affect soil physicochemical properties. Characterization of the gel properties of mucilage at the pore-scale is necessary to gain mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes leading to changes of soil properties. Yet, mucilage intrinsic properties' complicate its in-situ detection. Longitudinal and transverse magnetic relaxation rates measured with 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry have the potential to study mucilage-water interactions in-situ as they are sensitive to restricted molecular motion of water protons in biohydrogels. However, the relations between water mobility and biohydrogel properties in porous media have remained unknown until now.In this study, the mobility of water molecules in chia seed mucilage in porous systems was systematically investigated by means of 1H NMR relaxometry. Chia seed mucilage was used as it has hydrogel properties shared by a range of biological hydrogels found in soil. Glass beads of several sizes were used to study the influence of the pore size on the NMR signal.A conceptual model based on the equations describing the relaxation of water protons in porous media was developed to integrate these gel effects into the NMR parameters. The increased rigidity of the polymer network and its organization in the pore space, which depended on the particle size and the mucilage concentration, were assessed as the gel effects significantly affecting the bulk relaxation. Our approach, which combines the use of NMR along with other imaging methods, is a promising strategy to detect and characterize the properties of biohydrogel in porous media.

Comparative evaluation of properties of paracetamol tablets formulated with three local starches as binders

This study was carried out to comparatively evaluate the tableting and release characteristics of paracetamol tablets prepared with three indigenous starches as binder. These parameters were compared with those tablets prepared with Maize starch BP as standard. Starches currently being used in pharmaceutical industry are largely imported into the country, hence there is the need to source for some indigenous starches whose binding properties would sufficiently ameliorate the brittle fracture tendency that has been a major problem in tableting. Starches from African bitter yam (Dioscorea dumetorium), cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) and cassava (Mannihot utilissama) tubers were extracted and characterized with Maize starch BP as standard. Their true particle densities were determined with the specific gravity bottle method. Viscosities of the starch mucilage were also determined. The mucilage of each of these starches was used as binder at concentrations (1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5% w/w) per tablet in the formulation of paracetamol granules. The granules were compressed to tablets with and without a centre hole at varying compression loads (3, 4 and 5 arbitrary units). The tablets were flat faced with mean diameter of 12.1 ± 0.02 mm and mean thickness 4.1 ± 0.02 mm. The tablets’ tensile strength (T), brittle fracture index (BFI), packing fraction (Pf), disintegration time (DT) and dissolution profiles were determined. The centre hole in the tablet served as a model defect to represent void that are formed in the tablet during compression due to air entrapments. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the physicochemical characteristics of the tablets whose granules were prepared with the 3 test starches and those prepared with the standard maize starch BP (p > 0.05). There was a general increase in the tablet viscosities as the mucilage concentration increased. Cassava starch mucilage was more viscous hence expected to impact more plasticity to the granules. Tablet tensile strength (T) increased with increase in the binder concentration but was more marked with tablets produced with cassava starch mucilage. At all m binder concentrations, cassava starch produced tablets with lowest BFI and highest Pf compared to the other starches including maize starch BP. Increase in compression load resulted in tablets with increase in T, BFI, Pf and DT. The increase in BFI is attributed to increase in die wall stress on the tablet at the point of ejection during compression. All the tablets released between 79.2 - 89.6% of the drug in 45 min. Although drug release was influenced by increase in binder concentration, the release rate was nevertheless significantly affected by the types of starch binders under investigation. The results permit the conclusion that the three (3) sourced indigenous starches (African bitter yam, cocoyam and cassava) could be substituted for maize starch BP as binder in the preparation of paracetamol tablets.Keywords: Cassava starch, African bitter yam starch, cocoyam starch, binder, tablet properties, paracetamol

EVALUATION OF BIOACTIVITY OF JAGGERY PREPARED USING PLANT MUCILAGE AS CLARIFICANT

Objective: The aim of the study was to prepare the jaggery using plant mucilage as clarificants and to evaluate the bioactivity of jaggery by determining total phenols, total flavonoids, reducing power, antibacterial activity, and antihelmintic activity.Methods: Jaggery was prepared from sugarcane variety Co-80632 using five plant mucilage as clarificants, namely Aloe vera, flax seeds, fenugreek, purslane, and malabar spinach at three different concentrations, i.e., 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% of raw sugarcane juice. The characteristic bioactivities such as total phenol content by Folin–Ciocalteu method, flavonoids content by spectrophotometer method, reducing power assay by measuring the absorbance at 700 nm, antibacterial activity by well-diffusion method, and antihelmintic activity by in vitro were determined.Results: The highest total phenolic content was observed in jaggery prepared using plant mucilage clarificant of A. vera (JAV4 [3.68±0.02]) and Fenugreek seeds (JFG4 [3.61±0.02]) at 0.4% followed by them at 0.2% and 0.1% concentration, respectively. Similarly, a significant amount of total flavonoids content was elevated only in 0.4% plant mucilage clarificants of Aloe vera-treated experimental group jaggery (0.73±0.01) compared to control (0.61±0.02). Further, the antioxidant activity of jaggery was evaluated by reducing power. The increased absorbance at 700 nm indicated the presence of reducing power. At 10 mg/ml concentration, an absorbance unit of 1.93 and 1.80 was observed for jaggery prepared using 0.4% concentration of A. vera and fenugreek seed mucilage clarificants. Antihelmintic activity of jaggery showed dosage depended on the pattern where with the increase in the concentration of mucilage, the antihelmintic activity enhanced. A. vera mucilage showed maximum antihelmintic activity at 0.4% concentration with paralytic time (28.6 min) and death time (39.6 min).Conclusion: Jaggery prepared using plants mucilaginous clarificants is the richest source of polyphenols such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, thereby contributed to the enhancement of bioactivity such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antihelmintic activity. Thus, jaggery prepared using plant mucilage as clarificants is a novel nutraceutical product which can supplement the nutrients along with various medicinal properties through antioxidant, antibacterial, and antihelmintic activity.

Functional Properties of Chia Seed Mucilage Supplemented In Low Fat Yoghurt

Modern diet lifestyle demands of healthy natural foods represent a challenge for food manufacturers to lead towards the healthy new trends. This work aimed to study the microstructure of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) and its mucilage, provide chemical and functional properties of mucilage before supplementation in low-fat yoghurts and evaluate its impact on products’ composition, texture, and acceptance. The micro morphology of chia seed and its mucilage were described via scanning electron microscope (SEM). For physical functional properties evaluation; functional groups were studied using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; the thermal behavior was analyzed using Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA), and Water/ Oil Holding capacities (WHC/ OHC) were assessed. The gross chemical composition of mucilage was studied before supplementation with various concentrations (1, 1.5 and 2%) at different ratios of fat content (1, 2 and 3%) yoghurts, monitoring mucilage effect on chemical, rheological (using Texture Analyzer) and organoleptic properties of yoghurts. Chia mucilage micrographs showed fine fibrous network structure supported by high fiber, protein, ash and fat values (12.4, 10.68, 9.64, and 3.10% respectively). The FTIR analysis indicated the presence of uronic acids, mannose, carboxylic acid, pyranose, glucopyranose, xylopyranose groups in mucilage polysaccharides, which influenced its thermal stability. Mucilage showed comparable high WHC/OHC values (5.25g water, 5.85 g oil/ g sample) that nominate it to perform as a stabilizer and emulsifier. Along with increased chia mucilage concentrations in fortified yoghurt, fiber content elevation subsequently reflected on higher values of springiness, and descendant hardness values that produced “soft” yoghurts as described in sensory evaluation.

Ultrasound-assisted oil-in-water nanoemulsion produced from Pereskia aculeata Miller mucilage

For the preparation of nanoemulsions, the correct choice of emulsifiers, together with the emulsification methods, directly influences the final product quality. The present study reports the ultrasound-assisted preparation of oil-in-water nanoemulsions produced with mucilage extracted from leaves of Pereskia aculeata Miller (ora-pro-nobis; OPN). The OPN mucilage (%) and soybean oil (%) concentration range, and the process operating parameters, ultrasonic power amplitude (%) and sonication time (min), were optimized based on the mean droplet diameter (d32). The effect of the mucilage and oil concentrations was also investigated by the response variables such as polydispersity, density, turbidity, viscosity, zeta-potential, and interfacial tension. The higher OPN mucilage concentrations (%) with lower amounts of soybean oil (%) favored nanoemulsion formations (116 ≤ d32 ≤ 171 nm) and increased polydispersity, density, and zeta-potential. On increasing OPN mucilage and soybean oil the turbidity of the dispersions increased. All colloidal systems showed Newtonian behavior, and the viscosity in the systems increased due to the greater OPN mucilage concentration in the aqueous phase at a certain oil concentration. In addition, lower values of equilibrium interfacial tension were found with increasing OPN mucilage concentrations. Finally, from the stability test, it can be pointed out that the OPN mucilage concentration should be between 1.0 and 1.5% and the oil concentration should be less than 5%, so that lower d32 values are maintained over time. Therefore, mucilage extracted from OPN and the ultrasound technique can be used in the preparation of nanoemulsions.