Μs Switching Research Articles

Design and Preliminary Implementation of an N $\times$ N Diffractive All-Optical Fiber Optic Switch

We have demonstrated a diffraction-based nonblocking, scalable N × N optical switch employing a digital micromirror display (DMD) with 12 μs switching speed, performing 100 times faster than the currently available technology. The distributed nature of diffraction makes this switch more robust than one-to-one reflective systems where a single mirror failure incapacitates an entire connection. We thereby address a key bottleneck in data centers and optical aggregation networks by decreasing circuit-switching speed and allowing for facile port count scalability.

Fast switching characteristics in vertical organic field effect transistors

We report a theoretical and experimental investigation of the switching characteristics in patterned-source vertical field effect transistors. Experimentally we show that the layered structure gives rise to capacitances coupling of the potential between the drain and source electrodes. By removing the extrinsic gate-source capacitance we are able to demonstrate unprecedented sub-2 μs switching and current levels of 3 A/cm2. Theoretically, using a 2D drift-diffusion model, we show that the intrinsic response depends on two processes: the formation of the virtual electrode and the injection through it to form the vertical channel. The importance of the source structure parameter to achieve ultimate speed is discussed.

A 40 nm 222 mW H.264 Full-HD Decoding, 25 Power Domains, 14-Core Application Processor With x512b Stacked DRAM

In this paper we introduce a 14-core application processor for multimedia mobile applications, implemented in 40 nm, with a 222 mW H.264 full high-definition (full-HD) video engine, a 124 mW 40 M-polygons/s 3D/2D graphics engine, and a video/audio multiprocessor for various Codecs and image processing. The application processor has 25 power domains to achieve coarse-grain power gating for adjusting to the required performance of wide range of multimedia applications. The simple on-chip power switch circuits perform less than 1 μs switching while reducing rush current. Furthermore, the Stacked Chip SoC (SCS) technology enables rewiring to the DRAM chip during assembly/packaging phase using a wire with 10 μm minimum pitch on Re-Distribution Layer (RDL) using electroplating. The peak memory bandwidth is 10.6 GB/s with an x512b SCS-DRAM interface, and the power consumption of this interface is 3.9 mW at 2.4 GB/s workload.

Optically Pumped Saturable Bragg Reflectors: Nonlinear Spectroscopy and Application in Ultrafast Lasers

A detailed study of the changes in the nonlinear optical response of a saturable Bragg reflector (SBR) in the presence of continuous-wave (CW) optical pumping was performed. A model of the heating dynamics within the device under such nonresonant external optical pumping was also configured. In this way, it was shown that fast optically induced heating could be used to externally control the behavior of the SBR. This external optical pumping of the SBR is shown to be an effective method for rapid (~75 μs) switching between CW and femtosecond pulse operation of a passively mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser.

Microsecond switching of parametric tunable dispersion compensator

A record-fast, 2 μs switching operation of an optical tunable dispersion compensator is demonstrated with a parametric tunable dispersion compensation scheme. We alternately switch two optical paths having different net dispersions with a microsecond guard interval of the compensator response and achieve successful transmissions of 43 Gbit/s non-return-to-zero on-off-keying optical signals. The error-free guard time for the switching of the two optical paths is 125 μs, limited mostly by the clock synchronization of the bit-error detector. The power penalty due to the switching of the compensator is less than 0.5 dB.

Deflection-based transmission protocol for LAN operation in a PON system

In this paper, we propose and evaluate a new deflection transmission scheme for communication between local customers in a passive optical network (PON). In particular, we provide an analytical model to approximate the average packet delay of the proposed scheme in a local area network (LAN) operating within the PON (referred to as LAN-PON system). The accuracy of our model is validated by simulation. Furthermore, our simulation results show that a LAN-PON with a deflection scheme can achieve > 80% bandwidth gain using < 125 μs switching time compared to that of the traditional PON system for the cases studied.

Increase in the visual corona from floating electrodes

The corona and streamer discharges on a floating metallic rod located close to a high-voltage electrode were investigated under the application of both positive and negative 300/3000 μs switching impulses. The distance between the floating rod and the high-voltage electrode was changed from a few millimetres to just fractions of a millimetre. An increase in the visual corona is observed at the floating electrode when compared to a reference rod without series gap. The increase in visual corona seems to be more intense for negative than for positive polarity voltage impulses. A possible explanation for this could be the difference in the temporal development of the electric field on the floating electrode and that of the rod without a series gap.

Low optical interchannel crosstalk, fast switchingspeed, polarisation independent 2 × 2 fibre optic switch using ferroelectricliquid crystals

A novel &lt; –34.13 dB optical interchannel crosstalk, 35.3 µs switching speed, polarisation independent, reversible 2 × 2 fibre optic switch is demonstrated using four ferroelectric liquid crystal 90° polarisation rotators sandwiched between cube polarisation beam splitters and combiners that also act as crosstalk rejection filters. Applications of the switch include multiwavelength add-drop routing.

Triggering and event building results using the C104 packet routing chip

The C104 is an asynchronous 32-way dynamic packet routing chip. It has a 264 Mbytes/s bi-directional bandwidth and a 1 μs switching latency. It offers high-density cost-effective commodity communications, which allow large switching networks to be constructed. Results are presented on the performance of this switching technology within the context of future High Energy Physics level II and level III trigger data traffic patterns.

Switching speed of integrated acoustically-tunable optical filter

A 6 μs switching time has been measured for a 2.2 nm bandpass integrated acousto-optic filter operating at 1550nm, requiring only 15mW of RF power per wavelength channel and capable of operation a s a 1 × 1, 1 × 2 o r 2 × 2 wavelength switch with simultaneous and independent control of numerous wavelength channels.