Caspase-3 mRNA Expression Research Articles

Study on the effect and mechanism of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus AFY06 on inflammation-associated colorectal cancer induced by AOM/DSS in mice.

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus AFY06 (LR-AFY06) is a microorganism isolated from naturally fermented yogurt in Xinjiang, China. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of LR-AFY06 in a mouse model of inflammation-associated colon cancer. The mouse model was established by azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) induction. The tumor number in intestinal tissues was counted, and the histopathological analysis was performed on colon tissues. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to measure relevant protein levels in colon tissues. LR-AFY06 treatment alleviated weight loss, increased organ index, reduced intestinal tumor incidence, improved histopathological damage, decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the serum and colon tissue, downregulated the mRNA expression of inhibitor of NF-κB beta (IκBβ), p65, p50, p52, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) in colon tissues, and increased the mRNA expression of Bid and caspase-8. The high concentration of LR-AFY06 exerted a better effect than the low concentration; however, the effect was slightly inferior to that of aspirin. Moreover, LR-AFY06 mitigated the intestinal inflammatory process and inhibited intestinal tumor development by regulating the NF-κB and apoptosis pathways. The present study indicates the regulatory potential of LR-AFY06 in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer in mice, providing a valuable basis for further research.

Cytoprotective role of human dental pulp stem cell-conditioned medium in chemotherapy-induced alopecia

BackgroundChemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is a distressing adverse effect of chemotherapy, with an estimated incidence of 65% and limited treatment options. Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is a common alopecia-inducing chemotherapy agent. Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) secrete several paracrine factors that up-regulate hair growth. Conditioned medium (CM) collected from DPSCs (DPSC-CM) promotes hair growth; culturing mesenchymal stem cells under hypoxic conditions can enhance this effect.MethodsThe effect of DPSC-CM cultured under normoxic (N-) and hypoxic (H-) conditions against CYP-mediated cytotoxicity in keratinocytes was examined using cell viability assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay, and apoptosis detection. The damage-response pathway was determined in a well-established CIA mouse model by analyzing macroscopic effects, histology, and apoptosis. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and Caspase-3/7 activity assay were used to investigate the impact of DPSC-CM on the molecular damage-response pathways in CYP-treated mice. The effect of post-CIA DPSC-CM application on post-CIA hair regrowth was analyzed by macroscopic effects and microstructure observation of the hair surface. Furthermore, to investigate the safety of DPSC-CM as a viable treatment option, the effect of DPSC-CM on carcinoma cell lines was examined by cell viability assay and a subcutaneous tumor model.ResultsIn the cell viability assay, DPSC-CM was observed to increase the number of keratinocytes over varying CYP concentrations. Furthermore, it reduced the LDH activity level and suppressed apoptosis in CYP-treated keratinocytes. DPSC-CM exhibited the cytoprotective role in vivo via the dystrophic anagen damage-response pathway. While both N-CM and H-CM downregulated the Caspase-3/7 activity level, H-CM downregulated Caspase-3 mRNA expression. The proportion of post-CIA H-CM-treated mice with > 90% normal hair was nearly twice that of vehicle- or N-CM-treated mice between days 50 and 59 post-depilation, suggesting that post-CIA H-CM application may accelerate hair regrowth and improve hair quality. Furthermore, DPSC-CM suppressed proliferation in vitro in certain carcinoma cell lines and did not promote the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-VII) tumor growth rate in mice.ConclusionsThe potentiality of DPSC-CM and H-CM as a promising cytoprotective agent and hair regrowth stimulant, respectively, for CIA needs in-depth exploration.

Hormetic effects of a cannabinoid system component, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, on cell viability and expression profile of growth factors in cultured mouse Sertoli cells: Friend or foe of male fertility?

The generally undesired effects of exocannabinoids on male reproduction include alterations in testicular cell proliferation and function, as well as apoptosis induction. However, this paradigm has been challenged by the ability of endocannabinoids to regulate reproductive function. The present study addresses these paradoxical facts by investigating the effects of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) on mouse Sertoli cells’ survival and apoptosis, with a mechanistic insight into Sertoli cell-based growth factors’ production. The Mus musculus Sertoli cell line (TM4) was exposed to different concentrations of 2-AG, and cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay. Growth factors’ gene and protein expressions were analyzed through RT-PCR and western blotting. 2-AG concentration dependently increased TM4 viability, with a slight increase starting at 0.0001 µM, a peak of 190% of the control level at 1 µM, and a decrease at 3 µM. Moreover, 2-AG paradoxically altered mRNA expression of caspase-3 and growth factors. Caspase-3 mRNA expression was down-regulated, and growth factors mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated when using a low concentration of 2-AG (1 μM). Opposite effects were observed by a higher concentration of 2-AG (3 μM). These paradoxical effects of 2-AG can be explained through the concept of hormesis. The results indicate the pivotal role of 2-AG in mediating Sertoli cell viability and apoptosis, at least in part, through altering growth factors secretion. Furthermore, they suggest the involvement of endocannabinoids in Sertoli cell-based physiological and pathological conditions and reflect the ability of abnormally elevated 2-AG to mimic the actions of exocannabinoids in reproductive dysfunction.

The Effects of Electrolytic Multivitamins and Neomycin on Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Damage in Transported Lambs.

Transport stress can cause damage to animals. In this experiment, 60 four-month-old lambs were randomly divided into three groups: CG (basal diet), EG (basal diet + 375 mg/d/lamb electrolytic multivitamin), and NG (basal diet + 200 mg/d/lamb neomycin). The results were as follows: during road transport, in all groups, the levels of SOD, T-AOC, and GSP-Px, and mRNA expressions of CAT, SOD, Nrf2, HO-1, and Bcl-2 in the jejunum and colon decreased (p < 0.01). However, mRNA expressions of Keap1, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12, Bax, and Caspase3 in the jejunum and colon and the level of MDA increased (p < 0.01). The concentrations of IgA, IgG, and sIgA in the jejunum and colon also decreased (p < 0.01). In the EG and NG, the levels of SOD (p < 0.05) and T-AOC (p < 0.01) increased, and the level of MDA decreased (p < 0.01). However, in the jejunum, the levels of SOD and T-AOC, the concentrations of IgA and IgG, and mRNA expression of Bcl-2 increased (p < 0.05). mRNA expressions of IL-1, IL-2, and Caspase 3 (p < 0.05), and mRNA expression of IL-12 (p < 0.01) decreased. In the colon, SOD activity and the concentration of sIgA increased (p < 0.01). The level of MDA and mRNA expressions of IL-2 and Caspase 3 also decreased (p < 0.05). In the jejunum and colon, mRNA expression of SOD (p < 0.05) and mRNA expression of Nrf2 increased (p < 0.01). mRNA expression of Keap1 (p < 0.05) and Bax (p < 0.01) decreased. In summary, road transport can cause a decrease in antioxidant activity and immunity of lambs and an increase in oxidative damage. Electrolytic multivitamins and neomycin can improve immune function and potentially reduce oxidative damage to the jejunum and colon.

The Protective Effects of Modified Dachaihu Decoction against LPS-induced Acute Lung Injury via Modulating PI3K/Akt Signalling Pathway

Background: Modified Dachaihu decoction (MDD) is a herbal prescription that has shown promising therapeutic benefits in ameliorating pulmonary diseases in clinical practice. However, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the lung-protective effects of MDD against acute lung injury (ALI) and the involvement of underlying mechanisms. Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to identify the main active ingredients of MDD. Network pharmacological method was adapted to explore the potential mechanisms. Mice were orally administered MDD (11.25, 22.5, and 45 g/kg) once daily for 7 days. H&amp;E staining was performed to evaluate histological changes in the lungs. Levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers were measured to determine the extent of lung injury. Total protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung wet/dry weight ratio were measured to assess the severity of pulmonary edema. TUNEL staining and immunohistochemistry analysis were performed to detect apoptosis. RT-qPCR and western blotting were performed to validate the mechanisms involved. Results: About 10 main active ingredients of MDD were identified. Notably, treatment with MDD resulted in a remarkable reduction in total protein content in BALF and lung W/D weight ratio, as well as substantial mitigation of the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway was activated. Moreover, MDD pretreatment downregulated p53 and caspase-9 mRNA expression and decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to ameliorate lung apoptosis. Conclusions: MDD exhibited pronounced therapeutic effects via attenuating inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. These therapeutic effects could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the main active ingredients and are believed to be associated with the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Study on multi-target effects of the novel HDAC6 inhibitor W5 on Aβ/Cu2+-induced Alzheimer's disease model of rats

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a key therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which has been demonstrated to play an essential role in memory function and microtubule-associated tau physiology. In this study, W5 was used to treat AD model rats induced by Aβ/Cu2+ to study the improving effect of W5 on learning and memory impairment in AD rats and its related mechanism, to provide the basis for the subsequent development of W5 as an anti-AD drug. Results showed that W5 could decrease the expression of Aβ, Tau, and p-Tau proteins in the hippocampus of AD rats to inhibit the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, down-regulate the expression of Bax mRNA and Caspase-3 mRNA, and up-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA to reduce the apoptosis of neuron cells, reverse the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA to regulate neuroinflammatory response in AD rat brain. W5 also could regulate the oxidative stress state of AD rats, and balance the neurotransmitter disorder in AD rats' brain tissue. Overall, W5 could recover the morphology of hippocampal neurons and improve the learning and memory dysfunction in AD rats by regulating multiple targets in AD rats, providing a promising therapeutic avenue for the treatment of AD.

Effect and Mechanism of Mycobacterium avium MAV-5183 on Apoptosis of Mouse Ana-1 Macrophages.

To investigate the effects and mechanisms of Mycobacterium avium MAV-5183 protein on apoptosis in mouse Ana-1 macrophages. A pET-21a-MAV-5183 recombinant plasmid was constructed. The recombinant MAV-5183 protein was cloned, expressed, purified, and identified using an anti-His-tagged antibody. Rabbits were immunized to obtain antiserum, and its potency and immunoreactivity were assessed through WB. Mouse Ana-1 macrophages were incubated with varying concentrations of MAV-5183 protein. Flow cytometry, following ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI double staining, detected apoptosis. Western Blot analysis was conducted to identify apoptosis-related molecules Caspase-9/8/3 and vesicle-related molecules ASC, NLRP3, and Cleaved-casp1. ELISA measured TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the culture supernatant. LDH activity and ROS levels were analyzed separately. RT-qPCR measured mRNA levels of Caspase-9/8/3, ASC, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, Bax, MAPK-p38, Bcl-2, TNF-α, and IL-6. MAV-5183 protein was successfully cloned, purified, and identified. In in vitro studies on Ana-1 macrophages, MAV-5183 protein increased the expression of Caspase-9/8/3, ASC, NLRP3 (P < 0.01), induced ROS secretion (P < 0.05), and promoted inflammatory cytokine secretion (TNF-α, IL-6, P < 0.0001); however, it did not significantly affect LDH (P > 0.05). MAV-5183 also induced apoptosis in Ana-1 macrophages (P < 0.05). RT-qPCR results indicated a significant increase in mRNA expression of Caspase-9/8/3, ASC, NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-6, MAPK-p38, and pro-apoptotic factor Bax (P < 0.01), with no significant effect on Bcl-2 and IL-1β mRNA (P > 0.05). The data indicate that MAV-5183 induces macrophage apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway and promotes inflammatory cytokine secretion via ROS.

Mitigating bisphenol A-induced apoptosis in KGN cells: the therapeutic role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 through upregulation of PGC-1α expression and inhibition of the mitochondrial cytochrome c pathway

PurposeThis study investigated the potential of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2VD3) to mitigate bisphenol A (BPA)-induced apoptosis in human ovarian granulosa KGN cells with the aim of establishing a theoretical foundation for understanding of how vitamin D improved ovarian function in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).MethodsThe impact of varying concentrations of BPA and 1,25(OH)2VD3 on KGN cell viability was elucidated. It was established that BPA-induced apoptosis in KGN cells. Subsequently, KGN cells underwent pretreatment with 1,25(OH)2VD3, followed by exposure to BPA. The apoptosis rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and mitochondrial function of the cells were meticulously assessed, along with the expression levels of genes associated with apoptosis as well as antioxidant and mitochondrial biogenesis.ResultsBPA induced a notable increase in apoptosis (P < 0.001) and oxidative stress (P < 0.001) in KGN cells, accompanied by a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.001) and severe impairment of mitochondrial function. Following pretreatment of KGN cells with 1,25(OH)2VD3, there was a significant decrease in the apoptosis rate (P = 0.004), coupled with a reduction in ROS production (P = 0.002). Concomitantly, the upregulation of PGC-1α (P = 0.009) and SOD (P = 0.018) was observed, while mRNA expression of BAX (P = 0.011), Cyt c (P = 0.001), Apaf-1 (P = 0.012), caspase-9 (P < 0.001), and caspase-3 (P = 0.011) was downregulated. Notably, the mitigation of mitochondrial damage was evident through restored mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.001), as corroborated by electron microscope results.Conclusions1,25(OH)2VD3 mitigated BPA-induced damage and apoptosis in KGN cells by upregulating the expression of PGC-1α and impeding the mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt c) apoptotic pathway. This study established a novel theoretical foundation for utilizing vitamin D in the treatment of PCOS patients.

GDF3 Protects Mice against Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppression of Macrophage Pyroptosis.

Sepsis-induced ALI is marked by physiological, pathological, and biochemical irregularities caused by infection. Growth differentiation factor 3 (GDF3) is closely associated with the inflammatory response. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated a close relationship between GDF3 expression and the severity and prognosis of sepsis. However, the precise mechanism by which GDF3 protects against ALI induced by sepsis is still unclear. Following the intravenous administration of GDF3 in this research, we noted a rise in the survival rate, a decrease in the severity of histopathological damage as evaluated through HE staining, a decline in the count of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), a reduction in the ratio of lung wet/dry (W/D) weight, and a noteworthy decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both serum and BALF when compared to septic mice who underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). These collective findings unequivocally indicate the protective effects of GDF3 against sepsis-induced ALI. In addition, the GDF3 group showed a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of Caspase-1 and NLRP3 when compared to the CLP group. Following this, we performed in vitro tests to confirm these discoveries and obtained comparable outcomes, wherein the administration of GDF3 notably decreased the levels of Caspase-1 and NLRP3 mRNA and protein in macrophages in comparison to the LPS group. Furthermore, GDF3 exhibited the capacity to reduce the secretion of inflammatory molecules from macrophages. By illuminating the mechanism by which GDF 3 regulates macrophages, this offers a theoretical basis for preventing and treating sepsis-induced ALI.

Xingnaojing injection alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in Vivo and in Vitro

BackgroundXingnaojing (XNJ) injection, an extract derived from traditional Chinese medicine, is commonly used to treat ischemic stroke (IS). Previous studies have shown that XNJ has the ability to alleviate apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the potential mechanisms have not been clarified. ObjectiveTo identify the neuroprotective effect of XNJ and explore whether XNJ inhibits cell apoptosis associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) after IS. MethodsIn this study, cultured hippocampal neurons from mouse embryos and Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to four groups: sham, model, XNJ, and edaravone. The treatment groups were administered 2 h after modelling. Neurological deficit scores and motor performance tests were performed after 24 h of modelling. Additionally, pathomorphology, cell apoptosis and calcium content were evaluated. To ascertain the expression of ERS proteins, western blotting and polymerase chain reaction were employed. ResultsThe results indicated that XNJ treatment resulted in a notable decrease in infarct volume, apoptosis and missteps compared with the model group. XNJ also exhibited improvements in neurological function, grip strength and motor time. The calcium content significantly reduced in XNJ group. The XNJ administration resulted in a reduction in the levels of proteins associated with ERS including CHOP, GRP78, Bax, caspase-12, caspase-9, and cleaved-caspase-3, but an increase of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Furthermore, the downregulation of mRNA expression of CHOP, GRP78, caspase-12, caspase-9, and caspase-3 was confirmed in both cultured neurons and rat model. ConclusionThese findings suggest that XNJ may alleviate apoptosis by modulating the ERS-induced apoptosis pathway, making it a potential novel therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke.

PI3K/Akt signaling pathway mediates the effect of low-dose boron on barrier function, proliferation and apoptosis in rat intestinal epithelial cells

Boron is an essential trace element with roles in growth, development, and physiological functions; however, its mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, the regulatory roles of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway on boron-induced changes in barrier function, proliferation, and apoptosis in rat intestinal epithelial cells were evaluated. Occludin levels, the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase, cell proliferation rate, and mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA were higher, while the proportions of cells in the G0/G1 and S phases, apoptosis rate, and caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression levels were lower in cells treated with 0.8 mmol/L boron than in control IEC-6 cells (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). However, 40 mmol/L boron decreased ZO-1 and Occludin levels, the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase, cell proliferation rate, and mRNA and protein levels of PCNA and increased the apoptosis rate and caspase-3 mRNA expression (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). After specifically blocking PI3K and Akt signals (using LY294002 and MK-2206 2HCL), 0.8 mmol/L boron had no effects on Occludin, PCNA level, apoptosis rates, and caspase-3 levels (P < 0.05); however, the proliferation rate and PCNA levels decreased significantly (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The addition of 40 mmol/L boron did not affect ZO-1 and Occludin levels and did not affect the apoptosis rate or PCNA and caspase-3 levels. These results suggested that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway mediates the effects of low-dose boron on IEC-6 cells.

Effects of dietary Nisin on growth performance, immune function, and gut health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens.

Nisin (Ni) is a polypeptide bacteriocin produced by lactic streptococci (probiotics) that can inhibit the majority of gram-positive bacteria, and improve the growth performance of broilers, and exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the potential preventive effect of Nisin on necrotic enteritis induced by Clostridium perfringens (Cp) challenge. A total of 288 Arbor Acres broiler chickens of 1-d-olds were allocated using 2 × 2 factorial arrangement into four groups with six replicates (12 chickens per replicate), including: (1) control group (Con, basal diet), (2) Cp challenge group (Cp, basal diet + 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL Cp), (3) Ni group (Ni, basal diet + 100mg/kg Ni), and (4) Ni + Cp group (Ni + Cp, basal diet + 100mg/kg Ni + 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL Cp). The results showed that Cp challenge decreased the average daily gain (ADG) of days 15 to 21 (P<0.05) and increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) content in the serum (P < 0.05), as well as a significant reduction in villus height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth (VCR) (P<0.05) and a significant increase in crypt depth (CD) of jejunum (P<0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of Occludin and Claudin-1 were downregulated (P<0.05), while the mRNA expressions of Caspase3, Caspase9, Bax, and Bax/Bcl-2 were upregulated (P<0.05) in the jejunum. However, the inclusion of dietary Ni supplementation significantly improved body weight (BW) on days 21 and 28, ADG of days 15 to 21 (P<0.05), decreased CD in the jejunum, and reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content in the serum (P<0.05). Ni addition upregulated the mRNA levels of Claudin-1 expression and downregulated the mRNA expression levels of Caspase9 in the jejunum (P<0.05). Moreover, Cp challenge and Ni altered the cecal microbiota composition, which manifested that Cp challenge decreased the relative abundance of phylum Fusobacteriota and increased Shannon index (P<0.05) and the trend of phylum Proteobacteria (0.05<P<0.10), while Ni addition increased the relative abundance of phylum Cyanobacteria (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the addition of Ni effectively mitigated the negative impact of Cp challenge-induced the damage of growth performance and intestine in broilers via reducing inflammatory responses and intestinal apoptosis and modulating cecal microbial composition.

Effect of zearalenone on the jejunum of weaned gilts through the Epac1/Rap1/JNK pathway.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium strains that is harmful to the intestinal health of animals and is widely present in contaminated crops. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential therapeutic target of ZEN-induced jejunal damage in weaned gilts. Sixteen weaned gilts either received a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 3.0mg/kg ZEN in a 32-d experiment. The results showed that ZEN at the concentration of 3.0mg/kg diet activated the inflammatory response and caused oxidative stress of gilts (P < 0.05). ZEN exposure resulted in the upregulation (P < 0.05) of the Exchange protein directly activated by the cAMP 1/Ras-related protein1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (Epac1/Rap1/JNK) signaling pathway in the jejunum of gilts in vivo and in the intestinal porcine epithelial cells in vitro. The cell viability, EdU-positive cells, and the mRNA expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were decreased, whereas the reactive oxygen species production and the mRNA expressions of Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and Cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 (Caspase3) were increased (P < 0.05) by ZEN. However, ZEN increased the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and decreased the mRNA expressions of Bax and caspase3 (P < 0.05) after the Epac1 was blocked. These results collectively indicated that a 3.0mg ZEN /kg diet induced jejunal damage via the Epac1/Rap1/JNK signaling pathway.

Ensiled diet improved the growth performance of Tibetan sheep by regulating the rumen microbial community and rumen epithelial morphology.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ensiled agricultural byproducts from Qinghai-Tibet plateau on growth performance, rumen microbiota, ruminal epithelium morphology, and nutrient transport-related gene expression in Tibetan sheep. Fourteen male Tibetan sheep were randomly assigned to one of two diets: an untreated diet (without silage inoculum, CON, n = 7) or an ensiled diet (with silage inoculum, ESD, n = 7). The total experimental period lasted for 84 d, including early 14 d as adaption period and remaining 70 d for data collection. The ESD increased average daily gain (P = 0.046), dry matter intake (P < 0.001), ammonia nitrogen (P = 0.045), microbial crude protein (P = 0.034), and total volatile fatty acids concentration (P < 0.001), and decreased ruminal pH value (P = 0.014). The proportion of propionate (P = 0.006) and the copy numbers of bacteria (P = 0.01) and protozoa (P = 0.002) were higher, while the proportion of acetate (P = 0.028) was lower in the sheep fed ESD compared to CON. Pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed that ESD increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group in the rumen (P < 0.05), while decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, and Veillonellaceae_UCG-001 (P < 0.05). Analyses with PICRUSt2 and STAMP indicated that the propionate metabolism pathway was enriched in the sheep fed ESD (P = 0.026). The ESD increased the rumen papillae height (P = 0.012), density (P = 0.036), and surface area (P = 0.001), and improved the thickness of the total epithelia (P = 0.018), stratum corneum (P = 0.040), stratum granulosum (P = 0.042), and stratum spinosum and basale (P = 0.004). The relative mRNA expression of cyclin-dependent Kinase 2, CyclinA2, CyclinD2, zonula occludens-1, Occludin, monocarboxylate transporter isoform 1 (MCT1), MCT4, sodium/potassium pump, and sodium/hydrogen antiporter 3 were higher in the rumen epithelial of sheep fed ESD than CON (P < 0.05). Conversely, the relative mRNA expressions of Caspase 3 and B-cell lymphoma-2 were lower in the sheep fed ESD than CON (P < 0.05). In conclusion, compared with an untreated diet, feeding an ensiled diet altered the rumen microbial community, enhanced nutrient transport through rumen epithelium, and improved the growth performance of Tibetan sheep.

Oleic Acid Activates Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism and Reduces Oxidative Stress Resistance in the Pancreatic β-Cell Line INS-1.

Elevated concentration of saturated fatty acids in plasma adversely affects pancreatic β-cells, but the effects of unsaturated fatty acids are controversial. In this study, we examined the effects of oleic acid (OA), a monounsaturated fatty acid, on mitochondrial function, which is important for insulin secretion, using INS-1 cells, a pancreatic β-cell line derived from rats. Observations of mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP concentration showed that the electron transport chain was enhanced and ATP production increased in cells treated with OA, indicating that the response that occurs from sensing an increase in glucose concentration to the production of ATP was accelerated. Measurements of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicated that the rate of increase in ROS after glucose stimulation was significantly higher in OA-treated cells. The mRNA expression levels of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, which are responsive to ROS and other substances, were significantly increased in OA 1-d treated cells, but decreased in OA 7-d treated cells. It can be inferred that continued exposure to high concentrations of OA reduced ROS processing capacity and increased intracellular ROS levels. The mRNA expression of apoptosis-inducing enzyme Caspase-3 was significantly increased in OA-treated cells, although its activity was not high. However, the apoptosis induction rate after H2O2 stimulation was significantly higher in OA-treated cells. The high OA environment was shown to promote mitochondrial energy metabolism, leading to an increase in glucose sensitivity and a decrease in oxidative stress resistance.

The inhibition of colon cancer development by black rice bran on BALB/C Mice

&lt;p&gt;Black rice bran (BRB) is well-known for its high antioxidant activity and its pivotal role in preventing colon cancer. The present study aims to investigate the effects of BRB administration on BALB/C mice induced with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). The 24 mice were divided into three groups: the group induced by colon cancer (C+), the group induced by cancer and given the BRB diet (C+BRB), and the normal group (C−). Both the C− and C+ groups were given a standard AIN-93 M diet containing cellulose fiber. After 16 weeks, the mice were anesthetized, and the colonic tissue was identified for nodule distribution, histopathological observation, and mRNA expression analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), caspase-3, and caspase-8 genes using qRT PCR technique. Nodule distribution in the C+BRB group showed a significant decrease compared to the C+ group, with 1.65 ± 0.71 nodule/cm2 vs. 5.73 ± 2.93 nodule/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Then, the colon weight was significantly decreased in the C+BRB group, at 0.19 ± 0.04 (g) compared to 0.25 ± 0.03 (g) in the C+ group. Also, the BRB diet in the C+BRB group significantly decreased PCNA mRNA expression compared to the C+ group, with values of 0.58 ± 0.09-fold change vs. 5.22 ± 0.80-fold change. Conversely, increased the mRNA expression of caspase-3 (0.91 ± 0.20-fold change vs. 0.36 ± 0.15-fold change) and caspase-8 (0.51 ± 0.18-fold change vs. 0.13 ± 0.31-fold change). In conclusion, administration of BRB inhibited the rate of cancer development by suppressing cancer cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.&lt;/p&gt;

Resveratrol Karbon Noktalarının SH-SY5Y İnsan Nöroblastoma Hücrelerinde 6-OHDA Kaynaklı Nöronal Hücre Ölümü Üzerinde Koruyucu Etkileri

Background: We aimed to investigate the ability of resveratrol carbon dots (RES C-Dots) to protect SH-SY5Y cells from oxido-inflammatory stress and apoptosis caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Materials and Methods: In vitro PD model was generated in SH-SY5Y cells by administering of 200 µM 6-OHDA for 24 hours. Different concentrations of RES C-Dots (12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL) were applied to the cells 30 minutes before administration of 6-OHDA. Results: We observed that application of RES C-Dots prevented cell death induced by 6-OHDA and main-tained cell viability. As expected, RES C-Dots prevented oxidative damage induced by 6-OHDA - by strengthening the total amount of antioxidants and lowering the total amount of oxidants in SH-SY5Y cells. Similarly, RES C-Dots markedly alleviated the secretion of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) promot-ed by 6-OHDA. Furthermore, RES C-Dots prevented apoptosis induced by 6-OHDA by suppressing caspase-3 mRNA expression level. Conclusions: RES C-Dots rescued SH-SY5Y cells from 6-OHDA- induced damage by modulating the oxido-inflammatory and apoptotic response. This report indicates enounces that RES- synthesised C-Dots may have promising curative potential for PD.

Serum caspase‑1 levels serve as a predictive biomarker for the prognosis of patients undergoing arthroscopic‑assisted locking plate internal fixation in the treatment of high‑energy pilon fractures.

The present study aimed to investigate the serum levels of caspase-1 in patients with high-energy pilon fractures, and its correlation with prognosis and clinical results. In this prospective study, 136 patients with high-energy pilon fractures who were treated with a locking plate combined with ankle arthroscopy from July 2015 to July 2020 were included. The treatment efficacy was evaluated according to the Mazur ankle function score. Serum caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of caspase-1. Additionally, demographic data and clinical characteristics, such as sex, age, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, fracture classification and complications were collected and analyzed. The study revealed that the intraoperative blood loss, proportion of Ruedi-Allgower III and the serum levels of caspase-1 in the poor prognosis group were significantly higher compared with those in the good prognosis group. Additionally, patients with high-energy pilon fractures in the poor prognosis group exhibited significantly higher levels of caspase-1 and IL-1β serum levels at all time points in contrast to those in the good prognosis group. Spearman's analysis revealed a significant association between caspase-1, IL-1β levels and Mazur scores. Furthermore, caspase-1 could serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker for poor prognosis of patients with high-energy pilon fractures. Caspase-1, IL-1β, intraoperative blood loss and Ruedi-Allgower grade were the risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with high-energy pilon fractures. In summary, this study demonstrated that serum caspase-1 levels were progressively reduced during the treatment of high-energy pilon fractures patients and prominently lowered in those with a favorable prognosis. These findings could provide novel targets and a comprehensive approach to protecting patients with high-energy pilon fractures.

Tubuloside A Induces DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Human Ovarian Cancer A2780 Cells

Objective: Ovarian carcinoma is one of the most lethal gynecological cancers, as it responds later to diagnostic methods and therapeutic responses in advanced stages. Many phytochemical compounds have been shown to be protective against cancer. Tubuloside A (TbA) is the main compound extracted from the plant Cistanche tubulosa, and its pharmacological effects have been studied broadly. Until now, the role of TbA in human ovarian carcinoma is unknown. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of TbA on DNA damage and apoptosis in A2780 cell lines. Methods: Different concentrations of TbA (1, 5, 25, 50, and 100 µM) and 5- Fluorouracil (1, 5, 25, 50, and 100 µM) treated to the human ovarian cancer cell (A2780) line for 24 h. After incubation, cell viability (MTT), genotoxicity (Comet analyses), and mRNA expression analyses of apoptotic markers (Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, and p53) were determined. Results: Applied doses of 50 and 100 µM of TbA and 5- Fluorouracil significantly reduced cell viability. Also, TbA increased DNA damage in A2780 cells. Additionally, TbA up-regulated the mRNA expressions of caspase-3, Bax, and p53, which are apoptosis-inducing factors, and down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2. Conclusion: These results show that the p53 and caspase-3 signaling pathways may exhibit a key role in TbA-associated effects on A2780 cells and TbA may be a potential drug aspirant for ovarian cancer therapy.

Toxic effects of polystyrene microbeads and benzo[α]pyrene on bioaccumulation, antioxidant response, and cell damage in goldfish Carassius auratus

Microplastics (MP) are harmful, causing stress in aquatic species and acting as carriers of hydrophobicity. In aquatic environments, benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that accumulates in the body and causes toxic reactions in living organisms. We investigated the effects of single and combined microbead (MB) and BaP environments on goldfish antioxidant response and apoptosis. For 120 h, goldfish were exposed to single (MB10, MB100, and BaP5) and combined (MB10+BaP5 and MB100+BaP5) environments of 10 and 100 beads/L of 0.2 µm polystyrene MB and 5 µg/L BaP. We measured MB and BaP bioaccumulation as well as plasma parameters including ALT, AST, and glucose. The level of oxidative stress was determined by evaluating lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma, as well as antioxidant-related genes for superoxide dismutase and catalase (SOD and CAT) and caspase-3 (Casp3) mRNA expression in liver tissue. The TUNEL assay was used to examine SOD in situ hybridization and apoptosis in goldfish livers. Except for the control group, plasma LPO levels increased at the end of the exposure period in all experimental groups. TAC increased up to 24 h of exposure and then maintained a similar level until the trial ended. SOD, CAT, and Casp3 mRNA expression increased substantially up to 120 h as the exposure concentration and time increased. The TUNEL assay revealed more signals and apoptotic signals in the combined exposure environments as a consequence of SOD in situ hybridization than in single exposure environments. These results suggest that combined exposure to toxic substances causes oxidative stress in organisms, which leads to apoptosis.