MPa Tensile Strength Research Articles

Influence of LLDPE on the mechanical properties improvement of 3D printed POE/LLDPE blends

AbstractPolyolefins and polyolefin elastomers (POEs) are widely used in various applications due to their unique properties. However, their use in 3D printing has been limited due to challenges such as excessive softness, shrinkage, warpage, and poor mechanical properties. In this study, two strategies were employed to enhance the performance of POEs in 3D printing. First, POE was blended with 10%, 30%, and 50% percentages of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) to improve the material's mechanical properties and printability. Second, a specialized printer called a pneumatic feeding fused granule fabrication (FGF) printer was used. This printer allows for the direct printing of material granules, eliminating the need for filaments and resolving filament‐related problems. To evaluate the quality of the printed parts, tensile tests, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging were conducted. The printed parts showed desirable tensile properties (with approximately 3000% elongation at break and approximately 12 MPa tensile strength). Compression tests were also conducted on cubic structures with varied composition ratios and printing patterns such as grid, triangle, and honeycomb. The main purpose of this research was to explore the energy absorption capabilities of the printed blends. The results of our study showed that blending POE with LLDPE improved printability, tensile strength, energy absorption, and compressive properties. The blend with 50% LLDPE and honeycomb structure exhibited the best compressive and energy absorption properties.Highlights Blending of POE and LLDPE using melt mixing with three different blending ratios. Successful 3D printing with the fused granule fabrication technique. Investigating mechanical properties, microstructure, and thermal analysis. 125% increase in ultimate tensile strength by increasing LLDPE. Achieving the highest energy absorption for the 3D printed honeycomb structure.

Tailoring microstructure and mechanical properties of an LPBF-processed beta Ti-Nb alloy through post-heat treatments

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of a Ti‑42Nb alloy produced via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) with varying post-heat treatment durations within the α + β phase range at 723 K. Synchrotron XRD analysis revealed the formation of the metastable orthorhombic αiso'' phase during heat treatment, acting as an intermediate to the stable α phase. With prolonged heat treatment, the αiso'' phase fraction increased, reaching approximately 25 % after 108.0 ks. SEM analysis identified β grain boundaries as primary sites for early αiso'' precipitation, while intragranular αiso'' precipitation was delayed. Up to 28.8 ks, volume fraction and size of intragranular precipitates exhibited notable variations due to minor Nb content fluctuations from LPBF processing, resulting in an increased spread of hardness and Young's modulus on the micro scale. Tensile tests revealed significant strength enhancement through post-heat treatment for 108 ks compared to the as-built state, achieving a yield strength of around 1060 MPa (50 % increase) and ultimate tensile strength of 1125 MPa (55 % increase). Extended growth of the αiso'' phase led to an increased Young's modulus, reaching 87 GPa after 108.0 ks. These findings provide valuable insights for developing post-heat treatment strategies for LPBF-produced Ti‑42Nb implants, including both bulk materials and lattice structures.

Multifunctionality of MWCNT and TiC hybrid filler silicone composite for energy harvesting and strain sensing

AbstractThe flexible silicone elastomer‐conductive composite was developed with enhanced energy harvesting and strain sensing. A hybrid nanofiller system with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and titanium (IV) carbide (TiC) was used as reinforcing agents for the elastomer. The 4 MWCNT +5 TiC composite has 1.34 MPa tensile strength, 136.85% higher than unfilled silicone rubber (SR) matrix. The unfilled sample has a 1.558 MPa compressive modulus, while 4 MWCNT +5 TiC has 3.87 MPa. The machine and finger presses were utilized to test the energy harvesting of the composite. With greater cyclic stability, the 4 MWCNT +5 TiC sample performed exceptionally well in the machine press in the output voltage range of around 120 mV. Among the thumb presses, 2 MWCNT +5 TiC yielded the best results, with a voltage of about 100 mV. The 3 MWCNT +5 TiC sample produced 9044% more energy than the single filler 3 phr MWCNT sample from our previous work. Higher MWCNT content enhanced composite stiffness, making finger pressing harder and decreasing energy output. The strain sensing test on the 4 MWCNT +5 TiC composite showed high gauge factors (GF = 7.532 and 23.944) and good linearity (R2 = 0.909 and 0.939) over a strain range of Δε = 0%–14% and 14%–22%. Silicone composites' mechanical, energy harvesting, and strain sensing performance improved greatly with the MWCNT and TiC hybrid fillers. These composites could be used in self‐powered wearable electronics, machine or structural deformation monitoring, and human motion sensing.Highlights A stretchable device was developed with improved energy harvesting and strain sensing. Rubber composites were fabricated from MWCNTs, TiC hybrid fillers, and SR matrix. The energy harvesting was 9044% higher for hybrid filler compared to MWCNT as the only filler. Robust strain sensing properties with a gauge factor of 23.9, linearity of 0.91, and relaxation time of 0.1 s. The final composites are useful for self‐powered wearable electronics, health monitoring, and human motion sensing.

Potential of Pinhão husk (Araucaria angustifolia) as a structural reinforcement agent in the properties of edible films of Pinhão flour and gelatin

AbstractIn this study, the use of Pinhão husk as a source of reinforcement material for development of edible films, where the Pinhão seed flour and bovine gelatin were used as matrices for the films. Mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, solubility and opacity, microstructure, and thermal degradation characterized the films produced. The films presented homogeneous and cohesive structures. Pinhão husk content positively affected film properties by increasing tensile strength (TS) and decreasing water vapor permeability (WVP), with Pinhão flour film formulations (5.0% Pinhão flour, 1.2% glycerol, and 0.4% Pinhão husk) and gelatin (5.0% gelatin, 2.0% glycerol, and 0.4% Pinhão husk) those that presented the best results (5.06 MPa for TS and 0.14 g.mm/kPa.h.m2 for WVP) and (3.88 MPa for TS and 0.28 g.mm/kPa.h.m2 for WVP), respectively The thermal degradation study revealed that the films are stable at temperatures below 150°C, losing only free water and volatile compounds of low molecular weight. Pinhão husk can reinforce films, making them suitable as biodegradable and edible packaging materials for eco‐friendly food products. This contributes to the circular economy, preserves biodiversity, and reduces plastic waste, offering promising sustainable packaging solutions.

Tensile Behavior of Parts Manufactured Using a Material Extrusion Process from a Filament with Short Carbon Fibers and PET Matrix

One of the latest tendencies in research related to material extrusion based on additive manufacturing is to determine the mechanical characteristics of parts taking into consideration the most influential manufacturing parameters. The main research objective is to describe how the manufacturing parameters, part orientation, layer thickness and infill density influence the tensile behavior of specimens made from PET with 15% short carbon fibers. The most advantageous result is obtained for a layer thickness of 0.15 mm, with 100% material infill, and material deposition on the longitudinal direction of the part. The obtained mean values are: 65.4 MPa tensile strength, 1.93% strain at rupture, and 9 GPa Young Modulus. For these values, the tensile behavior of specimens manufactured along transverse and thickness directions are presented. The least favorable results are obtained for manufacturing by thickness. The novelty of the discussed research consists in all these aspects together with an original mathematical model that was determined based on design of experiments with a correlation of the regression model of over 90%. By optical and electronic microscopy material gaps are visible in the filament and manufactured parts, and the failure occurs in most cases in form of matrix cracks and delamination.

Physicochemical Properties of Films from Semirefined Carrageenan/TiO2 Integrated with Cinnamaldehyde Pickering Emulsion for Active Food Packaging

Plastic waste has become a significant global environmental issue, particularly in the context of food packaging. In the present study, active packaging films were fabricated by integrating chitosan-stabilized cinnamaldehyde Pickering emulsion (PE) and titanium dioxide particles (TNPs) into the semirefined carrageenan (SRC) matrix. The impact of cinnamaldehyde PE and TNPs on the physical and mechanical attributes of the SRC films was explored. The integration of TNPs (3%, w/v) and 0.5% cinnamaldehyde PE revealed promising mechanical properties, with 21.86 MPa tensile strength and 34.21% of elongation at break value. The inclusion of TNPs and cinnamaldehyde PE led to enhancements in the moisture content and water solubility of the SRC films. The thermal stability of the film was marginally increased with 0.5% cinnamaldehyde PE. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a uniform distribution of active compounds in the SRC matrix. The study findings highlight the potential of cinnamaldehyde PE and TNPs in active food packaging films as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional petrochemical-derived plastics in food packaging.

Extraction, characterization and properties evaluation of pineapple leaf fibers from Azores pineapple

Pineapple leaves can provide competitive and high-quality fibers for textile purposes. Despite pineapple being cultivated in the Portugues islands there is still a technology gap for the extraction and treatment of Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALF) in Europe. Since Azorean Pineapple differs significantly from other plants in the bromeliad family, the properties and characterization of its leaf fibers were explored for the first time. Long fibers have been extracted by hand scraping and compared to biological retting at 25 °C for different time periods. It was explored the properties of PALF from plants of different ages (11- and 18-months) and from different zones of the leaves (beginning, middle, and tip). Physical-mechanical properties of Azores PALF were determined, including diameter, linear density, strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break and characterized by ATR-FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTG, and FESEM to understand their chemical and morphological characteristics. While slight differences were observed between different ages, variations in physical-mechanical properties were notable among fibers extracted from different leaf positions. Extraction of Azores PALF through 25 °C biological retting for 14 days effectively eliminated non-fibrous matter and produced the thinnest and strongest fibers. These fibers ranged between 34.9 and 168.3 μm in diameter, 1.39 and 7.07 tex in linear mass density, 37–993 MPa in tensile strength, 1.0–3.9 % in elongation at break, and 2.4–21.8 GPa in Young's modulus.

Effect of Adding Inhibitors from Dried Tea Leaf Powder and Calcium Nitrate to Concrete and Reinforcement on the Corrosion Rate of Reinforcement and Concrete Compressive Strength

Indonesia has many coastal areas; sometimes coastal areas have a typical problem like seawater intrusion, causing seawater to be forced to be used as a solution, replacing fresh water in concrete mixtures. However, using seawater can be harmful to the reinforcement because of the chloride ion content in seawater. The result of this study is to determine the effect of seawater on reinforced concrete, as well as examine corrosion inhibitors that can reduce the corrosion rate of concrete reinforcement, the effects of reinforcement on corrosion rate, and the effect of concrete on compressive strength when added inhibitor material. Research method using experimental by making concrete specimens using seawater as a mixing agent for concrete mortar, adding calcium nitrate to it, and in other concrete specimens adding crushed tea leaves. Concrete bar using a plain round reinforcing bar with a diameter of 10 mm and 280 MPa tensile strength. The results of the analysis showed that concrete with a mixture of tea leaves weighing 1.6 kg/m3 of concrete produced the smallest iron weight loss; the largest compressive strength for concrete with inhibitor was produced by concrete specimens with tea leaves weighing 0.8 kg/m3 of concrete.

Acrylate composite polyurethane binder for steel bridge deck pavements: Process optimization by response surface methodology and microanalysis

AbstractTo better serve the steel bridge deck paving project, a novel room‐temperature curing acrylate composite polyurethane binder (APUB) was developed as a substitute for traditional asphalt binders. APUB was synthesized by the copolymerization of a custom‐made polyurethane prepolymer (BDO‐PU) and acrylate. Fourier transformed infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses confirmed the presence of carbamate structures in prepolymer BDO‐PU. Utilizing tensile strength, breaking elongation and water absorption as optimization criteria, the response surface methodology was used to optimize synthesis process of APUB. The results showed that the optimized parameters for APUB synthesis include an isocyanate index (R) of 1.5, a mass ratio of methyl methacrylate to BDO‐PU of 1.1, and a curing agent content of 2.7%. These settings resulted in predicted values of 10.12 MPa for tensile strength, 123.85% for breaking elongation, and 0.075% for water absorption. Experimental validation demonstrated the consistency between the predicted and actual properties of APUB. Further microanalyses, including dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscope, confirmed APUB exhibits excellent component compatibility and glass transition temperatures suitable for bridge engineering environments. Overall, APUB demonstrates outstanding tensile properties, water resistance, low energy consumption, and potential applications in the steel bridge deck pavement industry.

Spinodal decomposition-mediated multi-architectured α precipitates making a metastable β-Ti alloy ultra-strong and ductile

The chemical boundaries inside the ultrafine spinodal decomposition structure in metastable β-Ti alloys can act as a new feature to architect heterogeneous microstructures. In this work, we combined two semi-empirical methods, i.e., the d-electron theory and the e/a electron concentration, to achieve the spinodal decomposition structure in a metastable β Ti-4.5Al-4.5Mo-7V-1.5Cr-1.5Zr (wt.%) alloy. Utilizing the spinodal decomposition structure, the aged Ti-Al-Mo-V-Cr-Zr alloys showed multi-architectured α precipitates spanning from micron-scale (primary αp) to nano-scale (secondary αs) that were uniformly distributed in the β-domains. Being compared with the forged sample, the multi-scale heterogeneous microstructure enables the aged β-Ti alloy to have ultra-high strength (yield strength ∼1366 MPa and ultimate tensile strength ∼1424 MPa) and an appreciable ductility (∼9.3 %). Strengthening models were proposed for the present alloys to estimate the contribution of various microstructural features to the measured yield strength. While the solid solution strengthening, β-spinodal strengthening, and back stress strengthening made comparable contributions to the strength of the forged alloy, the back stress strengthening was the predominant strengthening effect in the aged alloy. This alloy design approach based on chemical boundary engineering to construct multi-architectured α precipitates provided an effective strategy for achieving an outstanding combination of ultra-high strength and ductility in metastable β-Ti alloys.

Preparation, characterization and application of antioxidant packaging films based on chitosan-epicatechin gallate conjugates with different substitution degrees

In this study, chitosan (CS) was conjugated with epicatechin gallate (ECG) to prepare CS-ECG conjugates with different substitution degrees (5.18 %, 6.36 % and 7.74 %). Then, antioxidant packaging films were fabricated by blending CS and CS-ECG conjugates. The impact of CS-ECG conjugates' substitution degree on the functionality of CS/CS-ECG films was determined. CS-ECG conjugates showed UV absorption at 275 nm, proton signal at 6.85 ppm and infrared absorption at 1533 cm−1, assigning to the conjugated ECG. As compared with CS, CS-ECG conjugates exhibited less crystalline state but higher antioxidant activity. The structural characterization of CS/CS-ECG films showed CS and CS-ECG conjugates formed hydrogen bonds. CS/CS-ECG films displayed 26.35 %–29.23 % water solubility, 85.61°–86.96° water contact angle, 3.11–3.41 × 10−11 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1 water vapor permeability, 0.29–0.34 cm3 mm m−2 day−1 atm−1 oxygen permeability, 31.54–36.20 MPa tensile strength, 50.12 %–56.40 % elongation at break, as well as potent antioxidant activity and oil oxidation inhibitory ability. Notably, the film containing CS-ECG conjugate with 7.74 % substitution degree had the strongest barrier ability, mechanical property, antioxidant activity and oil oxidation inhibitory ability. Results suggested the substitution degree of CS-ECG conjugates was positively correlated with the barrier, mechanical and antioxidant properties of CS/CS-ECG films.

A novel (CoFeNi)82Ti5Al5V8 medium entropy alloy showing an ultra yield strength and a good ductility by L12 nanoparticles strengthening and dislocation strengthening

This paper designed a novel (CoFeNi)82Ti5Al5V8 medium entropy alloy (MEA) with “fcc + L12” typical structure using JMatPro. The microstructure of the alloy, like recrystallization/non-recrystallization and L12 nanoparticle size, can be well controlled by thermal-mechanical processing. The result shows that the (CoFeNi)82Ti5Al5V8 MEA exhibits a good combination of ultra high yield strength of ∼1500 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of ∼1747 MPa with total ductility of ∼10.8 % when the volume fraction of non-recrystallized region with high-density L12 nanoparticles (∼46 nm) is up to ∼91 %. Here, the high volume fraction non-recrystallization region is along with the high-density dislocations (∼6.29 × 1014 m−2). Thus, the high strength of present MEA is mainly attributed to L12 nanoparticle precipitation strengthening and dislocation strengthening, which contributes ∼686 MPa and ∼305 MPa to the total yield strength (accounting for ∼66 %), respectively. Therefore, the idea of combining precipitation strengthening with dislocation strengthening offers a paradigm to develop advanced structural materials for modern industrial applications.

Analysis of mechanical properties and free vibrational characteristics of novel Grewia optiva/basalt fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composites

AbstractThis study emphasize on the fabrication and testing of Grewia optiva/Basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites for use in internal applications of automobiles and aircraft. The study investigates the use of Grewia optiva fiber (local plant based fiber) with Basalt fiber, where chopped Basalt fiber (6, 9, and 12 mm) is reinforced in polyester matrix in combination with Grewia optiva fiber. Composite test specimen are fabricated and analyzed using a smart actuation system to evaluate the free vibrational behavior of the composites experimentally. The impact of various parameters including length of the fiber and its weight percentage on the free vibrational behavior of composites is determined. The percentage of individual reinforced fiber is varied (0, 4, 8, and 12 wt.%) maintaining fiber weight % constant, that is, 12 wt.% of composite. The experimental results help to identify the variations in natural frequencies of Basalt/Grewia optiva fiber based composites. B12/GO0 demonstrate the natural frequency of 67 Hz and 44.71 MPa tensile strength for 12 mm fiber reinforced composites. The finding from this experimental work provide insights into the potential applications of Basalt/Grewia optiva fiber reinforced composites for automobile and air craft industries.

Unveiling the microstructure evolution and deformation mechanisms of micro-alloying Mg-1.5Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Sr alloy via extrusion-shearing

Obtaining high strength without sacrificing ductility in Mg alloys is of great importance. However, the hexagonal close-packed crystal structure critically limits the deformation of Mg alloys. In this work, novel Mg-1.5Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Sr (wt.%) alloys were fabricated through homogenization, direct extrusion (DE), and extrusion-shearing (ES) processes. The effects of three different processes on microstructures, texture, and mechanical properties were thoroughly investigated. The results show that the average grain size of the alloy was greatly refined after hot extrusion. The alloy after the DE process exhibited a typical bimodal microstructure with dynamic recrystallized (DRXed) grains showing a strong <101‾0 > fiber texture parallel to extrusion direction (ED), while the small-sized unDRXed grains showed relatively weak basal texture. In addition, the strength was significantly improved, with the value of yield strength (YS) reaching ∼229 MPa and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) reaching ∼262 MPa. This is mainly attributed to grain boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening. Compared to the DE-processed alloy, the basal texture intensity was significantly decreased and non-basal slip was activated after the ES process, which indicates that the shearing deformation during ES could improve the ductility, with the fracture elongation (FE) increased from ∼13.9 % to ∼21.4 %. This work aims to unveil the deformation mechanisms in Mg-1.5Zn-0.5Zr-0.5Sr alloy and provides an efficient way for preparing micro-alloying Mg alloys with low cost and significant improvement of comprehensive properties.

Superior strength-ductility combination in TiC/TC4 composites via In situ construction Ti2Cu nanoparticles

Synergistic improvement of strength and ductility is challenging in the engineering applications of titanium matrix composites (TMCs). Herein, we fabricated the TC4 composites reinforced with grain boundary micron-TiC and intragranular nano-Ti2Cu using spark plasma sintering (SPS) and hot rolling (HR) to achieve a good balance between strength and ductility. An interfacial reaction between Ti and C forms the grain boundary TiC, and the vast majority of intragranular nano-Ti2Cu precipitates to accommodate the severe lattice distortion caused by the solid solution of Cu in β-Ti phase. Benefiting from Ti2Cu nanoprecipitates and their ability to effectively suppress dislocation motion, precipitation strengthening, and dislocation strengthening are the main factors, in addition to grain refinement strengthening due to deformation processing, that contribute to the realization of the superior yield strength (YS) of 1360 MPa and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1504 MPa in composites than TC4 matrix (YS = 986 MPa, UTS = 1160 MPa). Meanwhile, the interfacial strain-delocalization effect of TiC/Ti2Cu with Ti matrix, the shear-lag effect of TiC, and the sustained strain-hardening effect provided by TiC/Ti2Cu empower the composites with an outstanding ductility (fracture elongation of 8.4 %). This study highlights the untapped potential for improving the mechanical properties of Ti matrix composites.

Highly Strong, Tough, and Cryogenically Adaptive Hydrogel Ionic Conductors via Coordination Interactions.

Despite the promise of high flexibility and conformability of hydrogel ionic conductors, existing polymeric conductive hydrogels have long suffered from compromises in mechanical, electrical, and cryoadaptive properties due to monotonous functional improvement strategies, leading to lingering challenges. Here, we propose an all-in-one strategy for the preparation of poly(acrylic acid)/cellulose (PAA/Cel) hydrogel ionic conductors in a facile yet effective manner combining acrylic acid and salt-dissolved cellulose, in which abundant zinc ions simultaneously form strong coordination interactions with the two polymers, while free solute salts contribute to ionic conductivity and bind water molecules to prevent freezing. Therefore, the developed PAA/Cel hydrogel simultaneously achieved excellent mechanical, conductive, and cryogenically adaptive properties, with performances of 42.5 MPa for compressive strength, 1.6 MPa for tensile strength, 896.9% for stretchability, 9.2 MJ m-3 for toughness, 59.5 kJ m-2 for fracture energy, and 13.9 and 6.2 mS cm-1 for ionic conductivity at 25 and -70 °C, respectively. Enabled by these features, the resultant hydrogel ionic conductor is further demonstrated to be assembled as a self-powered electronic skin (e-skin) with high signal-to-noise ratio for use in monitoring movement and physiological signals regardless of cold temperatures, with hinting that could go beyond high-performance hydrogel ionic conductors.

Optimizing Mix Proportion of Geopolymer Concrete with Steel Sludge - A Sustainable Approach

As the construction industry is moving towards sustainable infrastructure, the need for green construction materials has gained importance in current scenario. Geopolymer concrete is considered to be an alternate to conventional concrete with cement as cement production is considered to emit more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This work has still raised the sustainable part of the geopolymer concrete by using steel sludge generated from automobile industry as partial replacement for fine aggregate. The experimental results were designed using fractional factorial design. The results were analysed for statistical integrity with ANOVA. It has been observed that the maximum compressive strength achieved with steel sludge up to 30% replacement is 48 Mpa with flexural strength of 5.16 Mpa and split tensile strength of 4.6 Mpa. Optimisation was done to find the proportion that gives maximum strength and it was ascertained with experimental validation. XRD and SEM analysis were carried out for studying the microstructure and reaction products formed in the process.

Process strategies for optimizing the cooling behaviour of laser-welded Tailor Welded Blanks made of advanced high strength steels (AHSS)

AHSS with 1000 MPa tensile strength show promising properties for the use in Tailor Welded Blanks (TWBs) to locally strengthen car body parts. Challenges in laser beam welding of the sheets are hardness-drops and -peaks in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld, which cause risks during cold-forming. This happens due to rapid cooling caused by laser welding. A numerical approach aiming for slower cooling rates in the weld region is presented in this article. Laser welded sheets served as reference for setting up a process simulation. Models for pre-heating and a coaxial setup with power split were set up. A correlation between cooling-rate and hardness in the joining zone was established and applied to the modelled strategy. Splitting the power led to a slightly narrower weld seam and experimental pre-heating of the sheets to 600 °C could lower total seam hardening. It achieved a homogenization of the fusion zone.

Experimental Study on Mechanical Behaviour of Arhar-Reinforced Composites using GRA with PCA

The fiber composite plays a vital role in various applications in the current scenario. Natural fibers provide the desired advantages over synthetic fibers. Fiber composites deliver the exploration of durable, degradable, and lightweight materials. In several industrial sectors, transportation of materials from one place to another place is required. Materials like thermocoal boxes and iron boxes are inefficient in strength, weight, and cost. In order to overcome these, natural fiber-based composites, which give both strength and durability with low weight and cost, are chosen. This work explains the sample preparation using Arhar powder with an addition of reinforcements using the hand lay-up method by obeying the ASTM standards. To analyze the performance of the sample specimen, properties evaluated like Compression, Flexural, and other tests were conducted. GRA (Grey-Relational Analysis) with PCA (Principal-Component Analysis) was employed to carry out the most significant parameters, the most significant factor, and the weights of optimal parameters. Based on the output responses, it is experiential that the most effective parameter and best combination factor at Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS-4%), Guar Gum (8%), and Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC-8%) with the values of 83.12 MPa compression strength, 61.70 MPa tensile strength and 0.249 joules of Impact strength.

Bio‐based waterborne polyurethane structural color films with high stability

AbstractIn recent years, structural colors derived from photonic crystals (PCs) with a periodically ordered nanostructure are gorgeous and iridescent, but once their structure is destroyed, they will fade. In this work, the feasibility of the application of bio‐based waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) in structural color films was explored. The structural stability of PCs is enhanced bio‐based WPU as a kind of green product, which can replace solvent polyurethane one. A tung oil polyol (TOP) is fabricated by one‐step method with simple purification process and used to prepare waterborne polyurethane dispersions (WPUD). More introduction of TOP into the WPUD may help improve tensile strength and hydrophobic capability. It shows excellent mechanical properties with 16.8 MPa in tensile strength and water contact angle 109.5°. The SEM images confirmed that bio‐based WPU is more conducive to the self‐assembly of silica particles than traditional WPU.