MPa Ultimate Tensile Strength Research Articles

Statistical and Experimental Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite for the Transfemoral Prosthesis Biocomposite Socket Applications

ABSTRACT This research aims to design and fabricate biocompatible sockets for transfemoral amputee patients using innovative composite materials. An innovative material is developed using nature-based fibers along with a polymer matrix for the application of socket fabrication. Natural fibers prevent allergic reactions in the skin that occur because of prolonged contact of the skin with the socket. Since natural-based fibers exhibit advantages like low cost, low density, biodegradable, and eco-friendly, they have the high potential to be an alternative material for socket preparation. In this research, jute fiber is used as a reinforcement material due to its good mechanical and thermal properties. The matrix used is an epoxy belonging to the polymer family that is well moisture-resistant and has low shrinkage properties. The socket castings are fabricated using a simple hand lay-up method. Lamination of the jute fiber reinforced epoxy composite (JFREC) has 53 MPa of Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) had higher UTS than the fibers of perlon or nyglass, spectralon, nylon, and cotton, and 18.30 GPa of stiffness range had higher than the fibers of perlon or nyglass, spectralon, nylon, cotton, and glass. The prepared composite samples compressive strength and impact strength tests are studied, which posses an excellent improvement of 82% in strength. In addition, they are subjected to moisture resistance studies, which show good resistance to both normal water and sea water. The fabricated prototype socket possesses some good characteristics and will be implemented for the prosthetics.

Correlation between microstructure and tensile properties of powder metallurgy Ti-6Nb-x(Fe or Mn) alloys

The individual addition of Nb, Fe, or Mn to Ti has been greatly studied, but their combined addition has been much less understood, especially for the Ti-Nb-Mn system. Moreover, the full potential of using powder metallurgy to reduce their manufacturing cost has not been properly exploited and, even though proposed for structural applications, rarely tensile properties were reported. In this study new powder metallurgy Ti‐6Nb‐x(Fe or Mn) alloys were produced and the correlation between their microstructure and tensile properties established. It was found that, for a similar addition of Nb, Mn is a stronger eutectoid β stabiliser compared to Fe leading to more refined lamellar structures and a greater amount of stabilised β phase. Accordingly, higher tensile properties (832–1050 MPa yield stress and 910–1080 MPa ultimate tensile strength) and lower ductility (6.3–1.7 %) were, thus, obtained in ternary Ti-Nb-Mn alloys compared to Ti-Nb-Fe alloys, but the actual stress/strain pairs and hardness are the compromise between the volumetric fraction of residual porosity (3.6–4.9 %), which increases with the amount of alloying elements, and the microstructural changes induced by actual chemical composition.

Mechanical property and microstructure of in-situ TiB/Ti composites via vacuum sintering and hot rolling

High-plasticity in-situ TiB/Ti matrix composites (TMCs) are fabricated by in-situ reaction between Ti and ZrB 2 powder during vacuum sintering followed by hot rolling. Uniform microstructure is observed in the TMCs with obvious grain refinement. Compared with pure titanium, the mean grain size of Ti-2.0 wt% ZrB 2 composite significantly decreases from 50.7 µm to 17.5 µm, decreasing by 65%. Accordingly, Ti-2.0 ZrB 2 composite displays outstanding mechanical properties of 734.6 MPa in ultimate tensile strength, 579.0 MPa in yield strength, 21.4% in elongation, while these values of pure Ti are 632.4 MPa, 507.0 MPa, and 14.2%, respectively. The strength improvement of TMCs can be mainly attributed to five parts: grain refinement, solid solution strengthening, load transfer mechanism, CTE mismatch between TiB and Ti matrix and the dislocation substructure hardening. Among them, dislocation substructure hardening (more than 50% of the total improvement) takes the dominant position in strength increment in the as-rolled TiB/Ti matrix composites. • In-situ TiB/Ti composites were synthesized by ZrB 2 additive via PM process. • Obvious grain refinement is found with grain size decreasing from 51 µm to 16 µm. • TiB/Ti composites show a balanced combination of good strength and high ductility. • Ti-2 wt% ZrB 2 sample has UTS of 734 MPa, YS of 579 MPa and EL. of 21%. • Strength increment caused by dislocation substructure hardening is ranged from 47.2 MPa to 116.6 MPa.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of crack - free Ni - based GH3536 superalloy fabricated by laser solid forming

Laser solid forming (LSF) was used to fabricate dense and crack-free specimens from solution-strengthened nickel-based superalloy GH3536 in this study. Tensile, and fatigue crack growth (FCG) testing was carried out in both horizontal and vertical build orientations with the condition at 25 °C and 500 °C. Three regions can be detected in the specimen: the additive manufacturing zone (AM), the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the substrate. M23C6 and M6C carbides were found in the specimens, only a small amount of hole defects was observed in the samples, and no cracks were found. The tensile test results show that the specimens have obvious anisotropy, and the horizontal specimens displayed higher strength (up to 855.3 MPa ultimate tensile strength at 25 °C). It is worth noting that there is no obvious anisotropy in the FCG rates of the specimens in different directions, and only when the ΔK is about 45–60 MPa m1/2, the FCG rates of the vertical specimens are higher. The increase in temperature will significantly reduce the tensile performance and increase the FCG rate of the specimens.

A newly developed Mg-Zn-Gd-Mn-Sr alloy for degradable implant applications: Influence of extrusion temperature on microstructure, mechanical properties and in vitro corrosion behavior

The object of this study is to investigate the influence of extrusion temperature on the microstructure, mechanical properties and in vitro corrosion behavior of Mg–2Zn–1Gd–0.4Mn–0.1Sr (ZGMS) alloy. The results show that as–extruded ZMGS alloy mainly contains α–Mg and Mg3Zn3Gd2 (W) phases, and the W phase is uniformly distributed in the Mg matrix. With decreasing extrusion temperature, the grain size is refined, and numerous nano–sized W particles dynamically precipitate during extrusion process. The mechanical properties of as–extruded experimental alloy is significantly improved with decreased extrusion temperature.This is owing to the effects of grain boundary strengthening, precipitation strengthening and dislocation strengthening. The experimental alloy exhibits the lowest corrosion rate and relatively uniform corrosion after extrusion at 360 °C. The corrosion products layer are mainly composed of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, Ca3(PO4)2 Mg(OH)2 and MgHPO4. The as–extruded alloy owns excellent mechanical properties (yield strength of 206.3 MPa ultimate tensile strength of 261.1 MPa and elongation of 27.3%) and corrosion rate (0.17 mg/cm2/day) after extruded at 360 °C. The alloy presents tremendous potential in degradable implant applications. Additionally, the relationship between microstructure and corrosion behavior was systematically discussed.

Upset bulging as a preforming operation for hot metal gas forming of 22MnB5 tubes

Hot Metal Gas Forming (HMGF) is a coupled process of gas forming and quenching of tubes. This process allows to obtain complex and accurate geometry due to the elimination of springback and high mechanical properties due to the formation of martensite, as a result, the weight of the parts can be reduced. HMGF is widely used in the aerospace and automotive industries to make critical parts from high hardenability steels such as 22MnB5. A typical hot stamped component has 1000 MPa yield stress and 1500 MPa ultimate tensile strength. The main challenge of HMGF process is a significant material thinning and cracking due to the biaxial tension stress state. The paper proposes a preforming method for increasing the forming limits of HMGF by the cold upset bulging of tubes by means of the additional volume of material in the deformation zone. This method allows to obtain one or several waves in the cross section of the tube, which helps to increase the minimum workpiece wall thickness after the forming process by more than 40% and to reduce a probability of the crack formation.

Microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanism of high-strength AlSi8.1 Mg1.4 alloy produced by selective laser melting

A high-strength AlSi8.1Mg1.4 aluminum alloy was specifically designed for selective laser melting (SLM) by doubling the Mg content of A357 alloy based on the rapid solidification characteristics of the SLM process. The alloy showed good processability with maximum density over casting alloy with the same composition. The microstructure of the as-built alloy was characterized by the formation of cell structure. The α-Al cells manifested GP zones/Mg-Si clusters. The yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and elongation to fracture of the as-built alloy were 341 ± 14 MPa, 518 ± 6 MPa, and 7.1 ± 0.4%, respectively. Due to the precipitation of β″ nanoparticles in α-Al cells, the strength of the SLM alloy was effectively improved after direct aging at 150 ℃ and 200 ℃, with a maximum YS of 446 ± 5 MPa and maximum UTS of 546 ± 1 MPa, which were much higher than those of Al-Si-based alloy produced by SLM. When the aging temperature exceeded 200 ℃, the strength of the alloys decreased rapidly, but the elongation increased significantly. Multiple strengthening mechanisms, including grain refinement, GP zones/Mg-Si clusters, and β″ nanoparticle precipitation contributed to the high strength of SLM AlSi8.1Mg1.4 alloy.

Effect of the Heat Input on Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing of Invar 36 Alloy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

AbstractInvar, also known as FeNi36, is a material of great interest due to its unique properties, which makes it an excellent alternative for sectors such as tooling in aeronautics and aerospace. Its manufacture by means of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technology could extend its use. This paper aims to evaluate the comparison of two of the most widespread WAAM technologies: plasma arc welding (PAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). This comparison is based on the analysis of wall geometry, metallography, and mechanical properties of the material produced by both technologies. The results show a slight increase in toughness and elongation before fracture and worse tensile strength data in the case of PAW, with average values of 485 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 31% for elongation and 475 MPa, 40% in GMAW and PAW, respectively. All results gathered from the analysis show the possibility of successful manufacturing of Invar by means of WAAM technologies. The novelties presented in this paper allow us to establish relationships between the thermal input of the process itself and the mechanical and metallographic properties of the material produced.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Tensile Properties and Microstructure of Co-Free, Low Ni-10 Mo-1.2 Ti Maraging Steel.

Production of high-quality maraging steel is dependent not only on the production technology but also on the alloying design and heat treatment. In this work, cobalt-free, low nickel, molybdenum-containing maraging steel was produced by melting the raw materials in a vacuum induction melting furnace and then refining with a shielding gas electroslag remelting unit. The critical transformation temperatures of the investigated steel samples were determined experimentally by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and theoretically aiding Thermo-Calc software. Types and chemical composition plus volume fraction and starting precipitation temperature of suggested constituents calculated with the aid of Thermo-Calc software. The microstructures of forged steel specimens that were heat-treated under several conditions were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscattering (EBSD), in addition to transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties of the investigated steel specimens were evaluated by measuring the tensile strength properties and micro-hardness, furthermore, estimating their fracture surface using scanning electron microscopy at lower magnification. The metallographic results show that the microstructure of steel in aged conditions includes high-alloyed martensite and nickel-rich phase, in addition to the low-alloyed-retained-austenite, intermetallic compounds, and lavas-phase (MoCr). Furthermore, TEM and EBSD studies emphasized that the produced steel has high dislocation density with nano-sized precipitate with an average size of ~19 ± 1 nm. Moreover, the metallographic results show that the mentioned microstructure enhances the tensile properties by precipitation strengthening and the TRIP phenomenon. The tensile strength results show that the n-value of investigated steel passes two stages and is comparable with the n-value of TRIP-steel. Steel characterized by 2100 MPa ultimate tensile strength and uniform elongation of more than 7% can be produced by the investigated production routine and optimum heat treatment conditions.

Influence of aging treatment on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy

The precipitation behaviour, mechanical properties and corrosion performance of an Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy under one-stage aging (T6), two-stage aging (T74) and retrogression and re-aging (RRA) treatment were mainly investigated. For the RRA treatment, with increasing temperature and duration of retrogression, the grain interior precipitates (GIPs) gradually grew and changed from GP zones + η′ phases to η′ phases + η phases. In addition, the discontinuity of coarsened grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) significantly increased, and the width of precipitate free zones (PFZs) became broader. Consequently, progressive decrease in strength and hardness, and improved corrosion resistance of the alloy can be observed. Compared to conventional T6 and T74 treatments, a good balance of mechanical properties (168.5 HV for hardness, 547 MPa for ultimate tensile strength) and corrosion resistance can be obtained with retrogression treatment at 160 °C for 30 min. Moreover, research on the localized corrosion of the Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy showed that, at the initial stage of pitting corrosion, the Al matrix around the cathodic α-Al(Fe,Mn)Si particles was uniformly dissolved, leading to the detachment of the α-Al(Fe,Mn)Si particles from the matrix and the formation of pitting pits.

Artificial neural network approach for mechanical properties prediction of as-cast A380 aluminum alloy

In this study, the dataset of as-cast A380 aluminum alloy involving chemical composition, processing parameter and mechanical properties was experimentally established. On this basis, the relationship between four input variables of Fe/Mn ratio, Sr content, cooling rate and porosity content, and two outputs of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (El) was linked by two artificial neural network (ANN) models for comparison: (1) back propagation - artificial neural network (BP-ANN) model, and (2) back propagation optimized by particle swarm optimization - artificial neural network (PSO-BP-ANN) model. The results showed that the established PSO-BP-ANN model has better reliability and prediction accuracy than BP-ANN model, for lower root mean square errors (RMSE), 6.19 MPa for UTS and 0.08% for El, and higher determination coefficient (R2), 0.9775 for UTS and 0.9798 for El, respectively. Sensitivity level analysis result by the preferable PSO-BP-ANN prediction model showed that the order of relative importance for UTS is Sr content, cooling rate, Fe/Mn ratio, and porosity content while the importance ranking for El is Sr content, Fe/Mn ratio, cooling rate, and porosity content. The research results and dataset in this work lay a foundation for the control of casting performance in industrial practice and for secondary development of mechanical properties prediction module in commercial casting software.

Benchmarking a 9Cr-2WVTa Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic Steel Fabricated via Additive Manufacturing

Reduced activation ferritic (RAF) martensitic steels are promising candidates for the first wall of fusion reactors. However, current manufacturing capabilities call for these components to be made by welding wrought plates. This limits design freedom and necessitates the use of post-weld heat treatments (PWHT) in accordance with the boiler and pressure vessel code. Additive manufacturing (AM) can offer a unique solution to solve this challenge by leveraging the layer-wise deposition strategy to come up with temper bead deposition techniques to eliminate post-processing heat treatments (PPHT). However, it is necessary to benchmark the properties of RAF steels fabricated by AM with their wrought counterparts to identify the process-structure-property correlation, which is the goal of this study. The study demonstrates that while tensile properties at room temperature and high temperatures are satisfactory, the as fabricated and samples after PPHT have significant heterogeneity in tensile elongation. This has been attributed to the presence of discontinuities in the build. The as-fabricated samples have an average tensile strength of 1190 + 12 MPa and an average elongation of 15 + 5% at room temperature and 658 ± 20 MPa ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and 14 ± 7% at 600 °C. After the post-weld heat treatment, mechanical properties decrease to around 600–650 MPa and an elongation between 20–25% at room temperature to 300 MPa UTS and 25–28% elongation at 600 °C. The characterization of microstructures at various length scales demonstrates that the as-fabricated structure has a significant fraction of delta ferrite in a lath martensitic matrix. No precipitates could be identified in the as-fabricated structure. PPHT led to a decrease in the area fraction of delta ferrite and precipitation of M23C6 and MX. Detailed characterization clearly demonstrates that the lack of precipitates in the as-fabricated structure could be due to the slow tempering response of the alloy. Finally, the needs to develop new alloys to achieve the objectives stated above are articulated.

Ausforming and tempering of a novel ultra-high strength steel

Ferrium® M54® is a recently developed high-performance steel with medium C and high Ni–Co contents. A processing route involving ausforming (rolling) and tempering was investigated. An ultra-fine martensitic block structure with high dislocation density was obtained, and the fully processed specimen showed an outstanding strength-elongation balance with a 1726 MPa yield strength, 2222 MPa ultimate tensile strength, and a 15.5% total elongation. Comparing the ausformed specimen and the direct-quenched (non-ausformed) baseline specimen, higher degrees of block refinement and dislocation number density in the former both contributed to the high strength of the as-ausformed condition. After tempering, the dislocation density of the ausformed specimen decreased to levels close to that of the direct-quenched specimen, but microstructural refinement persisted. Meanwhile, M2C precipitation hardening compensated for the loss of strength from dislocation recovery. Also, the acceleration of precipitation due to ausforming enabled a lower tempering temperature or shorter soaking time. Ausforming has been demonstrated as an effective way to highly refine the martensitic microstructure and further enhance the performance of secondary hardenable steel products.

Improved tensile properties in heterostructured 1050/7050 Al sheets produced by accumulative roll bonding

Tougher and stronger alloys are desired for structural applications, but the strength-ductility trade-off limits it. In order to overcome this issue, heterogeneous structures can be developed in high-strength materials to restore an acceptable ductility for practical use. In this investigation, dissimilar alloys (1050 and 7050 aluminum alloys) were roll bonded at 450 °C and 500 °C to obtain sheets with a heterogeneous structure in terms of microstructure and composition, and the microstructure and tensile properties were investigated. The final microstructure was a combination of soft and coarse-grained 1050 Al layers together with elongated and ultrafine-grained precipitation strengthened 7050 Al layers. A simultaneous increase in strength and ductility was achieved after six cycles at 500 °C with 343 MPa of ultimate tensile strength and ∼14% of uniform elongation, which was associated with the increase in the strain-hardening rate due to the combination of a coarser and ductile microstructure in the 1050 Al layer and a fine grained and precipitation hardened 7050 Al layer. It was also demonstrated that higher interface density in the heterogeneous structure decreased the dynamic recovery rate and a better combination of strength and ductility was achieved. These findings may determine processing parameters to optimize the roll bonding technology and develop new heterostructured sheets for practical applications.

Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Fine-Grained Bulk Copper Fabricated by Thermomechanical Consolidation of Copper Nanopowder/Micron-Sized Powder Blend

Samples of fine structured Cu were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of compacts of Cu nanopowder/micron-sized powder blend with a ratio of 3:7 by weight, and one of the SPSed samples was further processed by hot extrusion. The microstructures of the as-SPSed and the as-extruded samples and the tensile properties and fracture behavior of the as-extruded sample were studied. It was found that the microstructures of the samples consist of a concoction of ultrafine and coarse grains with high dislocation densities (~1015 m-2) as a result of microstructural evolution during material processing. Some nanograins were oxidized to form Cu2O particles residing around the coarse grains. Extrusion of the SPSed sample increases its microhardness from 70 HV to 90 HV. The electrical conductivity of the as-extruded sample reaches 87% international annealed copper standard (IACS), and its tensile properties are 200 MPa for yield strength, 218 MPa for ultimate tensile strength and 9% for elongation to fracture. The tensile test specimens from the as-extruded sample exhibit nearly ideal plastic deformation and undergo ductile fracture, suggesting that the fine-grained copper is a highly desirable material for high strength electrical conductors.

Characterization of nanoscale precipitates and enhanced mechanical properties of high strength weld metals containing Cu additions after PWHT

In order to match rapidly development of high strength low alloy steels, the new metal cored wire contained copper was designed. The multi-pass weld metals were obtained by gas metal arc welding. Results show that microstructure of weld metals is bainite with M-A constituents, and there are nano-9RCu precipitates after PWHT. The weld metal as welded achieves 737 MPa of yield strength (YS) and 1097 MPa of ultimate tensile strength (UTS), with an elongation 8%. After PWHT, the YS and UTS are 725 MPa and 968 MPa, respectively, and elongation increases to 16%. The lower dislocations density and reduction of Cu element at solid solution state hence for the decrease of YS. As well, the nano-Cu precipitates and reduction of effective grain size make it increase. The combined effect of these factors makes YS decrease by only 12 MPa after PWHT. Besides, a good impact performance (46.6 J) can be obtained after PWHT, while it is only 27.7 J of weld metals as welded. The improved toughness of weld metals after PWHT is obtained by the contributions of finer effective grain size, soft bainite, and dispersed nano-9RCu precipitation. The nano-Cu precipitates can improve strength without damage to toughness of weld metal after PWHT.

Influence of process parameters on mechanical and microstructural property of dissimilar friction stir welded joints of armor aluminium alloys AA7039 and AA5083

Friction stir welding (FSW) is an innovative, green and energy-efficient solid-state welding process. Which has been resolved the problems of defects related to microstructure and mechanical properties of welding joints of soft materials. FSW is also capable to join dissimilar materials of different melting points together with adequate efficiency and effectiveness. Present research work is an attempt to join the two dissimilar armor grad aluminium alloys i.e. AA7039 and AA5083 by FSW. Both materials are utilized as armor materials in defence. The process parameters such as tool rotation speed (RS), welding speed (WS) and tool tilt angle (TA) were utilized for variation at different five levels for experimentation. The experiments were designed by center composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The fabricated joints were examined for the variation in mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield tensile strength (YTS) and percentage elongation (EL). Effects of the inputs parameters on the variation of the responses were validated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The obtained results of aforesaid properties were utilized for the optimization of input parameters in the desirability approach. The desirability approach revealed that 1440 RPM of tool rotation, 32.1 welding speed and 2.4 tilt angle as an optimized set of parameters, which can fabricate the joint with 263.02 MPa UTS, 211.90 MPa YTS and 14.7% EL. The results of ANOVA and optimization were also verified by a change in the microstructure of FSWed joints.

Optimizing the process parameters of novel rotary ultrasonic hybrid casting process for synthesis of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu matrix nanocomposites

The inhouse developed Rotary Ultrasonic Hybrid Casting (RUHC) process is used to synthesize Al-Zn-Mg-Cu matrix nanocomposites with varying weight percentages of hexagonal boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles. The RUHC process include, rotation of modified ultrasonic probe with a combined stirring action, for homogeneous scattering of hexagonal BN nanoparticles and minimization of grains. The RUHC processing time, weight percentage of nanoparticles, and the rotational speed of RUHC probe are the control parameters that are optimized using Taguchi L9 orthogonal design of experiments. The optimum input variables are decided with respect to the microhardness, and ultimate tensile strength of the nanocomposites. The ANOVA results revealed that the weight percentage of nanoparticles in the matrix have the most influence in the properties of nanocomposites, followed by the rotational speed of RUHC probe, and processing time, respectively. The optimum input parameters are 10 min. RUHC processing time, 1.0 wt% of hexagonal BN nanoparticles and 500 r/min. rotational speed of RUHC probe. The confirmation experiment using the optimized parameters have delivered 213 HV0.5 (microhardness), 297 MPa (ultimate tensile strength) values.

Achieving high-strength nanocrystalline WE43 Mg alloy by a combination of cold rotary swaging and aging treatment

In this work, a bulk nanocrystalline WE43 alloy prepared through rotary swaging was subjected to the aging treatment at different temperatures. The mechanical property and microstructure variations during aging were systematically studied. Aging at 175 °C enhanced the alloy to be maximumly with 516 MPa in ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 477 MPa in yield strength (YS) and 8.5% in elongation to failure. The significant strengthening effect resulted from rare-earth elements segregation at grain boundary. During aging at 225 °C, tremendous enhancement was obtained in the initial stage of aging, while the formation of massive precipitates along grain boundary deteriorated the strength as aging time was prolonged.

Order-disorder transition and its mechanical effects in lightweight AlCrTiV high entropy alloys

This paper investigated an important order-disorder transition in lightweight AlCrTiV high entropy alloy system using CALculation of Phase Diagram (CALPHAD) modeling, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization and mechanical testing. It is found that increasing Ti content in AlCrTiV alloys can lower the order-disorder transition temperature, reduce ordering and introduces ductility to the alloys. The new Al10Cr10Ti70V10 alloy shows a measurable tensile elongation (1.1%) and excellent strengths (877 MPa yield strength and 889 MPa ultimate tensile strength), promising lightweight applications.