Movie Theater Research Articles

The effects of removing gender-based price discrimination on movie demand: Estimates using smartphone location data

Since 2021, an increasing number of movie complex firms in Japan have eliminated long-standing gender-based price discrimination by replacing discounts for only women with discounts for all customers. This study examines the impact of this discount change on movie demand. Using theater-level visit data by gender and a difference-in-differences strategy, I find increased movie demand for both males and females, indicating inter-gender interdependence of movie demand. A profit analysis shows that the average movie theater profit remains at the same level as that before the discount adjustment. Lastly, combining the difference-in-differences estimates with a random utility model reveals that joint movie consumption enhances paired customers' movie-watching utility.

Return of the Movie Night? Analyzing the Impact of Netflix Subscriptions on Offline Movie Spending

The advent of streaming services, like Netflix and Prime Video by Amazon, has led to the expectation that demand for offline movie consumption is likely to die (i.e., consumers will simply stop going to the movies). We study this question in our work, and instead, we find that although streaming services provide value to customers in terms of comfort, convenience, and price, they do not lead to a reduction in offline movie consumption. Instead, we show that the offline movie consumption actually increases because streaming services do not fully substitute for the social aspects of going to the movies or the pleasure that is received from watching movies on the “big screen.” Our work thus speaks to the policies implemented in some countries where streaming platforms have been restricted given the concerns about disruption of the offline movie industry. We believe that these policies are potentially misguided because they assume perfect substitution between the two services. Our work also helps inform managers of movie theaters and streaming platforms by providing arguments for the specific types of service offerings that are more likely to be enjoyed at home versus at the movie theater. As we show in the paper, social and hedonic needs are more likely to be met at the movie theater rather than through streaming services. We reiterate the sentiments expressed by Steven Spielberg from 2019: “I hope all of us really continue to believe that the greatest contributions we can make as filmmakers are to give audiences the motion picture theatrical experience. I am a firm believer that movie theaters need to be around forever.”

Impact of over-the-top video providers on viewing satisfaction and its effect on watching a movie in cinema: Bridging preferences and challenges

Netflix, Disney Hotstar, Amazon Prime, and VIU are projected to abolish cinema due to fierce competition. Traditional cinema businessmen blame the COVID-19 pandemic for exacerbating cinema's collapse. Streaming services are more like websites than TV and movie theatres in terms of distribution and accessibility. Streaming platforms provide users more control over content selection and consumption, changing how they watch TV and films. This study compares OTT video provider viewing pleasure to cinema viewing satisfaction. Satisfaction is essential to understanding customer decisions and entertainment. Analysing and comparing both mediums' satisfaction levels will reveal what influences viewers' tastes and entertainment choices. This survey-based investigation was quantitative. OTT users and cinemagoers in Greater Jakarta (Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi) were surveyed. June 2024's survey. This study compares OTT and cinema viewing satisfaction. 148 respondents were used in this investigation. This study sheds light on the changing dynamics between OTT video providers and traditional cinema experiences. The research will also help industry practitioners understand viewers' preferences and optimise their offers to increase satisfaction and competitiveness. This study compares OTT video providers' viewing satisfaction to cinema experiences to better understand viewers' leisure preferences. The findings will help industry players decide on content generation, distribution, and user experience improvements. This study contributes to the discussion over entertainment consumption's future and customer pleasure.

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in professional settings, shops, shared transport, and leisure activities in France, 2020–2022

PurposeThe aim of the study was to identify settings associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in France.MethodsCases with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection were matched with controls (4:1 ratio) on age, sex, region, population size, and calendar week. Odds ratios for SARS-CoV-2 infection were estimated for nine periods in models adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, health status, COVID-19 vaccine, and past infection.ResultsBetween October 27, 2020 and October 2, 2022, 175,688 cases were matched with 43,922 controls. An increased risk of infection was documented throughout the study for open-space offices compared to offices without open space (OR range across the nine periods: 1.12 to 1.57) and long-distance trains (1.25 to 1.88), and during most of the study for convenience stores (OR range in the periods with increased risk: 1.15 to 1.44), take-away delivery (1.07 to 1.28), car-pooling with relatives (1.09 to 1.68), taxis (1.08 to 1.89), airplanes (1.20 to 1.78), concerts (1.31 to 2.09) and night-clubs (1.45 to 2.95). No increase in transmission was associated with short-distance shared transport, car-pooling booked over platforms, markets, supermarkets and malls, hairdressers, museums, movie theatres, outdoor sports, and swimming pools. The increased risk of infection in bars and restaurants was no longer present in restaurants after reopening in June 2021. It persisted in bars only among those aged under 40 years.ConclusionClosed settings in which people are less likely to wear masks were most affected by SARS-CoV-2 transmission and should be the focus of air quality improvement.ClinicalTrials.gov (03/09/2022)NCT04607941.

Political backlash and consumer boycotts: Evidence from the NFB relocation and movie demand in Canada

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the impact of the announcement in 1952 of a change in Canadian cultural policy, namely the reorganization of the National Film Board (NFB) and the move of its headquarters from Ottawa to Montréal, on movie demand. Using weekly box office revenue data for a subsample of movie theatres in Toronto and Montréal from 1945 to 1955, we estimate the impact of this policy change with a triple difference estimator and find that the NFB headquarters move in Canada was followed by a decrease in movie attendance for movies produced in anglophone countries and an increase in movie attendance for French movies in Montréal. We complement our analysis with Odesi public poll Canadian data from 1949 to 1959 and find that poll respondents from Quebec held a more negative opinion about the decisions of the Canadian government and the tide of Americanization, relative to respondents elsewhere, and that their opinion deteriorated further after the relocation announcement and the relocation itself took place. This finding is consistent with our hypothesis that the relocation of NFB headquarters caused political backlash and triggered a boycott against anglophone, especially American, movies in Quebec.

Low frequency sound limits for live amplified outdoor music

The Rock Sports Complex (ROC) in Franklin, Wisconsin contains a number of outdoor recreational facilities, including a minor league baseball stadium, a drive-in movie theater, an outdoor concert venue, practice fields, and a ski hill. Residents adjacent to and up to one and a half miles from the ROC have reported disturbances from sound generated by the facility both inside and outside of their homes. A sound study was undertaken to understand these concerns and to make recommendations for thresholds to be used to balance the desire for facility events with the concerns of nearby residents and businesses. One focus of this effort was the quantification of low frequency (~63 Hz) music from the outdoor concert venue at surrounding residences. This paper discusses the low frequencies generated by the facility, as measured in the surrounding communities, and how they compare to noise ordinances for other US municipalities.

Class Bias in Indonesian’s Post-Reformation Film Revival

This paper describes how the Indonesian film industry has experienced a revival to counter Hollywood dominance since the beginning of the Reformation Era in the 2000s. However, conditions that hinder the growth of the Indonesian film industry are mainly due to the concentration of movie theatres and film screens in big cities. Indonesian films are predominantly consumed by groups from the upper socioeconomic levels and ignored by the middle and lower economic strata. This article seeks to portray whether the movement against Hollywood dominance would be effective if Indonesian films were only directed at this particular audience segment. To analyse the development of the Indonesian film industry in the post-reformation era (2000-current), the authors used a nationwide survey from Saiful Mujani Research and Consulting, conducted from August 31 to September 9, 2019, shortly before the COVID-19 Pandemic hit globally. To corroborate the survey's findings, the authors also distributed a closed questionnaire to 100 students at Undergraduate Program in Communication, Universitas Indonesia, and followed this with in-depth interviews with several students. The authors seek to study the revival of Indonesian films despite the decade-long dominance of Hollywood films and, recently, South Korean films. The research question proposed in this paper is: Can Indonesia break away from Hollywood's dominance? For this reason, this research focuses on the availability and modality of Indonesian market-targeted millennial and post-millennial film audiences to support the revival of the national film industry to compete with the dominance of Hollywood films. Keywords: Class bias, Indonesian films’ revival, taste culture, movie theaters, Hollywood films.

Interaction of Digital Art, Space and Memory: The Case of Alkazar Movie Theater

The pursuit of new art formed by the integration of digital technologies with art is used in many areas of architecture, such as facades, surfaces, showcases, and interiors. The use of art together with the technological infrastructure, especially on interior surfaces, has enabled artists to develop their limits of creativity. In this sense, one dimension of creativity is the designs made through the memory of space. This study focused on how digital artworks produced through the memory of space are applied in the Alkazar Movie Theater in Beyoğlu, Istanbul and their effect on the user. At the point of transferring social memory, Refik Anadol’s work titled Alkazar Dream, renowned for its visualization of memory through digital art, has been effective. The study examined how this interaction was achieved, using a descriptive-analytical and qualitative data analysis method. As a result of the study, the effect of experiencing space and social memory through digital art on the user was revealed. It was found that the interaction of the user with digital art as a viewer and participant is an effective method for the preservation and transfer of social memory into the future.

IOT Based Smart Parking System

Abstract: The problem faced by people in this modern era in urban areas is the problem of parking whether it is in shopping mall, railway station, hospitals, movie theatre, etc. This problem occurs due the increase of number of vehicles in recent times. Furthermore, today’s car parking is insufficient and driver/users waste most of the time in finding a place to park their vehicles. The purpose of this research is to use modern technologies like IoT (Internet of Things) and RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) which detects the availability of parking slots in the parking lots. Besides, the smart parking system has a web application which displays how many slots are available and alerts the user when status of the slot has changed. Additionally, the user details are added on the database. Hence, the smart parking system will provide a smooth functioning and will take the parking system to new levels

Main consumer choice drivers for fi lm products in the Russian market

Film distribution market is a highly competitive one, which only emphasizes the need to optimize costs for the production and promotion of domestic films while increasing box office potential. The purpose of this research is to identify the primary choice drivers for movies in the movie theater in current market conditions as a required prerequisite for effective promotion. The results of a content analysis of open data tracker Cinema Viewer in 2021 allow us to identify several drivers defining the choice of moviegoers. They can be divided into two main categories: content elements and promotional elements. Among content elements, the most important are film's genre, plot, and cast. The most important promotional element is the trailer. Furthermore, two findings stand out among the results of this study, which require detailed research in the further works on the subject, as they can significantly influence the promotional strategies for film products in the Russian market. Firstly, the study showed that information itself, rather than its source, is more important for the viewer, which means that further optimization of marketing budgets is possible by reducing spending on most expensive platforms (primarily TV). Secondly, recommendations play just as important a role in the choice of film as advertising, which also makes it possible to optimize the marketing budget through social media marketing.

Footstep Power Generation Using Piezoelectric Transducer

Abstract: In the modern world, power is becoming more and more crucial for all tasks. Even with our existing array of renewable and nonrenewable power sources, we are still unable to meet our needs for electricity. The population of humans is one of these assets. For this project, jogging or walking is how we produce energy. Calorie burning occurs when you go up and down stairs. People can generate power with their weight when they walk on steps or platforms. The energy produced will be kept in a battery for subsequent use around the house. This technique can be applied in sites with a high pedestrian traffic volume, such as movie theaters, colleges, schools, and temples. Applying pressure causes the control mechanism's piezoelectric sensors to produce electrical energy. The energy produced by walking on the floor is pollution- and noise-free. You may use this technology's energy to charge other electrical devices, such as laptops and mobile phones.

Attracting new audiences to high culture: an analysis of live broadcasted performing arts at cinema theaters

The aim of this paper is to analyze the potential contribution of broadcasting live performing arts in movie theaters to the democratization of high culture. To accomplish this, we analyze the profile of attendees to these events to explore whether this new form of cultural consumption can attract individuals who do not normally attend live performances, thereby renewing high-brow audiences. Using data from the Spanish Survey of Cultural Habits and Practices in Spain (2018–2019), we find that individuals who frequently attend movies are more likely to attend live opera broadcasts in movie theaters, even those who do not consume live opera or even do not listen to opera at all. This is a positive insight suggesting that this initiative may be successful to engage new audiences to high culture.

Please Remain Standing: The Disappearance of the Hometown Movie Theater in the U.S.

Please Remain Standing: The Disappearance of the Hometown Movie Theater in the U.S.

Los Angeles' Ethnic Cinemas

The author investigates ethnic movie theatres in Los Angeles in the mid-20th century, situating them in the city’s cinema landscape. By tracing the history of the LA German-language theatre, the La Tosca Filmbühne, she highlights how the cinema attempted to create a community of Germanness through its exhibition practices. She positions the audiences’ draw to these movie theatres in the context of Alison Landsberg’s notion of prosthetic memory, regarding the films screened there as evoking images and reminiscences of the viewers’ home countries. Through extensive archival research, the author also highlights the other Angeleno ethnic cinemas – Spanish language cinemas in particular – to examine what role foreign language theatres played in the cinemagoing communities of immigrant populations.

A Preliminary Study of Current Online Retailing in Telangana 2024

The main objective of this study is to analyze online system in Telangana and advantages and disadvantages towards consumer behavior. To this end, through a proposal applied to shopping centers, this study considers values and lifestyles as major factors that influence behaviors and intentions. The partial least squares (PLS) approach is used to evaluate the model. A multi-group analysis is conducted to compare consumers who buy goods online with those who do so at shopping centers. The results obtained show a link between the use of technology and its advantages and disadvantages. The relationships between values and behavior as well as between behavior and future intent are stronger among online consumers than the effects of lifestyles on behavior. We consider relevant theoretical and empirical perspectives and offer critical recommendations of use to shopping Centre managers, movie theatres, and intermediaries of this sector.

Moviegoing in the wake of a pandemic: Re-evaluating the attitudes, intentions, and behaviors of U.S. Moviegoers in the streaming era

ABSTRACT In the last decade, streaming services rose to create an entirely new market of high-quality content that would coexist with the traditional theatrical release model; however, the COVID-19 pandemic changed everything. As the theatrical industry struggles to recover from the consequences of the pandemic-era streaming boom, scholars and industry practitioners alike are in desperate need of actionable, data-driven insights that look beyond pre-pandemic industry precedent. Our research aims to fill the research gap by expanding the scope of who the industry has traditionally targeted as a “moviegoer.” This study uses exploratory survey data to reevaluate moviegoer attitudes, intentions, and behaviors for watching a film via streaming services vs. in movie theaters. Our analysis presents significant implications for long-term U.S. film industry recovery in the post-pandemic streaming era.

Socio-Legal Analysis of Age Restrictions in Cinema: A Hermeneutic Interpretation of Law Number 33/2009

This research discusses how Law No. 33 of 2009, especially article 7, which discusses the age classification or age of the audience by Film Show Companies (cinemas), where films with various themes and ratings are screened, a deep understanding of how cinemas maintain age classification so as not to be exposed to content that is not suitable for the age of the audience. The purpose of this research is to see how the role and responsibility of movie theaters in implementing Law No. 33 of 2009, especially article 7 and maintaining security, understanding related to the law. Because with the right understanding, it will affect the application of theaters to ensure that they operate in accordance with existing regulations. The research method uses Hermeneutic analysis, in hermeneutics there are three components, namely understanding, interpretation and application, which is related to the cinemas that have understood, interpreted and applied the age classification of the audience by the Film Show Company (cinema). The results showed that in its application, the movie theater has tried to apply the law in accordance with applicable regulations, but there are still many obstacles, especially from people who are less concerned about the shows they watch in terms of age classification. Theaters have tried to apply the law, but theaters are unable to control the application of the law to be applied. According to film observers, the law has been implemented by theaters, but the age category information displayed on plasma TVs is so small that not all viewers pay attention to the information. The Film Censorship Board does not specifically have the right to revise this law, from LSF's perspective, this is sufficient because everything has been regulated in detail. The public is encouraged to be more aware of Law No. 33 Year 2009, especially Article 7 which regulates the age classification of the audience.

A Model Proposal for Movie Theater Service Performance Index (MTSPI) Calculation with Structural Equation Modeling and Application

In this research, the objective is to create a performance index for movie theater services. In order to create the index, firstly the conceptual model for movie theater services was created. Secondly, physical evidence, social benefit, customer satisfaction and ambiance are determined as latent variables and verified with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The relationships among latent variables are determined using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). Then Entertainment Performance Index is developed and calculated by using weights and scores of latent variables for movie theater services. Entertainment Performance Index is used for determining the level of performance and for proposing suggestions for decreasing the level of service quality gaps in movie theater services sector. In addition, satisfaction levels for different customer groups are compared according to the frequency of benefiting from revenue management applications. The ambiance dimension, which is about feeling yourself in the script and feeling the emotions more intensely in the movie theater atmosphere, was developed in this study.

Egyptian Popular Culture in Late Ottoman and Mandate Palestine

Abstract During the late Ottoman and British Mandate periods, Palestine was an integral component of the audience for the new forms of “colloquial mass culture” that emerged in Cairo. Early Egyptian recording artists, theatre troupes, and the giants of interwar Egyptian popular music—Umm Kulthum and Muhammad Abdel Wahhab—regularly appeared and were warmly received in Palestine. Egyptian performers did not come to Palestine to affirm or reinforce its Arabism. They came because they earned substantial fees for their performances and because they had large and loyal audiences there, some of whom were Jews. The presence of both Arabs and Jews at concerts or in movie theaters did not necessarily mean that they liked each other. Neither did they dislike each other as a matter of principle. This ambiguous legacy was manifested in the political uproar over the naming of streets in honor of Umm Kulthum and Abdel Wahhab in Jerusalem, Ramle, and Haifa in 2020. This was not an indicator of Arab–Jewish coexistence, and it did not represent a conciliation with terrorism. It was a phenomenon in which spectators and fans (and detractors) read themselves into the meanings of the work of artists.

Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission during a movie theater outbreak in Incheon in the Republic of Korea, November 2021: a retrospective study.

We examined factors contributing to the transmission of an acute respiratory virus within multi-use facilities, focusing on an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a movie theater in the Republic of Korea. This retrospective cohort study involved a descriptive analysis of 48 confirmed cases. Logistic regression was applied to a cohort of 80 theater attendees to identify risk factors for infection. The infection source and transmission route were determined through gene sequencing data analysis. Of the 48 confirmed cases, 35 were theater attendees (72.9%), 10 were family members of attendees (20.8%), 2 were friends (4.2%), and 1 was an employee (2.1%). Among the 80 individuals who attended the 3rd to 5th screenings of the day, 35 became infected, representing a 43.8% attack rate. Specifically, 28 of the 33 third-screening attendees developed confirmed SARSCoV-2, constituting an 84.8% attack rate. Furthermore, 11 of the 12 cases epidemiologically linked to the theater outbreak were clustered monophyletically within the AY.69 lineage. At the time of the screening, 35 individuals (72.9%) had received 2 vaccine doses. However, vaccination status did not significantly influence infection risk. Multivariate analysis revealed that close contacts had a 15.9-fold higher risk of infection (95% confidence interval, 4.37-78.39) than casual contacts. SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurred within the theater, and extended into the community, via a moviegoer who attended the 3rd screening during the viral incubation period after contracting the virus from a family member. This study emphasizes the importance of adequate ventilation in theaters.