Occupant Movement Research Articles

Redefining Urban Citizenship: Italian Migrants and Housing Occupations in 1970s Frankfurt am Main

This article examines an overlooked group of participants within 1970s housing occupation movements in Western Europe – migrants. More specifically, I analyse Italian migrants’ participation in housing occupations in the city of Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, from 1970–3. By engaging in visible protest, Italian migrant occupiers performed ‘acts of urban citizenship’ that ruptured understandings of localised citizenship and belonging. This case study thus illuminates two interrelated historic phenomena: (1) how social rights became de-territorialised and attached to the individual rather than the nation-state; and (2) how the city became a crucial site of citizenship formation, even across national borders.

Recasting solidarity during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study

ABSTRACT The practices of social movements during the pandemic show how severe limitations on political and social organization have been turned into opportunities by increasing the focus on social justice and care-based initiatives, building trust and solidarity. This case study explores how the urban militants of the anti-military occupation movement A Foras (Out) maintained visibility during the pandemic. Besides calling attention to the unethical growth of military spending concurrent with the lack of investment in public health during the COVID-19 crisis, the movement engaged in mutualistic action against pandemic-related issues, such as isolation, and social exclusion. We examine ethnographically this hybridized mobilization, which is grounded on the significance of solidarity, community, and the nature of public life. By making social inequality, exclusion and isolation more visible, mutualistic practices act in the social justice arena as a ‘purposive orientation’. This case study offers an example of a grassroots social movement renewing its space of knowledge production by widening its agency and reconfiguring care as an action for political change, adding to the notion of caring democracy by giving rise to a mutualist initiative based on horizontality and potential reciprocity. The article provides an up-to-date understanding of how imaginaries and care practices activated around solidarity, security, and safety are recasting society in southern Europe in the wake of COVID-19. It contributes to the debate around caring democracy in social movements studies by rethinking the significance of caring infrastructures and, ultimately, the meaning of solidarity and trust.

Analysis of the lack of restraint with and without belt pretensioning in 40.2 km/h rear impacts

Objective In rear impacts, the seat and seatbelt are intended to provide occupant restraint and maintain the occupant on the seat with favorable kinematics and low biomechanical responses. This study analyzes the lack of restraint provided by lap-shoulder belts in rear impacts with and without pretensioning and offers thoughts on ways to provide early restraint by seatbelts. Methods Rear sled tests were conducted at 40.2 km/h (25 mph) delta V with a lap-shoulder belted, instrumented 50th Hybrid III. The dummy instrumentation included head, chest and pelvis triaxial acceleration and upper and lower neck triaxial loads and moments. Lap and shoulder belt loads were measured. High-speed video recorded different views of the occupant kinematics. In the first series, two sled tests were conducted with a Ford F-150 driver seat. One test was with the standard lap-shoulder belts only and a second with buckle pretensioner activation. In the second series, three matched tests were conducted with a Ford Escape driver seat. One test was with the lap-shoulder belts only, a second with retractor and anchor pretensioning and a third with only retractor pretensioning. The analysis included occupant kinematics, lap-belt movement and estimation of the load on the occupant’s torso. The load was the sum of force on the upper and lower torso. The upper torso mass was 30.8 kg (67.8 lb) based on GEBOD data for the 50th Hybrid III. It was multiplied by the resultant chest acceleration to calculate the upper torso force. The lower-torso mass was 30.9 kg (68.0 lb). It was multiplied by the resultant pelvic acceleration to calculate the lower torso force. The total load on the seatback was the sum of the upper and lower torso force. The change in angle (θ) of the lap belt was determined by video analysis. The angle θ was from the horizontal up to a line through the lap-belt webbing. Ways to provide early lap-belt restraint were considered. Results The rear sled testing at 40.2 km/h (25 mph) showed that the seatbelt provided essentially no restraint of the rearward movement of the occupant. The seat provided essentially all of the rearward restraint with and without pretensioning. There was minimal lap belt load in the series with the dual recliner Escape seat, except for a spike caused by pretensioning. There was more seat deformation in the tests with the single-side recliner F-150 seat. There were higher belt loads. The lap belt limited the lifting of the hips and thighs with essentially no rearward restraint of the occupant. Tension in the lap belt did not relate to restraint of rearward movement of the occupant. Seatbelts provided forward restraint of the occupant during rebound with the belts providing noticeable deceleration of the chest and pelvis. Concepts were considered to provide early lap-belt restraint. One involved a rear pretensioner that dynamically moves the lap-belt anchor forward and upward while tightening the belts in a rear impact. This provides a lap-belt angle greater than θ = 90 deg before occupant movement. With this geometry, the lap belt restrains rearward movement of the occupant and pulls the hip down early in a rear impact. Conclusion Seatbelts and pretensioners were designed for occupant restraint in frontal crashes, so it is not a surprise they do not provide much restraint of an occupant in rear impacts up to 40.2 km/h (25 mph). The lack of early lap-belt restraint is due to the unfavorable belt angle from the anchors over the hip. A concept is discussed that dynamically moves the anchors in rear impacts to provide early belt restraint.

სოციალური მოძრაობები და ბიზნესის პრივილეგირებული მდგომარეობა აშშ-ში: დაიკავე უოლსტრიტი

In the article the results of the “Occupy Wall Street” and the occupation movement in the USA are analized from the point of view of Charlz Lindblom’s theory of privileged position of business in poliarchy. In the authors’ view Occupy Wall Street formed a revolutionary situation, which was differed from the classical revolutionary situations by its peacefull character, solidarity of the American meinstream to the peoples protest and peacefull character. Occupation movement showed that it was impossible to rule in old way and people didn’t want to live the old way. This movement was directed against privileged position of business in poliarchy. Occupation movenet couldn’t weaken influence of money and big corporations on the decision making process because both are manifestations of the privileged positions of business in poliarchies, without which functioning of market economy is impossible. But Occupay Wall Street and occupation movement weakened ideoplogical pillars and stereotypes of American society.

Influence of interior layouts on occupant energy-saving behaviour in buildings: An integrated approach using Agent-Based Modelling, System Dynamics and Building Information Modelling

Interior layouts of a building may influence the presence and movement of occupants, which can lead them to participate in a certain activity, energy-saving behaviour for instance, which occurs at a particular location within an indoor space. Moreover, rearranging this interior layout can help understanding how and why occupants use more energy and encourage their energy-saving behaviours through occupancy-based interventions. However, only a handful of studies have attempted to evaluate the effects of interior layout on the energy-saving behaviour of occupants. In light of this, this study offers a comprehensive modelling framework for investigating the influence of interior layouts on occupants' energy-saving behaviours by integrating Agent-Based Modelling (ABM), Systems Dynamics (SD), and Building Information Modelling (BIM). The occupant behaviour within this hybrid model is built based upon the theory of reasoned action. Moreover, while most of the ABM studies related to occupant behaviour are based on synthetic data, this study used real energy data collected from customized sensors to validate the proposed model. As a result, it has been shown that adjustment of interior layout (i.e., occupant intervention) can improve building energy performance by 14.9%. In terms of model validation, the proposed hybrid model has exhibited an acceptable level of accuracy with an average CV(RMSE) of 10.5%, MBE of 1.5%, and R2 of 0.77. This study differs from other existing studies in that it adopts an interior layout-based human behavioural investigation considering stochastic attitudes and subjective norms of occupants and provides a robust validation through empirical-based intervention.

Prospective, population-based study of occupational movements and postures of the neck as risk factors for cervical disc herniation

ObjectiveWe studied the associations between objectively measured occupational neck exposures in a job exposure matrix (JEM) and cervical disc herniation (CDH).DesignA cohort study of Danish workers who ever held at...

Associations between spatial attributes, IEQ exposures and occupant movement behaviour in an open-plan office

Office workers spend much of their working day sitting or standing still, which can have dramatic impacts on their health. The physical environment has long been regarded as influencing people's behaviour, including how much and how often they move. Developing a deeper understanding of relationships between specific spatial and environmental attributes and office workers' movement behaviour may inform the development of effective interventions to help people to move more whilst at work.In this study, the daily movement behaviour of 22 office workers was analysed using high resolution location data collected over 4 weeks and compared to their individual exposure to objectively measured spatial and IEQ attributes of their workplace. The results showed that increased visibility of colleagues had significant negative associations with several measures of daily movement behaviour, including the total area utilised each day (ß = −0.73, 95% CI: 1.29, −0.14, p < 0.05). The distance to office destinations such as kitchens and meeting rooms was found to be positively associated with the median duration of moving bouts (ß = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.50, p < 0.01). Associations with IEQ exposures were primarily related to stationary behaviours, such as those between operative temperature and maximum stationary bout duration (ß = 149.15, 95% CI: 43.8, 260.0, p < 0.01). Although in most cases, the material impacts of the associations were small, the results suggest several promising avenues to pursue in the development of new design and policy-based interventions to help reduce stationary time and increase movement in the workplace.

Experiências e Processos Sociais das Ocupações Secundaristas de São Paulo

ABSTRACT In this paper we review the school occupation movements of São Paulo from the study of the discursive and action repertoires of the relevant players who were against the educational reform policy announced by the São Paulo State government in 2015. It aims to understand the struggle experience of the young players and part of their social processes. The article is divided into two parts: 1) a brief analysis of the educational policy and students’ disapproval and the support of public opinion, using the paradigm of communicative action; 2) reflection on intersecting themes such as feminism and gender equity issues, for example, that emerged within the social movement. The conclusion indicates that the experience of the occupations resulted in a greater complexity of the movement and its agendas.

The Multicultural Education Paradigm Pattern: A Case Study in Muhammadiyah Junior High School in Palangka Raya, Indonesia

The problems and the aim of the study. Indonesian society has problems of cultural disparities, occupation movements from different cultural backgrounds, and differences in conceptual understanding and application that give rise to the spirit of diversity in the fields that build multicultural education. This proposed study to identify fields that build multicultural education in Muhammadiyah Junior High Schools through a description of student interactions in these fields. Research Methods. Quantitative approach with a descriptive analysis. Sampling used a sample quota. The sampling included 29 students of grade VIII Muhammadiyah Junior High School in Palangka Raya and is the only Junior High School in the Muhammadiyah organization. Result. This research reveals religion as a way of learning and interacting in their daily life (80% = Sure until Very Sure). Gender, namely feeling more comfortable hanging out with friends of different sexes but still in accordance with religious rules (57% = Sure until Very Sure). Students in socializing. Ethnic, namely respecting friends who are different from their region of origin so that they are able to mingle in social relationships (75% = Sure until Very Sure). Racial, namely students can interact with friends who are less handsome or beautiful (61% = Sure until Very Sure). Cultural indicators, namely students value friends who are not smart and do not get along well (97% = Sure until Very Sure). Social class, namely students choose rich friends and parents who have positions in learning and social groups (54% = Sure until Very Sure). But not all can implement according to the theory of multicultural education because each individual has their own thoughts and understanding of diversity (20% - 46% = Less Sure to Not Sure). Conclusion. Multicultural education at Muhammadiyah Junior High School Palangka Raya was revealed to be able to be adopted by students so that the school still maintained the characteristics of Muhammadiyah but there were still students who were unable to adapt and construct.

A synthetic building operation dataset

This paper presents a synthetic building operation dataset which includes HVAC, lighting, miscellaneous electric loads (MELs) system operating conditions, occupant counts, environmental parameters, end-use and whole-building energy consumptions at 10-minute intervals. The data is created with 1395 annual simulations using the U.S. DOE detailed medium-sized reference office building, and 30 years’ historical weather data in three typical climates including Miami, San Francisco, and Chicago. Three energy efficiency levels of the building and systems are considered. Assumptions regarding occupant movements, occupants’ diverse temperature preferences, lighting, and MELs are adopted to reflect realistic building operations. A semantic building metadata schema - BRICK, is used to store the building metadata. The dataset is saved in a 1.2 TB of compressed HDF5 file. This dataset can be used in various applications, including building energy and load shape benchmarking, energy model calibration, evaluation of occupant and weather variability and their influences on building performance, algorithm development and testing for thermal and energy load prediction, model predictive control, policy development for reinforcement learning based building controls.

Evaluation of occupant's adaptive thermal comfort behaviour in naturally ventilated courtyard houses

PurposeIn vernacular buildings, many climatic and passive solutions have been used to create indoor thermal comfort. Seasonal occupant movement is an example of a traditional response to increasing thermal comfort. This article investigates the influence of these user behaviours on thermal comfort in courtyard houses.Design/methodology/approachParametric models of three different scenarios of courtyard houses are simulated. The courtyard houses are located in Shiraz, Iran, and share the same orientation and construction materials. To enhance the accuracy of the study, the indoor adaptive thermal comfort (ATC) analysis is performed with three different window-to-wall ratios (WWR) of 25, 50 and 75%. The ACT analysis is performed on an hourly basis for summer and winter scenarios.FindingsThe results demonstrate that the indoor ATC is 8.3% higher in winter than in the summer in the seasonal zones. During the summer, the amount of ATC is relatively sustained in all zones. Unlike common beliefs, seasonal movement can enhance the ATC, especially during winter, specifically in the northern part of the courtyard. In northern zones, the seasonal movement of occupants improves the indoor ATC from 10.1 to 23.7%, and in southern zones, the improvement is from 2.2 to 4.8%.Originality/valueThis research presents a new numerical investigation into occupants' seasonal movements in courtyard houses during summer and winter. It provides a precise pattern to show how much this seasonal movement can affect the habitant's ATC.

Lotta Continua and the Italian housing movement in the 1970s: Ancient history or present challenges?

The revolutionary group Lotta Continua (LC, Continuous Struggle) was founded in Turin in 1969, following the encounter between student protests and a labour movement fuelled by massive northward migration from southern Italy. One year later LC was growing into a nationwide movement and launched a programme aimed at unifying the proletariat, and the lumpenproletariat, whose protagonists were recent southern Italian immigrants who could hardly find accommodation worthy of the name. In contrast to left-wing organisations that prioritised factory-based struggle, LC made housing occupation the linchpin of its strategy between 1970 and 1971. Housing occupation was tied to the establishment of kindergartens, clinics and “red” markets; these were not intended to provide social services, however, but rather as sites of schooling for the proletariat. By investigating the main housing occupations between 1970 and 1975 through archival materials and the memories of former housing occupation movement tenants and activists, this article focuses on the link between projects of anti-capitalist transformation and concrete practices of solidarity and struggle, as well as how these struggles were repressed. It also reflects on the relationship between past and present housing struggles.

After UCS: Workplace Occupation in Britain in the 1970s

This paper traces the development of this form of industrial action through the 1970s, the emergence of an alternative economic voice, ultimately almost silenced in the 1980s with the dominance of neo-liberalism, leaving a sedimental alternative which periodically reappears. We first need to consider the context for this occupation movement and the social, political and economic developments of the post-war period which facilitated this form of resistance. Then we consider the nature of ‘occupation’, the forms it takes, and what differentiates it from strikes and other manifestations of organized conflict arising from the employment of labour power under capitalism, before examining the pattern of occupation after UCS. We indicate that the movement left a sediment of ideas and practices, not just in terms of ‘occupation’ itself as a form of industrial action, but also of an alternative economy rooted in workers’ self-management and socially useful production.

O caráter performativo das ocupações estudantis

O artigo analisa as ocupações secundaristas que ocorreram no ano de 2015 no estado de São Paulo, como reação à proposta de reorganização escolar que previa o fechamento de 94 escolas e a transferência compulsória de 311 mil alunos e 74 mil professores. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica e uma análise teórica das ocupações destacando sua dimensão performativa. Esta chave de análise é sustentada a partir de autores como Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe e Judith Butler, que enfatizam o caráter relacional e contingente das identidades, e a importância do corpo na gramática atual dos conflitos sociais. As conclusões indicam que as ocupações dos secundaristas foram atos performativos em três dimensões: na emergência dos sujeitos (a identidade secundarista que emergiu com a ocupação); no modo de apresentar algumas demandas educacionais (a produção de novas práticas escolares que materializavam as mudanças desejadas); na inversão do assujeitamento administrativo pela criação de outro “corpo estudantil” visível, vibrante e atuante. As ocupações extravasaram os canais tradicionais e consagrados de reivindicação previstos pela democracia representativa, tornando-se um movimento disruptivo, com forte teor transgressivo dos poderes instituídos e que, por isso, desencadearam forte repressão por parte do Estado. Ao mesmo tempo, foram espaços de produção de novas formas de educação e de uma vida escolar com mais liberdade, autonomia e sentido, corporificando críticas que os jovens vêm fazendo há muitos anos a respeito das políticas públicas e dos modelos de escolarização que lhes são oferecidos.

O The student occupations movement in Pará, Brazil in 2016

A historical interpretation of the occupations of high schools in Pará, in 2016, is made, trying to understand their characteristics and their political and formative practices, based on the category of Thompson's experience and that of Rancière's historical subject. Five interviews were conducted in 2019, listening to young people who participated in the movement in four municipalities. As a result, Pará joined the national student occupation movement in a very active way, both adhering to the national agenda and proposing its own demands. Also, students experienced formative practices that gave new meaning to school culture, youth culture and political culture, combining both the autonomist tendency and the political orientation of student entities, producing significant impacts on the educational and political trajectories of the subjects interviewed.

Study on Movement & Occupant Injury Based On The New FAR SIDE Test

The occupant movement and injury of the new Euro NCAP FAR SIDE test are taken as the research object, with the theoretical analysis, sled test and CAE model. The mathematical model of the far side dummy movement is established, and the main factors affecting the dummy’s displacement are analysed. The injury characteristics of the far side dummy under the sled test are obtained, and the main causes are studied. And finally, the optimization scheme of the FAR SIDE test is proposed.

Learning About Farming: Innovation and Social Networks in a Resettled Community in Brazil

We study the role of social learning in the diffusion of cash crops in a resettled village economy in northeastern Brazil. We combine detailed geo-coded data on farming plots with dyadic data on social ties among settlers, and we leverage natural exogenous variation in network formation induced by the land occupation movement and the agrarian reform. By using longitudinal data on farming decisions over 15 years we find consistent evidence of significant peer effects in the decision to farm new cash fruits (pineapple and passion fruit). Our results suggest that social diffusion is heterogeneous along observed plot and crop characteristics, i.e. farmers growing water-sensitive crop are more likely to respond to the actions of peers with similar water access conditions.

Learning About Farming: Innovation and Social Networks in a Resettled Community in Brazil

We study the role of social learning in the diffusion of cash crops in a resettled village economy in northeastern Brazil. We combine detailed geo-coded data on farming plots with dyadic data on social ties among settlers, and we leverage natural exogenous variation in network formation induced by the land occupation movement and the agrarian reform. By using longitudinal data on farming decisions over 15 years we find consistent evidence of significant peer effects in the decision to farm new cash fruits (pineapple and passion fruit). Our results suggest that social diffusion is heterogeneous along observed plot and crop characteristics, i.e. farmers growing water-sensitive crop are more likely to respond to the actions of peers with similar water access conditions.

NEGROS E NEGRAS NO ESPAÇO URBANO ACREANO: UMA ANÁLISE DO PROCESSO DE FORMAÇÃO E URBANIZAÇÃO DA RUA ÁFRICA E DOS BAIRROS IRINEU SERRA, JOÃO EDUARDO E LAÉLIA ALCÂNTARA NA CIDADE DE RIO BRANCO

The article analyzes the formation and urbanization of Rua África and its neighbourhoods. Irineu Serra, João Eduardo and Laélia Alcântara in the city of Rio Branco, in the state of Acre. The main objective was to understand the foundation process and the urban transformations that took place in the investigated neighborhoods. The research was carried out with a bibliographical survey, of legislative and historical documents, about the formation of the city of Rio Branco, and the trajectories of the black people honored and their contributions in the formation of the neighborhoods. The bibliographies were anchored in Ana Fani A. Carlos (1992), in the book: Cidade, o Homem e a Cidade, a Cidade and a citizen. Castro's (2008) research contributed to the understanding of the urbanization process, plurality and singularities of Amazonian cities and Morais (2016), by explaining the occupation movements of Acre and the city of Rio Branco, from the 1970s onwards. The partial results indicate that in the formations of África Street and the Irineu Serra and João Eduardo neighborhoods, the actions of these black agents had a direct impact on the process of constitution and urbanization, while the name of the neighborhood Laélia Alcântara was chosen only to honor the first woman black senator from Brazil for the state of Acre who, in turn, as a senator legislated on social issues in the city of Rio Branco. &nbsp

RGB Color Sensors for Occupant Detection: An Alternative to PIR Sensors

RGB color sensors are examined as an economical replacement for non-lighting based occupancy sensors such as PIR sensors and ultrasonic sensors. RGB color sensors are inexpensive and able to accurately detect and track occupants in an illuminated space by monitoring color shifts from background color distribution caused by occupants. By examining the temporal dependence of color shifts caused by small occupant movements, it is possible to avoid false occupancy/vacancy detections associated with other sensor types. Additionally, RGB color sensors provide information about the spectral reflectance of the illuminated space and this information can be used to compensate for spectral absorption properties of surfaces that alter the perceived emitted spectral power distribution (SPD) from the lighting. These changes may impact occupant perception and circadian performance.