Sports Movement Research Articles

4DFA: Four-Dimensional Full-Anatomy Reconstruction of Individualized Digital Human Models Based on Motion Videos

Reconstructing personalized models of the human body is a key step for digital twin modeling of sports motion. There have been many studies reconstructing the body surface models based on video sequences, but these algorithms lack the modeling of internal structures (bones, muscles, blood vessels, etc.). Some researchers map internal organ structures into the 3D point cloud scanning of the body surface, but such mapping does not guarantee realistic tissue deformation and is not developed for video processing. This paper focuses on the video-based reconstruction of a personalized full-anatomy digital model in sports motion. Our method creates a four-dimensional (4D) model of the moving process composed of the 3D models of each time moment. We first use a deep network to regress the body surface of each time point and then estimate the internal structures by registering a previously constructed deformable human anatomy atlas to the body surfaces. To mimic realistic internal structure deformation, we applied articulated linear transform to the bony structures to avoid bone shape distortion and applied smooth nonlinear transform to the soft tissue to mimic the motion deformation. We also developed an intersection removal method to prevent the possible intersection between bones and soft tissues during the deformation. Our method is tested with athletes' sports videos and automatically generates full-anatomy motion models which cannot be achieved by previous methods. Our method also surpasses the existing video-based body surface modeling method by providing additional internal structures. The 4D human motion model constructed by our method is useful in sports modeling, biomechanics simulation, wearable device design, etc.

Om folkbildningsmässig särart i idrottsrörelsens studieförbund SISU Idrottsutbildarna

The position of sports in relation to the Nordic Bildung tradition (e.g. Folkbildning) has historically been contested. Mainly so because sports were associated with competition and elite thinking in ways that contrast popular educational ideals. The purpose of this study is therefore to analyze what distinguishes the contemporary sports movement in terms of Folkbildning in relation to the pedagogical dilemmas and perspectives expressed by actors within the sports movement. The background to the study is a project initiated by the Swedish Sports Confederation (RF) after internal discussions about Folkbildning in their study association SISU Idrottsutbildarna during 2020. Focus group interviews with 4-7 participants were conducted using Zoom and included seven of SISU’s 19 local districts (altogether 40 informants). All interviews were around one hour long and were recorded and transcribed. The informants were all active in the study association SISU. The results are presented through the following categories: Folkbildning as an association pedagogy and nursery school, Folkbildning as a pedagogical idea beyond the measurable and Folkbildning as a universal pedagogical method. Overall, the study concludes how perceptions of Folkbildning within the sports movement risks being reduced to a method for solving social problems. At the same time, a unique association pedagogy emerges in the material, permeated with holistic educational ideals and where the sports movement on a more comprehensive and societal level contributes to important educational insights.

Ukrainian refugees and the Swedish sports movement – new opportunities and challenges

ABSTRACT Research Question The war in Ukraine has forced approximately eight million people into neighboring European countries. As part of sports clubs’ societal commitment, many have received Ukrainian refugees. However, compared to previous so-called ‘refugee waves’, forced migration from Ukraine is different in terms of demographics, culture, and (sports) traditions. This paper aimed to assess these ‘new’ nuances and their implications for the European sports movement. Research Methods Data were gathered through 17 semi-structured interviews with Swedish sports club representatives, analyzed with a critical realist-inspired thematic analysis, and interpreted with Bronfenbrenner’s process-person-context-time framework. Results and Findings The representatives expressed that Ukrainian refugees are more in-tune with organized sports compared to other refugee populations; however, there are also culturally discrepant ideas about sports. Specifically, there seems to be an influx of skilled (youth) refugees, who approach sports in ways incompatible with Swedish conventions about youth sports. While the sporting capital often enables easier inclusion, it also presents challenges in extreme cases. Implications The findings show that the European sports movement must be attentive to new challenges and opportunities associated with the current humanitarian crisis. Sports representatives need to balance culturally sensitive approaches with ethical considerations regarding youth sports.

Comparative Analysis of Biomechanical Variables in Marker-based and Markerless Motion Capture Systems

Motion capture systems are a key tool for performing quantitative analysis and evaluation of complex in movements sports. The prospect of the development and practical application of markerless motion capture tecnology in applied biomechanics increases research interest regarding the features of using such systems, as well as evaluat ing their accuracy and reliability in comparison with marker-based motion capture systems, which are the gold standard nowadays. Markerless motion capture systems have incomparable advantages over marker-based ones.In particular, significantly reduced time costs for the registration and data processing procedures, since registration is represented by filming a video from different angles, and processing is accompanied by the use of software algorithms for tracking the silhouette of an athlete using a presetted computer avatar. However, there is still no clear answer regarding the accuracy and reliability of the data recorded using markerless motion capture systems in relation to specific sports movements. Thus, the purpose of the presented work is to assess the statistical relationship of the data based on the correlation analysis of biomechanical variables on the example of a golf swing recorded using the Qualisys motion capture system and Simi Reality Motion markerless motion capture system.

Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine Position Paper: The Clinician's Role in Addressing and Preventing Maltreatment in Sport-10-year Anniversary.

In 2011, the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine released their first position paper on Abuse, Harassment, and Bullying in Sport. Since this time, there have been significant advancements within the global sport landscape, including the emergence of regulatory bodies and initiatives aimed at prioritizing athletes' health and well-being. While the shift to a more proactive approach for safeguarding athletes is evident and promising, athletes continue to be affected by cases of maltreatment. To advance safe sport, it is critical that all supporters of safe and healthy performance are aware of their roles and responsibilities for preventing and addressing maltreatment, including the Canadian sport medicine community. In this updated position statement, recent advancements in research on issues of maltreatment are summarized and specific recommendations are provided on how the medical community can contribute to appropriately identifying, treating, and preventing harm in sport, as well as their role in advocating for the health and well-being of athletes in their care.

Scalable musculoskeletal model for dynamic simulations of upper body movement

A musculoskeletal (MSK) model is a valuable tool for assessing complex biomechanical problems, estimating joint torques during motion, optimizing motion in sports, and designing exoskeletons and prostheses. This study proposes an open-source upper body MSK model that supports biomechanical analysis of human motion. The MSK model of the upper body consists of 8 body segments (torso, head, left/right upper arm, left/right forearm, and left/right hand). The model has 20 degrees of freedom (DoFs) and 40 muscle torque generators (MTGs), which are constructed using experimental data. The model is adjustable for different anthropometric measurements and subject body characteristics: sex, age, body mass, height, dominant side, and physical activity. Joint limits are modeled using experimental dynamometer data within the proposed multi-DoF MTG model. The model equations are verified by simulating the joint range of motion (ROM) and torque; all simulation results have a good agreement with previously published research.

Addressing human rights abuses at mega-sporting events-A shared responsibility in theory and practice.

Mega-sporting events (MSEs) have great potential to promote human rights and be a force for good, not only in the host country or city where the event takes place, but also beyond. At the same time, these events are regularly linked to human rights abuses and this opinion piece provides an overview of MSE-related adverse human rights impacts and discusses how the governance of these events enables these impacts to occur in the context of bidding for, preparing, and delivering these events. At the core of this discussion the paper presents a shared responsibility approach and argues that if applied in a preventative and retrospective way and including the concept of collaborative remedy, it can help address these adverse impacts. This is followed by a reflection on the feasibility of this approach, by considering to what extent current developments in the evolving sport and human rights movement are going in that direction and the paper finishes with a brief discussion on the importance of making the current changes sustainable and how research and education are key elements of this endeavour.

Repeated measurements of Adaptive Force: Maximal holding capacity differs from other maximal strength parameters and preliminary characteristics for non-professional strength vs. endurance athletes.

The Adaptive Force (AF) reflects the neuromuscular capacity to adapt to external loads during holding muscle actions and is similar to motions in real life and sports. The maximal isometric AF (AFisomax) was considered to be the most relevant parameter and was assumed to have major importance regarding injury mechanisms and the development of musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of different torque parameters over the course of 30 repeated maximal AF trials. In addition, maximal holding vs. maximal pushing isometric muscle actions were compared. A side consideration was the behavior of torques in the course of repeated AF actions when comparing strength and endurance athletes. The elbow flexors of n = 12 males (six strength/six endurance athletes, non-professionals) were measured 30 times (120s rest) using a pneumatic device. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was measured pre and post. MVIC, AFisomax, and AFmax (maximal torque of one AF measurement) were evaluated regarding different considerations and statistical tests. AFmax and AFisomax declined in the course of 30 trials [slope regression (mean ± standard deviation): AFmax = -0.323 ± 0.263; AFisomax = -0.45 ± 0.45]. The decline from start to end amounted to -12.8% ± 8.3% (p < 0.001) for AFmax and -25.41% ± 26.40% (p < 0.001) for AFisomax. AF parameters declined more in strength vs. endurance athletes. Thereby, strength athletes showed a rather stable decline for AFmax and a plateau formation for AFisomax after 15 trials. In contrast, endurance athletes reduced their AFmax, especially after the first five trials, and remained on a rather similar level for AFisomax. The maximum of AFisomax of all 30 trials amounted 67.67% ± 13.60% of MVIC (p < 0.001, n = 12), supporting the hypothesis of two types of isometric muscle action (holding vs. pushing). The findings provided the first data on the behavior of torque parameters after repeated isometric-eccentric actions and revealed further insights into neuromuscular control strategies. Additionally, they highlight the importance of investigating AF parameters in athletes based on the different behaviors compared to MVIC. This is assumed to be especially relevant regarding injury mechanisms.

Le sport juif en Alsace (milieu du XIX e siècle-années 1930) : entre judaïsme en acte et intégration laïque

This article explores, in the light of a history of associative sociability, the way in which Jews appropriated physical and sports practices in Alsace between the mid-19th century and the 1930s. In fact, they favored two approaches. The first one consisted in developing the supervision of young people within community movements, in order to spread Judaism in action. The second one was to integrate the secular sports movement in order to overcome the difficulty of Alsatian Jews to organize themselves around their own sports group.

A tradition older than a country: IFK and the Sweden-inspired sports movement in Finland

ABSTRACT This article presents several sport clubs in Finland connected to an organization Idrottsförening Kamraterna (Sporting Society Comrades), also known as IFK that originated in Sweden in 1895. The idea of IFK clubs reached Finland in 1897 and spread throughout the country. The beginning of the twentieth century was a period of growth and expansion for IFK, both in Sweden and Finland. IFK clubs formed an important network of sport-based activities, including football, when Finland was still a part of the former Russian empire. The aim of the article is to analyse how the modern Finnish IFKs from four different locations (Mariehamn, Åbo, Helsingfors and Grankulla) can retrace and frame their past.

Does quantity make the difference? Associations between the amount of physical education and children’s basic motor competencies

Basic motor competencies (BMC) belong to the main learning goals of physical education (PE) in primary school and are needed to actively take part in the culture of sport and human movement. BMC levels between European countries differ widely and individual determinants like age, sex, and extracurricular physical activity participation consistently predict BMC levels (Wälti et al., 2022), but also structural aspects of PE are important factors of learning outcomes. In this study, we wanted to investigate if the weekly amount of PE accounts for differences in BMC levels across countries.&#x0D; We assessed BMC (object movement, self-movement), anthropometric data (sex, age, body-mass-index) and participation in extracurricular physical activity (ball sports, individual sports) in 3,069 6- to 10-year-old primary school children using the MOBAK-1-4 and structural aspects (amount of PE) in 179 teachers from eight European countries. Latent multilevel regression analyses were corrected for children’s sex, age, body-mass-index, extracurricular physical activity participation and region of assessment.&#x0D; Despite differences in the weekly amount of PE in the assessed samples, there were no significant associations between the amount of PE and object movement or self-movement in either the 6- to 8-year-old or the 8- to 10-year-old children. The covariates age, sex, body-mass-index and participation in ball sports were significant predictors of object movement in all children. Body-mass-index and participation in any kind of extracurricular physical activity were significantly associated with self-movement in children aged 6-8 years. In children aged 8-10 years, all anthropometric variables as well as participation in any kind of extracurricular physical activity were significant predictors of self-movement. Other country-specific or PE-related factors might be more crucial for the differences in BMC levels than the amount of PE (García-Hermoso et al., 2020). A focus on the quality and content of PE lessons as well as on the qualification and goals of PE teachers is suggested. Nevertheless, for children who do not participate in extracurricular physical activity, PE can be crucial for BMC development.&#x0D; References&#x0D; García-Hermoso, A., Alonso-Martínez, A. M., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Pérez-Sousa, M. Á., Ramírez-Campillo, R., &amp; Izquierdo, M. (2020). Association of physical education with improvement of health-related physical fitness outcomes and fundamental motor skills among youths: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(6), Article e200223. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0223&#x0D; Wälti, M., Sallen, J., Adamakis, M., Ennigkeit, F., Gerlach, E., Heim, C., Jidovtseff, B., Kossyva, I., Labudová, J., Masaryková, D., Mombarg, R., De Sousa Morgado, L., Niederkofler, B., Niehues, M., Onofre, M., Pühse, U., Quitério, A., Scheuer, C., Seelig, H., Vlček, P., . . . &amp; Herrmann, C. (2022). Basic motor competencies of 6- to 8-year-old primary school children in ten European countries: A cross-sectional study on associations with age, sex, BMI and physical activity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 804753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804753

PROVIDING EDUCATION TO STUDENTS AT THE DARUL ILMI BATANG Islamic Boarding School THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORT WARMING FOR THE ELDERLY

PROVIDING EDUCATION TO STUDENTS AT THE DARUL ILMI BATANG Islamic Boarding School THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORT WARMING FOR THE ELDERLY&#x0D; One of the community service activities is socialization Providing Education on the Importance of Sport for the Elderly. We created this Sports Movement for the Elderly because we see that many elderly people are experiencing biological decline as visible symptoms of physical decline, one of which is cognitive decline. Cognitive function is related to physical activity that affects its structure and function, every physical movement that is carried out provides stimulation to the brain. Declining physical abilities have resulted in the elderly being a high-risk group in handling health problems. We also socialize this to children, even though they are not yet old, at least they understand and understand that later when they are elderly they still need to exercise. We socialize this activity smoothly and fully excitement.The socialization on Education on the Importance of Sport for Seniors was carried out on Saturday, December 17, 2022 at 13.00 WIB at Pondok Darul Ilmi Batang after rest activities. In the student team, which numbered 4 people, each of them had their respective assignments, including as presenters about the sequence of Warming up, Core Movement, and Cooling down and some as photo documentaries. , it turns out that many children ask about sports at an advanced age, here we can conclude that there is very good and conducive communication from the presenters and students which can be understood by students, although there are some students who still do not understand about participating in sports practices for the elderly&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Sport, Elderly

Differences in Thigh Muscle Activation Between Standing and Landing Exercises for Knee Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation.

In injury prevention or rehabilitation programs, exercises that facilitate enhanced hamstring activity may be beneficial when aiming to enhance knee joint stability during movements in sports with higher risk of acute knee injury. Information about neuromuscular activation of the hamstring muscles in commonly used exercises may improve exercise selection and progression in programs for knee injury prevention or rehabilitation. To investigate (1) how balance devices with progressing degrees of instability influence the activity of muscles controlling the knee joint in typical balance exercises with different demands on postural control, and (2) if any between-sex differences exist. Cross-sectional study. Twenty habitually active healthy adults (11 males) participated in this cross-sectional study. Single-leg stance, single-leg squat and single-leg landing were performed on the floor and two different balance devices imposing various levels of challenge to postural control. Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to obtain hip and knee joint angles, and as primary outcomes, and peak normalized EMG activity from the hamstrings and quadriceps muscles was measured for comparison between exercises. The more challenging in terms of maintaining stable balance the devices were, the higher hamstring muscle activity levels were observed. There was a clear progression across balance devices from single-leg stance to single-leg squat and further to single-leg landing displaying increasing hamstring activity levels. The change in medial hamstring activity across all devices when changing from single-leg squat to single-leg landing was significantly higher for the female participants than for the males reaching a higher level of activity. The muscle activity of the hamstrings and quadriceps increased when the motor task was more dynamic. Specifically, single-leg landings were effective in increasing the hamstring muscle activity over the single-leg stance to single-leg squat exercises, and muscle activity was significantly increased with the most unstable device. Increases in hamstring muscle activation was greater in female subjects than males with increasing instability of the balance devices. Not registered. 3.

Attitudes towards Doping in Adolescent Athletes

This transversal study assessed the opinions of young athletes in martial arts regarding doping. The study involved 59 young adolescents performing judo and sambo at the Vologda region sport schools of the Russian Federation (average age=11.8±0.61 years old). The diagnostic was performed using a questionnaire. The respondents expressed their degree of agreement with 12 statements regarding the problem of doping and the use of illegal drugs in sports. Responses were assessed based on the 4-point Likert scale, and the sum of the points was interpreted in terms of the level of the value component of the anti-doping culture. This study showed that the respondents understand the importance of the doping problem for the modern international sports movement. However, a significant number of respondents tend to believe that without doping, sports competitions become less spectacular, and victory “at any cost” is still a victory. Our findings are of practical value for selecting content and methods for anti-doping education of young athletes before the beginning of their typical competitive experience.

Examining duration in the imagery dose-response relationship

Abstract Objectives Imagery training is an effective technique in sport psychology for skill development and enhancement at various levels of skill performance. Despite its application, there is limited evidence to inform decisions around the appropriate doses of imagery duration for performance enhancement of movement in sport and physical activity. The aim of the present study was to experimentally determine whether different imagery durations (8, 13, and 18 min durations in a session) have differential effects on the performance of free-throw shooting (FTS) in the sport of basketball. We applied a dose-response imagery protocol, in which one imagery variable was varied systematically, while other key dose variables were held constant. Methods We recruited 36 male basketball players (M age=25.17 years SD=4.26) and allocated them to one of three imagery training conditions or a control condition. Participants in the control condition had no imagery training sessions. Imagery repetitions were held constant at 20 repetitions per imagery session with a frequency of 3 imagery sessions per week over four weeks. Results The results showed that the 13- and 18-min imagery durations were more effective than the 8-min duration condition for the basketball free-throw shooting. The 13-min condition was significantly higher at post- and retention-test than at pre-test, indicating it was most effective in this study. Conclusions The findings of the present study highlight the importance of imagery duration in imagery training design and may inform coaches, sport psychologists, and athletes in designing effective programs for individual athletes.

Associations Between Cognitive Function and ACL Injury-Related Biomechanics: A Systematic Review.

Does lower baseline cognitive function predispose athletes to ACL injury risk, especially when performing unplanned or dual-task movements? To evaluate the association between cognitive function and biomechanics related to ACL injuries during cognitively challenging sports movements. PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Scopus, and SciELO databases were searched; additional hand searching was also conducted. The following inclusion criteria had to be met: participants completed (1) a neurocognitive test, (2) a cognitively challenging sport-related task involving lower limbs, and (3) a biomechanical analysis. The following criteria determined exclusion from the review: studies involving participants with (1) recent or current musculoskeletal injuries; (2) recent or current concussion; (3) ACL surgical reconstruction, reviews of the literature, commentary or opinion articles, and case studies. Systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement and registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Level 3. Two of authors independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the articles with the Downs and Black and ROBINS-I checklists, to assess methodological quality and risk of bias, respectively. Six studies with different methodologies and confounding factors were included in this review. Of these 6 studies, 3 were ranked as high-quality, 3 demonstrated a low risk of bias, 2 a moderate risk, and 1 a severe risk. Five studies found a cognitive-motor relationship, with worse cognitive performance associated with increased injury risk, with 1 study reporting the opposite directionality for 1 variable. One study did not identify any interaction between cognitive function and biomechanical outcomes. Worse cognitive performance is associated with an increased injury risk profile during cognitively challenging movements.

INFLUÊNCIAS DO TREINAMENTO DE FORÇA DO CENTRO ABDOMINAL SOBRE A DANÇA ESPORTIVA

ABSTRACT Introduction: The essential characteristics of the unique fitness of sport dancing are composed of the athletes' skill, quality, and physical characteristics. All are directly affected by proper abdominal core strength training. Kick strength is an important variable for controlled balance in lower limb elevation. It is produced by the combined action of the pelvic girdle and thigh muscle groups, beginning at the abdominal core. Objective: This paper explores the effect of abdominal core strength training on the quality of kicking movement in dance sports work. Methods: Forty-six college students majoring in sport dance were randomly selected as volunteers for the research. Randomly divided into control and experimental group, they participated in the experiment for four weeks. The experimental group added a specific strength exercise for the abdominal core at each class, while the control group followed only with the routine exercises. Several indicators of the athletes were tested before and after the end of the experiment. The collected variables went through the statistical methodology and data analysis. Results: The experimental group members showed significantly higher kicks than those of the control group (P&lt;0.05). The balance and stability scores in the experimental group were also significantly higher (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Abdominal core strength training significantly affects the quality of lower limb lifting movements in sports dance practitioners and significantly affects the overall performance improvement of athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН СФЕРИ ФІЗИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ І СПОРТУ В УКРАЇНІ

The article emphasizes that the state, the most important problems and prospects for the development of the sphere of physical culture and sports are determined by external and internal factors that directly or indirectly affect specific quantitative and qualitative indicators of its functioning. The modern market socio-economic system of Ukraine contributes to the formation and development of the main components of the market of physical culture and sports services. One of the foundations of the state policy in the field of physical culture and sports is to provide conditions for supporting the areas of physical culture and sports. The formation and implementation of state policy in the field provides a list of indicators of the state of development of physical culture and sports, namely, indicators of the level: physical health of different population groups; attracting citizens to mass sports; involvement of persons with disabilities in physical education and sports rehabilitation; attraction of children and youth, including children and youth with disabilities, to classes in children’s and youth sports schools; achievements of Ukrainian athletes at international sports competitions, primarily the Olympic, Paralympic and Deaflympic Games, the Global Games for Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities, the World Games in non-Olympic sports; staffing in the sphere of physical culture and sports; financial and logistical support of the sphere of physical culture and sports; creation of conditions for access of persons with disabilities to sports facilities. These indicators are taken into account to monitor the state of development of physical culture and sports and to develop programs for its development both at the state and regional levels. A systematic analysis of the state of the sphere of physical culture and sports contributes to the optimization of the selected parameters and indicators using the socio-economic mechanism for the development of physical culture and sports services, the effectiveness of managing the physical culture and sports movement, which confirms the relevance of this study. Materials and Methods. The following methods were used in the study: analysis of scientific literature and documentary sources, Internet information resources, statistical data; advanced domestic experience; combination of logical and historical analysis; system analysis; methods of mathematical statistics. The main indicators of functioning and development of the sphere of physical culture and sports for the last 3 years are subject to analysis. Discussion. The current reporting system in Ukraine on the main indicators of health-improving and sports activities of certain subjects according to the reporting form № 2-FK (annual) is characterized. The authors noted the lack of an effective system of control over the activities of private physical culture and sports organizations, as well as representatives of the public sector, which affects the objectivity of information. The system of balanced indicators, which allow assessing the level of development of both the system as a whole and the degree of achievement of individual goals, should be formed depending on the strategic goals of the social policy of the country, region, territorial community and considered according to the criteria of socio-economic efficiency, consumer efficiency, internal mechanism of functioning as well as infrastructure. In the field of physical culture and sports, the integral indicator should reflect the degree of its influence on the achievement of universal global socio-economic goals with a socio-economic effect. Today, the system of functioning of the sphere of physical culture and sports can be represented in terms of indicators that characterize quantitative changes in the development of physical culture and sports proper (the number of people involved, sports facilities, the volume and structure of financing, etc.). The indicators of the second group characterize the degree of influence of the sphere of physical culture and sports on the achievement of social and economic goals facing the society. Results. The development of the sphere of physical culture and sports is possible when positioning it as a large, complex, dynamic, probabilistic and selforganizing system, in the management of which the principles of consistency, integrity, complexity and hierarchy, synergy and emergence, structuredness, balance of centralized and centralized are applied. An effective system of state management of physical culture and sports implies a clear distribution of areas of responsibility of its various subjects for individual components of the system, for the achievement of operational and strategic goals of its functioning. An important condition for the implementation of this principle is convenient, from a managerial point of view, quantitative information using the latest IT technologies and the transition to digital interaction. In order to improve the efficiency of the physical culture and sports management system using the principles of the balanced characteristics system, it is necessary to improve the organizational and managerial model of sports organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, and a unified reporting system on their activities.

Czechs and Slovaks in Russia in the late 19th — early 20th centuries: A view of a modern historian

Another monograph prepared by the famous Russian historian, specialist in Bohemian Studies E. P. Serapionova, dedicated to the Czechs and Slovaks in the Russian Empire in the late 19th — early 20th centuries, is an important publication in Slavic studies in Russia. The monograph, which has mostly a review character, takes fully into account the whole extensive historiography on this topic, including both the works of domestic historians and the works of Czech and Slovak researchers. The monograph, which has a solid source base, including a number of previously unused archival materials, analyzes in detail the initial stage of the migration of Czechs and Slovaks to Russia, starting from the Middle Ages. Justifiably, the author paid great attention to migration processes in the 19th century, when, for a number of reasons, the migration influx of Czechs and Slovaks to the Russian Empire increased sharply. E. P. Serapionova analyzes in detail the reasons for the migration of Czechs and Slovaks to Russia, emphasizing that among the reasons for the emigration of Czechs and Slovaks to Russia there were both political and religious ones, but economic considerations noticeably prevailed. The monograph reflects the active cultural and social life of the Czech colonies in Russia. The author separately explores and identifies the specifics of the Czech communities in Volhynia, Crimea and the North Caucasus, as well as in large cities of the Russian Empire, noting the active participation of Czechs in the sports movement and in the neo-Slavic movement at the turn of the 20th century. In general, the study of E. P. Serapionova is a successful continuation of the already existing extensive historiographical tradition. It represents a valuable contribution to the study of Russia’s relations with the Czechs and the Slovaks.

TREINAMENTO DE FLEXIBILIDADE MELHORA A ELEGÂNCIA DO BALÉ NO GELO

ABSTRACT Introduction Ice ballet is performed through various movements with high artistic attributes such as skating, foot movement, rotation, and jumping on ice. The development of ice ballet flexibility can make the movements more graceful and coordinated and improve muscle strength. The athlete’s flexibility can prevent accidents and reduce injuries. Objective This study aimed to analyze the effect of body flexibility on improving movement skills in ice ballet. Methods This paper selects ten ice ballet athletes as the object of research. The physiological and biochemical indicators of the athletes are examined by employing literature, experience, and data statistics. An investigation of the effect of physical flexibility on the performance of ice sports is carried out. Results The athletes exhibited high flexibility, and their muscles, tendons, and ligaments evidenced improved elasticity and extensibility. There is a correlation between body fat and flexibility in the athletes. The athletes exhibited no metric difference in body composition after the competition. Conclusion Flexibility training is significant in improving the movement abilities of athletes. Focusing on flexibility training in athletes’ daily training allows them to improve the flexibility and extensibility of their muscles, tendons, and ligaments. There is a correlation between body fat and flexibility in athletes. The athletes had approximately the same body composition metrics after the competition. Focusing on flexibility training during athletes’ daily training allows for improved flexibility in sports movements. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.