Movement Activity Research Articles

Patient-reported physical activity, pain, and fear of movement after cardiac surgery: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Objectives After cardiac surgery, there may be barriers to being physically active. Patients are encouraged to gradually increase physical activity, but limited knowledge exists regarding postoperative physical activity levels. This study aimed to assess patient-reported physical activity six months after cardiac surgery, determine adherence to WHO's physical activity recommendations, and explore potential relationships between pain, dyspnea, fear of movement, and activity levels. Methods The study design was a cross-sectional study at Örebro University Hospital, Sweden. Preoperative and surgical data were retrieved from medical records and questionnaires concerning physical activity (Frändin-Grimby Activity Scale, the Physical activity Likert-scale Haskell, Patient-Specific Functional Scale, and Exercise Self-efficacy Scale) were completed six months after surgery. Data were collected on pain, dyspnea, general health status and kinesiophobia i.e. fear of movement, using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia Heart. Results In total, 71 patients (68 ± 11 years, males 82%) participated in this study. Most patients (76%) reported a light to moderate activity level (Frändin-Grimby levels 3-4) six months after cardiac surgery. In total, 42% of the patients adhered to the WHO’s physical activity recommendations (150 min/week). Pain and dyspnea were low. Patients with lower activity levels exhibited significantly higher levels of fear of movement (p =.025). Conclusions The majority of patients reported engaging in light to moderate activity levels six months after cardiac surgery. Despite this, less than half of the patients met the WHO's physical activity recommendations. Potential barriers to physical activity such as pain, dyspnea and fear of movement were reported to be low.

Real-Time Sensing of Upper Extremity Movement Diversity Using Kurtosis Implemented on a Smartwatch.

Wearable activity sensors typically count movement quantity, such as the number of steps taken or the number of upper extremity (UE) counts achieved. However, for some applications, such as neurologic rehabilitation, it may be of interest to quantify the quality of the movement experience (QOME), defined, for example, as how diverse or how complex movement epochs are. We previously found that individuals with UE impairment after stroke exhibited differences in their distributions of forearm postures across the day and that these differences could be quantified with kurtosis-an established statistical measure of the peakedness of distributions. In this paper, we describe further progress toward the goal of providing real-time feedback to try to help people learn to modulate their movement diversity. We first asked the following: to what extent do different movement activities induce different values of kurtosis? We recruited seven unimpaired individuals and evaluated a set of 12 therapeutic activities for their forearm postural diversity using kurtosis. We found that the different activities produced a wide range of kurtosis values, with conventional rehabilitation therapy exercises creating the most spread-out distribution and cup stacking the most peaked. Thus, asking people to attempt different activities can vary movement diversity, as measured with kurtosis. Next, since kurtosis is a computationally expensive calculation, we derived a novel recursive algorithm that enables the real-time calculation of kurtosis. We show that the algorithm reduces computation time by a factor of 200 compared to an optimized kurtosis calculation available in SciPy, across window sizes. Finally, we embedded the kurtosis algorithm on a commercial smartwatch and validated its accuracy using a robotic simulator that "wore" the smartwatch, emulating movement activities with known kurtosis. This work verifies that different movement tasks produce different values of kurtosis and provides a validated algorithm for the real-time calculation of kurtosis on a smartwatch. These are needed steps toward testing QOME-focused, wearable rehabilitation.

Using WindTunneling to document emergent knowledge to explore common perceptions of well‐being

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to discuss using WindTunneling to document emergent knowledge to explore common perceptions of well‐being. WindTunneling is a systemic research methodology to help groups navigate complex issues. In 2022, I adapted WindTunneling to document sensory‐based emergent knowledge from 978 international participants exploring 52 somatic movement activities designed to promote well‐being. Well‐being is a complex subjective condition that is difficult to measure and maintain the richness of diverse perspectives. Discovering common perceptions of well‐being using WindTunneling would partially substantiate the efficacy of movement as a well‐being intervention in context specific situations. If successful, this research design would add to the rigor of WindTunneling as a way to develop a holistic understanding of how participants perceive well‐being in relationship to their lived experience. Developing WindTunneling methodology to meet appropriate qualitative research standards would have practical significance to researchers working to measure the subjective dimension of well‐being.

Gender differences in the proportion of Japanese parents meeting 24-h movement guidelines and associations with weight status.

Parents' healthy behaviors are important for both their health and role models for their children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate adherence to the three recommendations associated with health in the Canadian 24-h movement or Japanese physical activity (PA) guidelines and their relationship with weight status (underweight or obesity) in Japanese parents. This cross-sectional study included 425 mothers and 237 fathers. Meeting the 24-h movement guidelines was defined as: ≥150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (Canada) or at least 60 min/day of MVPA (Japan), ≤8 h/day of sedentary time which includes ≤3 h of recreational screen time, and 7 to 9 h/night of sleep. MVPA and sedentary time were accelerometer-determined while screen time and sleep duration were self-reported. The prevalence of mothers meeting all three recommendations was 30.6% using Canadian PA guidelines and 20.7% using Japanese PA guidelines, while that of fathers was 10.6% and 8.0%, respectively. Mothers not meeting the sedentary behavior recommendation had a lower odds ratio and those not meeting Japanese PA recommendations had a higher odds ratio for underweight compared to mothers meeting the recommendations, adjusted for age and area socioeconomic status. The screen time recommendation and Japanese PA recommendation were associated with underweight in mothers. None of the recommendations was associated with weight status in fathers. Further research is needed to understand the relationships among movement behaviors and weight status, particularly among Japanese women, whose routine behaviors, such as household activities, may be misclassified by a questionnaire.

A MultiModal Vigilance (MMV) dataset during RSVP and SSVEP brain-computer interface tasks

Vigilance represents an ability to sustain prolonged attention and plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability and optimal performance of various tasks. In this report, we describe a MultiModal Vigilance (MMV) dataset comprising seven physiological signals acquired during two Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) tasks. The BCI tasks encompass a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)-based target image retrieval task and a steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based cursor-control task. The MMV dataset includes four sessions of seven physiological signals for 18 subjects, which encompasses electroencephalogram(EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), electrodermal activity (EDA), electromyogram (EMG), and eye movement. The MMV dataset provides data from four stages: 1) raw data, 2) pre-processed data, 3) trial data, and 4) feature data that can be directly used for vigilance estimation. We believe this dataset will achieve flexible reuse and meet the various needs of researchers. And this dataset will greatly contribute to advancing research on physiological signal-based vigilance research and estimation.

The Potential Changes and Stereocilia Movements during the Cochlear Sound Perception Process

Sound vibrations generate electrical signals called cochlear potentials, which can reflect cochlear stereocilia movement and outer hair cells (OHC) mechanical activity. However, because the cochlear structure is delicate and complex, it is difficult for existing measurement techniques to pinpoint the origin of potentials. This limitation in measurement capability makes it difficult to fully understand the contribution of stereocilia and transduction channels to cochlear potentials. In view of this, firstly, this article obtains the stereocilia movement generated by basilar membrane (BM) vibration based on the positional relationship between the various structures of the organ Corti. Secondly, Kirchhoff’s law is used to establish an electric field model of the cochlear cavity, and the stereocilia movement is embedded in the electric field by combining the gated spring model. Finally, a force-electric coupling mathematical model of the cochlea is established. The results indicated that the resistance variation between different cavities in the cochlea leads to a sharp tuning curve. As the displacement of the BM increased, the longitudinal potential along the cochlea continued to move toward the base. The decrease in stereocilia stiffness reduced the deflection angle, thereby reducing the transduction current and lymphatic potential.

Twenty-first century learning skills and music engagement among young children: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Previous researchers have thoroughly examined music-based interventions, which involve singing, movement, and musical activities. According to the findings of previous research, music-based intervention is highly beneficial for young children in developing their 21st-century learning skills, which include communication, collaboration, creativity, and critical thinking skills. This review analysed and contrasted previous research on the studies of using music-based intervention in enhancing 21st-century learning skills. The SPIDER and CATT search tools were used to conduct this systematic review, which investigated samplings (S), phenomena of interest (PI), designs (D), evaluations (E), and research methods (R). The themes from the selected studies were also studied to investigate the effects of music-based interventions. Thirty-six studies with participants aged 1 to 12 that were published between 2001 and 2023 were included. This review found that music-based intervention has been discovered as a viable approach for enhancing the developmental skills of 21st-century learners among young children. Researchers and educators are suggested to pay close attention to ensuring the suitability and reliability of their research designs to maximize the effectiveness of music-based interventions.

Non-linear ground deformation detection and monitoring using time series InSAR along the coastal urban areas of Pakistan.

Conventional geodetic methods rely on point measurements, which have drawbacks for detecting and tracking geologic disasters at specific locations. In this study, the time series Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach was incorporated to estimate non-linear surface deformation caused by tectonic, shoreline reclamation, and other anthropogenic activities in economically important urban regions of Pakistan's southern coast, which possesses around 270km. The shoreline is extended from the low-populated area on the premises of the Hub River in the west to the highly populated Karachi City and Eastern Industrial Zone, where we collected the Sentinel-1A C-band data from 2017 to 2023 to address urban security and threats to human life and property. The main advantage of opting for the non-linear persistent scatterer interferometric SAR (PSInSAR) approach for this study is that it exposes minute movements without any prior consideration of conventional monitoring techniques, making it valid in continuously varying regions. An average vertical displacement range of - 170 to + 82mm per year was found, which was used to investigate the potential correlation with the most effective causative parameters of deformation. The densely populated areas of the study area experience an annual subsidence of 170mm, and the less populated western region experiences an uplift of 82mm annually. Land deformation varies along the coast of the study area, where the eastern region is highly reclaimed and is affected by erosion. Groundwater table-depleting regions experienced high levels of land subsidence, and tectonic activities controlled vertical displacement in the region. Major variation was detected after an earthquake occurred along fault lines. This study was designed because a non-linear approach is required to address ground movement activities acutely, and it will make it possible to plan surface infrastructure and handle issues brought on by subsidence more effectively.

Waterproof flexible strain sensors with high sensitivity for detecting human movement, airflow size and water ripples prepared by demulsification

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have found extensive applications as conductive fillers in the fabrication of flexible strain sensors; however, their propensity to agglutinate often leads to non-uniform distribution within flexible matrix. In this study, we propose a method of demulsifying while adsorbing and fixing carbon nanotubes to prepare a conductive composite based on polyacrylic resin and carbon nanotube with uniform dispersion. Due to its distinctive surface structure, the flexible strain sensor based on this conductive composite exhibits simultaneous positive and negative strain effects, resulting in exceptional sensitivity (ranging from 4.86 to 140.68), ultra-high detection limit (13 mg), and long durability (stretched 12,000 times and compressed 10,000 times). This sensor can be used for detecting small strains such as airflow and pulses as well as larger stresses such as various joint movements in human physiological activities. Meanwhile, the sensor exhibits exceptional waterproof performance, enabling its suitability for water-related sensor detection tasks such as monitoring water wave oscillations and measuring the rotational speed of water. Furthermore, due to its high conductivity properties, this conductive composite material can also be utilized for Joule heating.

Effectiveness of motor learning model based on local wisdom in improving fundamental skills

Traditional Balinese games are considered a cultural heritage that provides many basic movement benefits but have not been well revealed, this study aims to describe the effectiveness Motor Learning Model Based on Local Wisdom (MLMBLW) in Improving Fundamental Skills of students in early childhood education programs in Buleleng Regency in Bali Provinces.The data analysis technique used descriptive quantitative. The sample in this study was the students in early childhood education Laboratory of Undiksha shool and early childhood education Telkom School (n = 44) age 5 year taken by purposive sampling technique with active children for traditional Balinese games. Data were collected by direct observation, questionnaires, and tests. Based on the results of data analysis, the effectiveness of the MLMBLW which can be seen from the activities of students participating in learning 81.3% belongs to the very high/very active category, student learning achievement as seen from the average fundamental motor skills above 70% have moderate to high basic movement skills, and the teacher's response to the implementation is overall positive. This research is evidence that MLMBLW is effectively applied in the implementation of motor learning in early childhood students From the results of this study, there are several things that are recommended: (1) early childhood education teachers must understand the character of students and the local wisdom used, so that the learning steps (syntax) can be implemented properly, (2) the learning model can be implemented properly, if the teacher understands how to play traditional games (local wisdom) well. Introducing culture to every child is the same as preserving the world's cultural wealth, for that reason traditional Balinese games are also important in addition to improving fitness Keywords Basic Movement Activities, Balinese Culture, Traditional Games

Facilitators of and Barriers to Caregiver Adherence to Home Therapy Recommendations for Infants and Children With Neuromotor and Neuromuscular Diagnoses: A Scoping Review.

Caregiver-performed home therapy programs are essential to occupational therapy intervention for infants and children with neuromotor and neuromuscular diagnoses. Factors that facilitate or are barriers to caregiver adherence when making home therapy recommendations should be considered. To identify facilitators of and barriers to caregiver adherence to home therapy recommendations for children with neuromotor and neuromuscular disorders. The review followed the five-step methodological framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005) and was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Searches with no language or date range limits were performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, PsycINFO, and SocINDEX on the EBSCO platform, and Scopus on the Elsevier platform from database inception through January 24, 2023. Study inclusion criteria included caregiver adherence to home therapy recommendations for children with neuromotor and neuromuscular diagnoses. Eight hundred seventy-five articles underwent title and abstract screening; 64 articles met the criteria for full review. Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. Four used qualitative measures, 7 used quantitative measures, and 1 used mixed methods. Qualitative thematic analysis revealed four facilitators: routine, efficacy of caregiver education, positive relationship with therapist, and perceived benefit of treatment. The analysis revealed three barriers: lack of time, lack of confidence, and caregiver stress. The facilitators and barriers identified are central to best-practice occupational therapy. Therapists can use expertise in analyzing routines and context to maximize the fit between family needs and home therapy recommendations. Plain-Language Summary: Home therapy for children with a neuromotor and neuromuscular diagnosis is common and uses some form of caregiver-performed movement activities or techniques. To support caregivers, occupational therapists need to understand what factors facilitate or serve as barriers to following home therapy recommendations. The review found three barriers: lack of time, lack of confidence, and caregiver stress. The review provides strategies to support home therapy based on core principles of occupational therapy practice. It also identifies the need for more research to support home therapy recommendations that fit within the child's and family's routine, that can be taught in a way that meets the child's and family's learning needs, that facilitate self-efficacy and confidence, and that reflect the values and motivators of all participants.

PENGARUH GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DAN TAX MANAGEMENT TERHADAP AKTIVITAS OPERASIONAL DAN NILAI PERUSAHAAN DI SEKTOR PERTAMBANGAN INDONESIA

The phenomenon gap in this research is that theoretically using price to book value and operational activities proxied using debt to equity based on the theory that the movement of firm value will correspond to the movement of operational activities. However, during the period from 2020 to 2023, there was inconsistency between the movement of price to book value and debt to equity which tended to fluctuate. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of Good Corporate Governance (GCG), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and Tax Management on Operational Activities and Firm Value (An Empirical Study on State-Owned Mining Sector Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the Period 2020-2023). The population used in this research is all financial data of state-owned mining sector companies during the period of 2020-2023 listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample consists of 40 data points from 6 state-owned mining sector companies that have issued complete annual financial reports during the observation period. The analytical tool used is quantitative analysis method, specifically path analysis. Based on the research findings, GCG does not have a negative effect on company value, while CSR and Tax Management do not have a positive effect on company value. Operational activities do not mediate the negative influence of GCG and tax management on company value, whereas operational activities mediate the positive influence of CSR on company value.

Effect of secondary orientation on the tensile behavior of single-crystal superalloys with [001] primary orientation at 760 °C

This study assesses the impact of secondary orientations on the tensile deformation behavior of single-crystal superalloys at mid-temperature of 760 °C. Tensile tests and stress-strain analyses were performed on specimens with primary orientation [001] and secondary orientations [100], [410], and [110]. Stress distributions were modeled using Abaqus software, while fracture behavior, slip system activation, oxidation, lattice rotation, and micro-dislocation movements were investigated using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Findings reveal that the [100] orientation, due to the activation of coplanar dual slip systems, underwent significant strain hardening, exhibiting the highest strength and lowest ductility due to restricted lattice rotation. In contrast, the [410] and [110] orientations, each with a single primary slip system, showed reduced strength. The [410] orientation demonstrated enhanced ductility due to extensive lattice rotation, whereas the [110] orientation displayed the lowest strength, primarily due to premature cracking aligned with slip lines on the surface oxide film. Dominant deformation microstructures involved isolated stacking faults (SFs) shearing into γ′ precipitates, with the formation of immobile dual Lomer-Cottrell (L-C) locks at intersecting slip planes significantly contributing to microstructural strengthening.

Secondary school students’ perception of health and teaching of health dimensions in physical education

ABSTRACT Background Physical education (PE) aims to promote health and strengthen students’ health resources, and the concept of health is a central part of PE. curricula. However, little is known about how students understand health and experience teaching related to the concept of health in PE. Purpose This study aims to provide insight into how students understand the concept of health and how they experience and perceive teaching about health dimensions in PE. Participants A sample of 10th graders was recruited from two primary schools in Norway. Data collection and analysis Three focus group interviews were conducted with 12 students (5 boys) in 10th grade (15-16 years old). The first focus group consisted of five girls, the second of four boys, and the third of two girls and one boy. The students were asked to reflect on and discuss what health is, how it can be promoted, and their experiences of learning and teaching health in PE. The interviews were recorded using a voice recorder and lasted for between 40 and 55 min. The transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Analysis Through the analysis, we interpreted that students mainly focused on the physical dimension of health but became aware of the mental dimension when they discussed and reflected during interviews. Overall, students found the term health to be complex and somewhat difficult to understand. The students experienced little or no development of their health competence through PE. Although they considered that it was important to learn about health, they were concerned that, if more learning about health was implemented in PE, this would make the subject more theoretical and result in less movement and practical activities. Further, the strong activity discourse in PE is discussed in relation to students’ health perceptions. Final reflections Although curricula in PE seem to be developing towards a holistic perspective on health, students do not seem to understand health from this perspective. It seems that they encounter a biomedical approach to health and that PE teachers emphasize the physical dimension of health in teaching. The students' understanding of the concept of learning as theoretical and the teachers' instrumental teaching about health in PE could substantiate a narrow view of health in PE. To promote learning about health from a more holistic perspective, the learning focus of the subject should be highlighted. Furthermore, pedagogical approaches that aim to increase students' reflections and experiences of various dimensions of health through practical learning processes should be emphasized.

Speed as an expression and texture of space: Theory at play in a movement activity

In recent years, following new materialist, posthumanist and non-representational turns, human geography has increasingly understood the worlds it studies as vital, immediate and emergent. As part of this vision, studies have empirically animated and theoretically articulated various expressions/textures in the movement of space, including its rhythms, shapes, timings, repetitions, sensuousness and infections. Speed is one such expression/texture that has received some empirical attention but, in comparison to most others, it has not been so thoroughly theorized. In response, this article conducts a reconnaissance into speed, its intentions being to convey some foundational theoretical understandings of speed and, through empirical research, show these at play in social contexts. Specifically, naturalistic participant observations of forms of the movement activity of cycling are used to animate how (1) speed can be represented and affective as a scalar quantity, (2) all objects possess speeds and affect other speeds, (3) speeds and objects are known through relative positions and speeds, (4) speeds create rates of happening, (5) speeds occur in all expressions/textures of space and (6) the accelerating world is engaged at relational speeds. From this reconnaissance, to assist future research on speed, the article closes with some suggested avenues for further inquiry.

The clinical utility of the prone hip extension test in the diagnosis of motor control impairments associated with low back pain: A cross-sectional study using motion capture and electromyography

BackgroundThe prone hip extension test is used as a clinical tool to diagnose specific motor control impairments that have been identified in individuals with chronic low back pain. However, conventional protocols for performing the test are subjective and lack evidence for their effectiveness. The objective of the current study was to quantify lumbopelvic motion and muscle activation during this test and identify which motor control patterns best distinguish individuals with low back pain from asymptomatic controls. Methods18 individuals with sub-acute or chronic low back pain and 32 asymptomatic controls performed the prone hip extension test while a 3D motion capture system measured lumbar and pelvic movement patterns and an electromyography system measured the muscle activation patterns of the paraspinal, gluteus maximus, and hamstring muscles. A three-stage statistical analysis was performed, the final stage being a stepwise logistic regression analysis aimed at identifying the movement and muscle activation pattern variables that best distinguished the two groups. FindingsThe final regression model included three lumbar kinematic variables and several electromyographic amplitude variables for the gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles during right-sided prone hip extension. The final model correctly classified 86.7 % of the control group and 83.3 % of the low back pain group. InterpretationThe subject of asymmetrical gluteus maximus and hamstring muscle activation appears to be a potentially interesting area for future research on the utility of the prone hip extension test as a clinical tool in diagnosing motor control impairments associated with low back pain.

Rejecting the Radical New Left: Transformations in Japanese Social Movements

After a disastrous period of New Left political violence in the late 1960s and early 1970s, followed by two decades of abeyance, Japan has experienced a renewed era of social movement activity since the 1990s. These new movements explicitly seek to avoid contamination by the earlier period, even when their participants know little about it except for fear perpetuated by media portrayals of senseless violence. We analyze ethnographic accounts of contemporary groups engaged in collective action, ranging from small informal groups in Japan’s invisible civil society; groups trying to mobilize laborers who fall outside Japan’s traditional enterprise unions; and groups reviving and revitalizing older movement networks to deal with new threats; to new right-wing challengers and their counter-movements; and those making innovative use of cultural resources. They all seek alternatives to earlier social movements that engaged in political violence, by creating very different organizational structures and relations to ideology, relying on social media for communication, and developing new forms of collective action. They foreground cultural and expressive repertoires, and seek to establish the movement as a place of personal and social belonging. As was true of the New Left social movements in the mid-20th century, these new groups are closely attuned to movement developments around the world, even as they craft their responses to specific historical conditions in Japan.

Real-time IMU-Based Kinematics in the Presence of Wireless Data Drop.

Wireless inertial motion capture holds promise for real-time human-machine interfaces and home-based rehabilitation applications. However, wireless data drop can cause significant estimation errors deteriorating performance or even making the system unusable. It is currently unclear how to estimate non-periodic kinematics with wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) in the presence of wireless data drop (packet loss). We thus propose a novel inference encoder-decoder network model for real-time kinematics during dynamic movement. Twenty-four healthy subjects performed yoga, golf, swimming, dance, and badminton movement activities while wearing IMUs and 10-90% of each IMU's data were randomly removed to determine the effects of data drop on estimation accuracy with and without the proposed model. Results demonstrated a reduction in RMSE of 45.2% to 51.5% in the upper limb kinematic estimation of the proposed model compared to the No Prediction strategy, and a reduction of 19.1% to 31.3% of the proposed model compared with an baseline LSTM model. In addition, the proposed model has significantly less error (p<0.05) than the No Prediction strategy and the baseline LSTM model for 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% data drop. These results could enable wearable, wireless IMU dynamic motion analysis and assessment with reduced kinematic estimation error in the presence of varying amounts of wireless data drop and thus could further facilitate human-machine interaction and home-based medical assessment and treatment.

Relationship between walking movement and reproductive traits in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum

AbstractMany animal species have movement abilities. Behavior is important for evolutionary ecology because animal movement leads to dispersal, migration, search for food and mates, and escaping from enemies. However, individual differences in movement activity are found within a population. This phenomenon can be affected by various factors, one of which is suggesting that higher moving activity has fitness cost, whereas lower moving activity has benefits. Animal movement may also affect reproduction (e.g., resource allocation tradeoff between movement and reproduction as well as intra‐ and intersexual selection). Although many previous studies have investigated the relationship between movement and reproduction, less attention has been paid to walking movement. In this study, previous studies that investigated the relationship between movement and reproduction were reviewed using the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, a model insect in behavioral ecology and genetics. Several previous studies suggest that beetle walking is strongly associated with male and female reproductive traits. In recent years, empirical studies on the correlation between walking and other traits have increased, particularly in T. castaneum. Although this species can fly and walk, the movement is often discussed without discriminating between flight and walk. Differences in modes of movement may affect the correlation between movement and other traits; thus, discussing each mode of movement separately is necessary.

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF FETAL HEART RATE MONITORING SYSTEM

Analysis of FHR variability, together with uterine muscle contractions and fetal movement activity, subject to cardiotocographic monitoring, currently play a fundamental role in fetal assessment. The strength of cardiotocography lies in that normal ranges of the results of the FHR signal analysis almost always (&gt;95%) confirm fetal wellbeing. Unfortunately, questionable or abnormal signal features may indicate both fetal distress and its absence. The classic fetal heart rate variability analysis consists in determining the FHR baseline and then in identifying bradycardia/tachycardia, acceleration/deceleration patterns as well as the type and amplitude of oscillations. A more advanced FHR analysis is aimed at evaluating instantaneous FHR variability, especially with beat-to-beat approach, which is very important in fetal condition assessment. The most common technique of recording the FHR signal is the Doppler ultrasound method, which makes it difficult to correctly estimate the instantaneous heart rate variability because the measurements are averaged. On the other hand, instantaneous heart rate variability plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of fetal condition [1]. The increased interest in monitoring the fetal cardiac bioelectrical activity is due to the fact that the analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram ensures high efficiency and accuracy of the heart rate measurement even on a beat-to-beat level. The first fetal electrocardiogram was recorded as early as in the 1960-ies by means of a special spiral electrode enabling direct signal registration from a fetal head. Due to the way the electrode is placed, its use is limited only to the advanced labour stage [1]..